Tuoba Tao 拓拔燾, Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Taiwu_of_Northern_Wei

Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Chinese Emperor Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei Birth and death Birth date 408 Death date March 11, 452[1][2] Names Family name Tuòbá (拓拔) Given name Táo (燾) Reign Dates of reign (1st) December 27, 423[1][3]–March 11, 452 Dynasty Northern Wei Era name Shǐguāng (始光) 424–428 Shénjiā (神䴥) 428–431 Yánhé (延和) 432–434 Tàiyán (太延) 435–440 Tàipíngzhēnjūn (太平真君) 440–451 Zhèngpíng (正平) 451–452 Temple name Shìzǔ (世祖) Posthumous name: (full) Emperor Tàiwǔ (太武皇帝) ("grand and martial emperor")

Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei ((北)魏太武帝) (408–452), personal name Tuoba Tao (拓拔燾), nickname Bili (佛貍),[4] was an emperor of Northern Wei. He was generally regarded as a capable ruler, and during his reign, Northern Wei roughly doubled in size and united all of northern China, thus ending the Sixteen Kingdoms period and, together with the southern dynasty Liu Song, started the Southern and Northern Dynasties period of Chinese history. He was a devout Taoist, under the influence of his prime minister Cui Hao, and in 444, at Cui Hao's suggestion and believing that Buddhists had supported the rebellion of Gai Wu (蓋吳), he ordered the abolition of Buddhism, at the penalty of death. This was the first of the Three Disasters of Wu for Chinese Buddhism. Late in his reign, his reign began to be cruel, and his people were also worn out by his incessant wars against Liu Song. In 452, he was assassinated by his eunuch Zong Ai, who put his son Tuoba Yu on the throne but then assassinated Tuoba Yu as well. The other officials overthrew Zong and put Emperor Taiwu's grandson Tuoba Jun (son of Tuoba Huang the Crown Prince, who predeceased him) on the throne as Emperor Wencheng.

Father Emperor Mingyuan of Northern Wei Mother Consort Duguhun (d. 420), posthumously honored as Empress Mi Wife Empress Helian, daughter of Helian Bobo, emperor of Xia (married 427, created empress 432) Major Concubines Consort Juqu, daughter of Juqu Mengxun, prince of Northern Liang (married 433, forced to commit suicide 447) Consort Helian, sister of Empress Helian Consort Helian, sister of Empress Helian Consort Yujiulü, sister of Yujiulü Wuti, Chilian Khan (敕連可汗) of Rouran (married 434), mother of Prince Yu Consort Helai or Helan (d. 428), mother of Crown Prince Huang, posthumously honored as Empress Jing'ai Consort Yuele or Yueqiang, mother of Prince Fuluo Consort Shu, mother of Prince Han Consort Fu, mother of Prince Tan Consort Fu, mother of Prince Jian Consort Feng, daughter of Feng Hong, emperor of Northern Yan Children Tuoba Huang (拓拔晃), the Crown Prince (created 432, d. 451) Tuoba Fuluo (拓拔伏羅), the Prince of Jin (created 442, d. 447) Tuoba Han (拓拔翰), initially the Prince of Qin (created 442), later the Prince of Dongping (created 452, killed by Zong Ai 452) Tuoba Tan (拓拔譚), initially the Prince of Yan (created 442), later Prince Xuan of Linhuai (created and d. 452) Tuoba Jian (拓拔建), initially the Prince of Chu (created 442), later Prince Jian of Guangyang (created and d. 452) Tuoba Yu (拓拔余), initially the Prince of Wu (created 442), later Prince of Nan'an (created 452), later emperor Tuoba Xiao'er (拓拔小兒), died early Tuoba Mao'er (拓拔貓兒), died early Tuoba Zhen (拓拔真), died early Tuoba Hutou (拓拔虎頭), died early Tuoba Longtou (拓拔龍頭), died early Princess Nan'an Princess Shanggu

《中國大百科全書 · 中國歷史》（周一良 撰）

北魏皇帝。鮮卑族。小字佛狸﹐廟號世祖。在位三十年。魏道武帝拓跋珪的孫子。泰常八年(423),十六歲的拓跋燾即位。自此﹐東征西伐﹐始光四年 (427)率軍進攻赫連夏﹐佔領都城統萬(今內蒙古烏審旗南白城子),繼續與夏爭奪長安。神三年(430)關中之地全入北魏,夏的殘餘勢力最後被消滅。太延三年(436)攻滅北燕﹐向東北擴張了疆土。五年,擊敗北涼沮渠氏,佔領河西﹐至此完成了統一北方的事業。與江東的劉宋王朝對峙﹐形成南北朝的局面。自前涼張氏以來﹐河西地方文化學術比較發達,號稱多士。北魏自道武帝以後,政治上使用漢族高門,汲取不少魏晉典制﹔吞併河西後,又有大批河西文士進入北魏統治區域﹐不少到平城去做官﹐受到重用﹐北魏的儒學才開始興盛。

在向東西擴張的同時﹐北魏也警惕北方柔然的威脅。拓跋燾保持遊牧民族部落聯盟酋長的習慣﹐出軍多自任統帥。他七次率軍進攻柔然。太平真君十年(449)大敗柔然﹐收民畜凡百餘萬。柔然可汗遠遁﹐北方邊塞得以安靜。但保據仇池(今甘肅成縣西北)的氐族楊氏﹐卻始終依違於北魏與南朝之間。拓跋燾雖幾次用兵﹐終未能長遠征服。

拓跋燾注意西域的交通。太延三年(437)派遣散騎常侍董琬﹑高明等多攜金帛﹐招撫西域九國﹐成為孝明帝神龜元年 (518)宋雲﹑惠生出使西域的先驅。以後西域與北魏保持經常聯繫的﹐有十六國之多。

拓跋燾為人勇健﹐善於指揮。戰陣親犯矢石﹐神色自若﹐命將出師﹐違其節度者多敗﹐因此將士畏服﹐為之盡力。有知人之明﹐常從士伍中選拔人才。賞不遺賤﹐罰不避貴﹐雖所愛之人亦不寬假。自奉儉樸﹐而賞賜功臣絕無吝惜。認為功臣勤勞日久,應讓他們以爵歸第,隨時朝見餉宴﹐百官職務則可另簡賢能。這樣就保證了行政效率﹐使政治多少能健全發展。他還以為“文體(指文字)錯謬”﹐下詔造新字千餘﹐頒下遠近﹐惜已不傳。

作為一個統治廣大胡漢各族人民的胡族君主﹐拓跋燾維護鮮卑地位,猜疑其他各族和他祖父拓跋珪相似,動輒殺戮。作戰對陣時以騎蹙步﹐可以看出鮮卑騎兵的優越地位。圍盱眙時給宋守將臧質信中說﹐北魏軍中衝鋒陷陣的都不是鮮卑人﹐殺死丁零與胡人士兵﹐可以減少常山趙郡及并州地方的麻煩﹔殺死氐﹑羌士兵﹐可以減少關中的麻煩。所以﹐宋軍殺死這些鬥兵﹐於魏國並無不利。這雖是故作激憤之言﹐但明顯反映拓跋燾對待非鮮卑各族的態度﹐與苻堅兼容精神迥然不同。他倚重漢人﹐李順﹑崔浩﹑李孝伯等先後掌握朝權。然而崔浩修國史詳實記載魏先世事跡﹐可能涉及某些鮮卑習俗和隱私﹐有傷體面﹐拓跋燾不惜興動大獄﹐將三朝功臣司徒崔浩處死﹐連清河崔氏與浩同宗者以及浩姻親范陽盧氏﹑太原郭氏﹑河東柳氏都遭族滅。事後拓跋燾說“崔司徒可惜”﹐有後悔意。

拓跋燾追崇祖先﹐緬懷舊俗﹐是鮮卑統治者民族意識的另一表現。太平真君四年﹐烏洛侯國來告﹐拓跋祖先祭天石室尚在﹐拓跋燾即派人奉祭。1980年 7月﹐在內蒙古呼倫貝爾盟鄂倫春自治旗阿里河鎮西北大興安嶺北段東麓發現的嘎仙洞﹐即此石室。壁上刻有太平真君四年七月拓跋燾派謁者僕射庫六官﹑中書侍郎李敞致祭的祝文﹐文字較魏書記載略詳﹐稱以祖先可寒可敦配餉皇天后土。此洞的發現﹐證實了鮮卑族發源之地的大鮮卑山﹐就是大興安嶺。

拓跋燾統治時期,氐﹑羌﹑屠各,以及所謂“雜虜”﹑“雜人”的各族人民起義非常頻繁。太平真君六年盧水胡蓋吳在關中杏城(今陝西黃陵西南)發動的起義﹐聲勢最為浩大。蓋吳建號秦地王﹐有眾十餘萬﹐得到安定盧水胡劉超﹑河東蜀薛永宗的響應﹐拓跋燾調動強大的兵力才鎮壓下去(見蓋吳起義)。拓跋燾受崔浩﹑寇謙之影響﹐奉道排佛。鎮壓蓋吳過程中﹐在長安佛寺中發現大量兵器﹐認為佛寺與蓋吳通謀﹐太平真君七年﹐決心廢佛﹐誅殺僧人﹐焚燬經像﹐佛教在中國歷史上第一次受到沉重打擊。

經過元嘉之治的休養生息﹐宋文帝劉義隆開始具備北伐的條件。而北魏境內也再無後顧之懮,拓跋燾得以兵鋒南向。宋軍一度抵達北魏河南三鎮(碻磝﹑滑台﹑虎牢)﹐終以孤軍深入﹐不能據有其地。十一年﹐魏軍圍懸瓠(今河南汝南)﹐次年拓跋燾親率大軍南下﹐經過彭城﹑盱眙﹐直達江邊的瓜步(今江蘇六合東南)﹐建康震動。但魏軍還不具備渡江滅亡南朝的條件﹐只蹂躪南兗﹑徐﹑兗﹑豫﹑青﹑冀六州﹐在江邊掠民燒屋後退軍。

中常侍宗愛行為不法,誣陷太子晃的寵臣,晃懮懼而死。拓跋燾哀悼太子,宗愛懼誅,於承聖元年(452),謀殺了拓跋燾。