Caleb Tompkins (December 22, 1759 - January 1, 1846) was a U.S. Representative from New York, brother of Daniel D. Tompkins.

Born near Scarsdale, New York, Tompkins served as member of the State assembly 1804-1806. He served as judge of the court of common pleas and county court of Westchester County 1807-1811 and 1820-1824.

Tompkins was elected as a Democratic-Republican to the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Congresses (March 4, 1817-March 3, 1821). He died in Scarsdale, New York, January 1, 1846. He was interred in the First Presbyterian Church Cemetery, White Plains, New York.