Lambert II, count of Nantes

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert_II_of_Nantes /!\
  • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert_III_of_Nantes /!\

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• http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/brittnpr.htm#Lambertdied852

1. LAMBERT, son of LAMBERT I Marchese and Duke of Spoleto & his wife [--- of Italy] (-killed in battle 1 May 852, bur Savenai). He established himself as Comte de Nantes in 843, asserting his independence from Charles II "le Chauve" King of the West Franks, and distributed the honores of the Breton march among his supporters. The Chronicle of Nantes records how "Lambertus" acquired the county of Nantes in 843[13]. The Chronicle of Adémar de Chabannes records that "Rainoldus Arbatilicensis comes" was defeated and killed by "Lanberto Nannetis comite", but that Nantes was captured "a Wefaldingis" in the same year[14]. The Chronica Rainaldi records that "Lamberti comitis" was granted Nantes after "Rainaldo…comite Nannetensium" was killed in 843 fighting "Herispoium, Noremoi filium at alios Britannos apud Metiacum"[15]. "Vivianus comes" donated property "in pago Andecavense secus fluvium Ligeris…Cunaldus" to Tournus Saint-Philibert by charter dated 27 Dec 845, signed by "Lambertus comes, Raino…"[16]. He was deprived of Nantes in Jul 846 by Charles II "le Chauve" King of the Franks and given the county of Anjou in exchange[17]. He was subsequently charged by the official charged by the king with the protection of these territories[18]. The Chronicle of Adémar de Chabannes records that "Nomenoius dux" captured and destroyed "Redonas civitatem et Nannetis" before returning to Brittany, the event being dated from the context to the early 850s[19]. The Annales Engolismenses record that "Lambertus" was killed "852 Kal Mai" by "Gausberto"[20]. The Chronicle of Adémar de Chabannes records that "Lanbertus comes Nannetansium" was killed by "Gauzberto Cenomannensium comite", the event being dated from the context to the early 850s[21]. The Chronicle of Saint-Maxence records that "Lambertus comes Namnetensium" was killed fighting "Gauberto comite Cenomannensium" in 852[22]. The Chronicon Fontanellensis names "Lambertus comes et Wernarius frater eius" when recording that they fought in Brittany and that Werner was captured by "Gausberto comite"[23]. Regino names "Lambertus qui ducatum tenebat inter Ligerim et Sequanam" recording in 860 that he killed "Vivianum", but was himself killed by "Gauzbertus comes", the latter being beheaded by "iussi Caroli"[24]. He was killed on the orders of King Charles II, and was succeeded in the Breton march by Count Vivian, lay abbot of Tours[25]. Lambert was buried "apud Saponarias Andagavensis territorii"[26].

m ( [850/51] ) ROTRUDE, daughter of ---. "Witbertus…comes" donated property at Ornois to the abbey of Tournus, for the souls of "Lanberti genitoris mei necnon et Rutrudis genetricis meæ", by charter dated 28 Jan 870[27]. Hlawitschka suggests that she was Rotrude, daughter of Emperor Lothaire I, as her son's charter dated 28 Jan 870 records that the property he donated to the abbey of Tournus had been granted to his father by Emperor Lothaire[28]. However, the copy of the charter reproduced in the Histoire de Tournus, cited above, states that the property had been donated to Wicbert by "senioris mei Hlotharii Regis". Lambert & his wife had one child:

old MedLands Spam  (changed - updated)

LAMBERT, son of WIDO Comte et Marquis de Nantes & his wife --- (-Ticino 30 Dec 836). The primary source which confirms the parentage of Lambert has not yet been identified. He succeeded as Count of the Breton march. The Vita Hludowici Imperatoris names "Walam et Warnarium, necnon et Lambertum sed et Ingobertum" as missi [in 813], recording that "Warnarius comes…accito nepote Lantberto" acted without the knowledge of "Wala et Ingelberto"[923]. He was expelled from Aachen with his uncle Werner in 814 by King Louis I after the death of Emperor Karl I, Werner being killed in the conflict which followed[924]. The forces of "Count Lambert" defeated and killed Wihomarc who had rebelled in Brittany in 825[925]. "Lambert" was one of the supporters of the rebellion of co-Emperor Lothar I in 833/34, and consequently lost his position in the Breton march[926]. The Annales Fuldenses record fighting with "Mahtfredo et Lantberto", during which battle "Uodo comes Aurelianensium et Theodo abbas sancti Martini Turonensis" were killed[927]. In 834 he was sent to Italy where Lothar gave him land and installed him as LAMBERT I Marchese and Duke of Spoleto. The Annales Fuldenses record the earthquake at Ticino in Italy "837 III Kal Ian" in which "plures ex primoribus Italiæ" were killed including "Lantbertus et Hugus"[928]. The Vita Hludowici Imperatoris records that "Wala Corbeiensis abbas, Matfridus, Hugo, Lantbertus, Godefridus, itemque filius eius Godefridus, Agimbertus comes Pertensis…sed et Richardus" died between "Kal Sep usque ad missam sancti Martini" [in 836][929].

m [--- of Italy, daughter of PEPIN I King of Italy & his mistress ---. According to Winkhaus[930], one of the last four daughters of Pepin King of Italy married Lambert Comte de Nantes, but the source on which this is based has not been identified.]

Comte Lambert & his wife had [eight] children:

1. LAMBERT (-killed in battle 1 May 852, bur Savenai). The Chronicon Fontanellensis names "Lambertus comes et Wernarius frater eius" when recording that they fought in Brittany[931] but the primary source which specifies Lambert's parentage explicitly has not yet been identified. He established himself as Comte de Nantes in 843, asserting his independence from Charles II "le Chauve" King of the West Franks, and distributed the honores of the Breton march among his supporters.

- COMTES de NANTES.

2. DODA (-after [846]). "Soror Lamberti…Doda" is named "S Clementis civitatis Nanneticæ Monasterio…Abbatissa" in an undated passage[932]. Abbess of Saint-Clément at Nantes and at Craon [846]. The Chronicle of Nantes names "Lamberti soror…Doda" as abbess of St Clement, Nantes[933].

3. GUIDO [Wido] (-[860]). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. He accompanied Emperor Lothar north of the Alps in 840 and was granted Kloster Mettlach, but renounced it in 842 before returning to Italy[934]. He was invested in 842 as GUIDO I Duke and Count of Spoleto, Lord of the Abruzzi. He supported his brother-in-law Siconulf Prince of Salerno in his war with Radelchis Prince of Benevento[935]. m ([843/44]) ---. The name and origin of Guido´s wife is not known. Duke Guido & his wife had three children:

a) LAMBERT ([845/50]-880 before 8 Jul). The Chronicon Salernitanum names "Lamberto filio Guidonis senioris"[936]. He succeeded his father in 860 as LAMBERT II Duke of Spoleto-Camerino. Together with the duke of Benevento, he rebelled against Emperor Louis II King of Italy. He captured Capua in 866, installing himself as Prince of Capua. As the opponent of Pope Nicholas I, he plundered Rome in 867. He rebelled against Emperor Louis again in 870/71, captured in Benevento, and deposed. He was reinstated by Emperor Charles II "le Chauve" in 876 in the western part of the Duchy of Spoleto, named "defensor patrimonii Petri" and adopted by Pope John VIII[937]. However, the Annales Fuldenses record that "Lantbertus Witonis filius et Adalbertus Bonifacii filius" entered Rome in 878 and captured Pope John[938]. m ---. The name of Duke Lambert's wife has not yet been identified. Duke Lambert & his wife had one child:

i) GUIDO (-[882/83]). The Chronicon Salernitanum names "Guido iunior" and specifies that he succeeded Lambert in Spoleto and Camerino, but does not give his relationship to his predecessor[939]. He succeeded his father in 880 as GUIDO II Duke of Spoleto. He complained to Pope John VIII about the lack of support he received from Emperor Karl III[940].

b) GUIDO (855-River Taro 12 Dec 894, bur Parma Cathedral). The Chronica Mon. Casinensis names "Lambertum ducem et fratrem eius Guidonem" in 876[941]. The Gesta regum Francorum names "Wito filius Lantberti" when recording that he proposed himself in 888 as king of "Galliam Belgicam necnon Provinciam"[942]. He became Duke of Camerino in 876, and succeeded his nephew in [882/83] as GUIDO III Duke of Spoleto[943]. He was called to France by nobles opposed to Emperor Charles III "le Gros", and consecrated King of France at Langres by Bishop Gilon in [Jan/Feb] 888. He returned to Italy after the election of Eudes as King of France 29 Feb 888. He was elected GUIDO I King of Italy at Pavia 12 Feb 889, in opposition to Berengario Marchese di Friulia. During this time he transferred the duchy of Spoleto to his [cousin] Duke Guido IV. Crowned Emperor at Rome 21 Feb 891 by Pope Stephen V[944]. "Vuido et Lantbertus…imperatores augusti" granted "cortem…Lemennis in comitatu Bergomensi" to "Cohunradum…patruum ac patruelem nostrum…marchionem…et uxori eius Ermengundi et filiis…eorum", at the request of "Ageltrudim…coniugem nostrum imperatricem augustam", by charter dated 1 May 892[945]. He died after a blood haemorrhage. m ([875/76]%29 AGELTRUDA of Benevento, daughter of ADELCHIS Prince of Benevento & his wife --- (-after 27 Aug 923). Herimannus names "Angildruda" widow of Guido and mother of Lambert, but does not give her origin[946]. The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified. "Vuido…imperator augustus" confirmed earlier donations to the church of Parma by "coniugi nostræ Ageltrudi" by charter dated 21 Feb 891[947]. The Annales Fuldenses name "Ageldrudis vidua Widonis" in 896[948]. A document dated 1 Dec 898 records a peace agreement reached between Berengar King of Italy and "Ageltrudæ relicta quondam Widoni imperatoris" and "filio eius Lamberto [imperatoris]"[949]. Duke Guido & his wife had two children:

i) LAMBERT ([876]-near Marengo 15 Oct 898, bur Piacenza). Lambert is named as son of Guido in the Guidonis Chronica[950]. His father appointed him as LAMBERT associate King of Italy in May 891, and 30 Apr 892 he was crowned co-Emperor by Pope Formosius[951]. "Vuido et Lantbertus…imperatores augusti" granted "cortem…Lemennis in comitatu Bergomensi" to "Cohunradum…patruum ac patruelem nostrum…marchionem…et uxori eius Ermengundi et filiis…eorum", at the request of "Ageltrudim…coniugem nostrum imperatricem augustam", by charter dated 1 May 892[952]. "Lanbertus cæsar imperator augustus" granted property "in comitatu et pago Placentino" to "fideli nostro Amalgiso", at the request of "Evurardus comes" and with the advice of "Sigefredi comitis", by charter dated Jan 895[953]. Supported by his mother, Lambert took advantage of the illness of Emperor Arnulf and was recognised as King of Italy by Pope Stephen VI in 896, confirmed at the Synode of Ravenna in May 898[954]. He died following a fall from his horse[955].

c) ROTHILDIS (-after 27 May 884). A letter of Pope John VIII dated 879 addressed to “Bosoni...principi” records hearing of his activities in Provence from “Adalberto...marchionis seu Rotildæ comitissæ coniugis eius”[956]. Her parentage and marriage are indicated by the charter dated 27 May 889 under which "Vuido…rex" donated property to the bishop of Fiesole at the request of [her son] "Adalbertus…nepos noster et marchio"[957]. m (before 863) as his second wife, ADALBERTO I Marchese of Tuscany, son of BONIFAZIO [II] & his wife --- (-after 884).

4. WERNER [Warnarius] (-executed 853). The Chronicon Fontanellensis names "Lambertus comes et Wernarius frater eius" when recording that they fought in Brittany and that Werner was captured by "Gausberto comite"[958]. Comte en Bretagne.

5. NN. The identity of the father of Guido IV Duke of Spoleto and his sister Ita is not known. Their descent from Lambert I Marchese and Duke of Spoleto is confirmed by the Chronica Mon. Casinensis which records that Ita´s grandson "Gisulfus…Salernitanus princeps filius Guaimarii" donated property possessed by "Lambertus dux et marchio…in comitatu Marsicano, et Balva, et Forcone, et Amiterno, necnon et marchia Firmana et ducatu Spoletino" to the monastery[959]. The estimated birth date attributed to Ita means that it is unlikely that she could have been the daughter of a brother of Emperor Guido. The most likely possibility is therefore that they were the children of one of the emperor´s paternal uncles, possibly the same person as one of the other possible sons of Lambert I who are shown in this document. m ---.] Two children:

a) GUIDO (-murdered Rome early 897). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. He succeeded his [cousin] in [888/89] as GUIDO IV Duke of Spoleto. He expelled the Byzantines from Benevento in 895, forcing them back to Bari, and established himself as GUIDO Prince of Benevento[960]. He returned to Spoleto in 897 and offered Benevento to his brother-in-law Guaimar Prince of Salerno, who was captured and blinded on his way to the city[961]. He was killed by Alberico, who later succeeded as Marchese of Spoleto.

b) ITTA ([865]-after [897/98]). The Chronicon Salernitanum quotes a letter addressed to "Guaimario principi", when Benevento was threatened by the Byzantines, requesting help from "Guidoni cognato vestro…sororem suam vestramque coniugem", the same passage later referring to "Guido marchio" [Guido IV Duke and Marchese of Spoleto] and "suæque sorori Idte", dated to 896 in the margin of the MGH edition of the text[962]. The Chronicon Salernitanum records that "Idte uxore præfati principis senioris" (referring from the context to "Guaimarii principis") refused the marriage of her daughter to Landolf, son of Atenulf Count of Capua, on the basis that she was "ex regali stegmate orta", dated to [897/98] from the context[963]. The date of her marriage is based on the assumption that her daughter was nubile at the time, and is also consistent with the dates attributed to her son Guaimar. Her estimated birth date follows from her assumed marriage date. Her having inherited property in Spoleto, which she transmitted to her descendants, is confirmed by the Chronica Mon. Casinensis which records that her grandson "Gisulfus…Salernitanus princeps filius Guaimarii" donated property possessed by "Lambertus dux et marchio…in comitatu Marsicano, et Balva, et Forcone, et Amiterno, necnon et marchia Firmana et ducatu Spoletino" to the monastery[964]. m GUAIMAR of Salerno, son of GUAIFAR Prince of Salerno & his wife --- (-901). He succeeded his father in 880 as GUAIMAR I Prince of Salerno.

6. NN [One child]:

a) [KONRAD (-before 926). "Vuido et Lantbertus…imperatores augusti" granted "cortem…Lemennis in comitatu Bergomensi" to "Cohunradum…patruum ac patruelem nostrum…marchionem…et uxori eius Ermengundi et filiis…eorum", at the request of "Ageltrudim…coniugem nostrum imperatricem augustam", by charter dated 1 May 892[965]. Interpreting the relationships referred to in this document is difficult. If patruus is given is strict meaning of paternal uncle, it is impossible to see how Konrad could have been paternal uncle to one donor while cousin to the other, when the donors were father and son. It is assumed therefore that the relationship was one generation removed, although this solution is not ideal unless "patruus" and "patruelis" are assumed to refer to Guido and Lambert in that order rather than the order in which they are named in the document. m ERMENGUNDE, daughter of --- (-after 1 May 892). "Vuido et Lantbertus…imperatores augusti" granted "cortem…Lemennis in comitatu Bergomensi" to "Cohunradum…patruum ac patruelem nostrum…marchionem…et uxori eius Ermengundi et filiis…eorum", at the request of "Ageltrudim…coniugem nostrum imperatricem augustam", by charter dated 1 May 892[966].]

7. NN One child:

a) GUNFERIO . Seigneur d'Erbauges, in Brittany. The Chronicle of Nantes records how "Lambertus" granted "Gunferio nepoti suo, regionem Herbadillicum" after he became comte de Nantes[967]. The precise relationship between the two men has not yet been identified.

8. ITTA (-after [Nov/Dec] 849). The Chronicon Salernitanum names "Sikenolfus…suæ coniugis Ittæ" when recording that she survived her husband[968]. The origin of Prince Siconulf's wife is not known. Erchempert names "Guido dux Spoletanorum, Siconulfi cognatus" when recording that the former attacked the latter, dated to [843/43][969]. The Chronicon Salernitanum also names "Sikenolfus…suum cognatum Guidonem" when recording the same event[970]. This has been interpreted in two ways. Hlawitschka and Bougard proposed that the relationship indicated was that Guido of Spoleto had married a sister of Siconulf, daughter of Sico I Prince of Benevento[971]. On the other hand, Taviani Carozzi and Settipani considered that the correct interpretation was that Siconulf´s wife was Guido´s sister[972], and therefore Itta di Spoleto. Stasser approves the principle argument in favour of the latter hypothesis, which is based on the Chronicon Salernitanum recording the marriages of three of the daughters of "Sico princeps" and adding that the author could not remember the husbands of the others[973], and the unlikelihood that a marriage of one daughter with Guido of Spoleto would have been forgotten. The difficulty with both hypotheses is the assumption that "cognatus" should be interpreted only as meaning "brother-in-law", although the word could indicate a more remote family relationship. m SICONULF Prince of Salerno, son of SICO I Prince of Benevento & his wife --- (-Salerno [Nov/Dec] 849).] http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/CENTRAL%20ITALY.htm#LambertIdied836B

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From the Foundation for Medieval Genealogy Medlands Project page on Brittany:

http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BRITTANY.htm#_Toc284059607

LAMBERT, son of LAMBERT I Marchese and Duke of Spoleto & his wife [--- of Italy] (-killed in battle 1 May 852, bur Savenai).

• He established himself as Comte de Nantes in 843, asserting his independence from Charles II "le Chauve" King of the West Franks, and distributed the honores of the Breton march among his supporters. The Chronicle of Nantes records how "Lambertus" acquired the county of Nantes in 843[741].
• The Chronicle of Adémar de Chabannes records that "Rainoldus Arbatilicensis comes" was defeated and killed by "Lanberto Nannetis comite", but that Nantes was captured "a Wefaldingis" in the same year[742]. The Chronica Rainaldi records that "Lamberti comitis" was granted Nantes after "Rainaldo…comite Nannetensium" was killed in 843 fighting "Herispoium, Noremoi filium at alios Britannos apud Metiacum"[743]. "Vivianus comes" donated property "in pago Andecavense secus fluvium Ligeris…Cunaldus" to Tournus Saint-Philibert by charter dated 27 Dec 845, signed by "Lambertus comes, Raino…"[744].
• He was deprived of Nantes in Jul 846 by Charles II "le Chauve" King of the Franks and given the county of Anjou in exchange[745]. He was subsequently charged by the official charged by the king with the protection of these territories[746].
• The Chronicle of Adémar de Chabannes records that "Nomenoius dux" captured and destroyed "Redonas civitatem et Nannetis" before returning to Brittany, the event being dated from the context to the early 850s[747].
• The Annales Engolismenses record that "Lambertus" was killed "852 Kal Mai" by "Gausberto"[748]. The Chronicle of Adémar de Chabannes records that "Lanbertus comes Nannetansium" was killed by "Gauzberto Cenomannensium comite", the event being dated from the context to the early 850s[749]. The Chronicle of Saint-Maxence records that "Lambertus comes Namnetensium" was killed fighting "Gauberto comite Cenomannensium" in 852[750]. The Chronicon Fontanellensis names "Lambertus comes et Wernarius frater eius" when recording that they fought in Brittany and that Werner was captured by "Gausberto comite"[751]. Regino names "Lambertus qui ducatum tenebat inter Ligerim et Sequanam" recording in 860 that he killed "Vivianum", but was himself killed by "Gauzbertus comes", the latter being beheaded by "iussi Caroli"[752]. He was killed on the orders of King Charles II, and was succeeded in the Breton march by Count Vivian, lay abbot of Tours[753].
• Lambert was buried "apud Saponarias Andagavensis territorii"[754].

m ([850/51]) ROTRUDE, daughter of ---.

• "Witbertus…comes" donated property at Ornois to the abbey of Tournus, for the souls of "Lanberti genitoris mei necnon et Rutrudis genetricis meæ", by charter dated 28 Jan 870[755].
• Hlawitschka suggests that she was Rotrude, daughter of Emperor Lothaire I, as her son's charter dated 28 Jan 870 records that the property he donated to the abbey of Tournus had been granted to his father by Emperor Lothaire[756]. However, the copy of the charter reproduced in the Histoire de Tournus, cited above, states that the property had been donated to Wicbert by "senioris mei Hlotharii Regis".

Lambert & his wife had one child:

a) WICBERT [Witbert] (-murdered 883).

• "Witbertus…comes" donated property "Rodonionem…in comitatu Odornensi" (Ornois), donated to him by "senioris mei Hlotharii Regis", to the abbey of Tournus, for the souls of "Lanberti genitoris mei necnon et Rutrudis genetricis meæ", by charter dated 28 Jan 870[757].
• [Comte d'Ornois.] The Annales Fuldenses names "Wicberto comite fraudulentissimo" when recording advice he gave to Charles III King of the East Franks regarding a Viking attack in 882[758]. "Hildebertus filius quondam Berengarii comitis" donated property "res…mee in comitatu Vuabrinse prope fluvio…Cherus villam…Beuram" for "germano meo Berengario" to Verdun Sainte-Vanne by charter dated 18 Sep 882, subscribed by "Stephanus comes, Matfridus comes, Witpertus comes"[759].
• Regino names "Stephanus, Ruodbertus, Wicbertus, Thietbaldus comites, Albricus et frater eius Stephanus" recording that they opposed "Hugo filius Hlotharii" in France in 883, specifying that Wicbert was killed by Hugo[760].
• m (883) as her third husband, FRIDERADA, widow firstly of ENGUERRAND, secondly of BERNARIUS, daughter of ---. Regino names "Friderada" as wife of "Engilrammo ex qua filiam quam postmodem Richwinus comes in coniugem accepti", also referring to her subsequent marriages[761]. "Hugo filius Lotharii Regis" had "Wicbertum comitem" murdered and married his wife "Frideradam" in 883[762]. She married fourthly (883) Hugues, illegitimate son of Lothaire II King of Lotharingia.
• Wicbert & his wife had one child: Wicbert.

References:

• [741] Chronique de Nantes VII and VIII, pp. 18-22.
• [742] Adémar de Chabannes III, 17, p. 133.
• [743] Chronica domni Rainaldi archidiaconi sancti Mauricii Andegavensis, Chroniques des Eglises d'Anjou, p. 5.
• [744] Juenin, P. (1733) Nouvelle histoire de l´abbaye royale et collégiale de Saint-Filibert et de la ville de Tournus (Dijon) ("Tournus Saint-Philibert"), Preuves, p. 82.
• [745] Chronique de Nantes IV, p. 9 footnote 4.
• [746] McKitterick (1983), p. 266, although the author assumes this refers to Lambert's father, previously count of the Breton march, who was already dead by then.
• [747] Adémar de Chabannes III, 18, p. 135.
• [748] Annales Engolismenses 852, MGH SS XVI, p. 486.
• [749] Adémar de Chabannes III, 18, p. 135.
• [750] Chronicon sancti Maxentii Pictavensis, Chroniques des Eglises d'Anjou, p. 366.
• [751] Chronicon Fontanellense 850, MGH SS II, p. 303.
• [752] Reginonis Chronicon 860, MGH SS I, p. 570.
• [753] McKitterick (1983), p. 266.
• [754] Historia Britanniæ Armoricæ, RHGF VII, p. 49.
• [755] Chifflet, P. F. (1644) Histoire de l´abbaye royale et de la ville de Tournus (Dijon), Preuves, p. 212.
• [756] Settipani (1993), p. 265, citing Hlawitschka, E. 'Waren die Kaiser Wido und Lambert Nachkommen Karls des Grossen?', Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken 49 (1969), pp. 366-86.
• [757] Chifflet, P. F. (1644) Histoire de l´abbaye royale et de la ville de Tournus (Dijon), Preuves, p. 212, and Tournus Saint-Philibert, p. 87.
• [758] Annales Fuldensium Pars Quarta, auctore anonymo 882, MGH SS I, p. 396.
• [759] Bloch, H. (ed.) ´Die älteren Urkunden des Klosters S. Vanne zu Verdun´, Jahrbuch der Gesellschaft für lothringische Geschichte und Altertumskunde, 10th year, (1898) (“Verdun Sainte-Vanne), p. 384.
• [760] Reginonis Chronicon 883, MGH SS I, p. 594.
• [761] Reginonis Chronicon 883, MGH SS I, p. 594.
• [762] Chronico Saxonico 883, RHGF IX, p. 36.

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