Murad IV

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murad_IV

Murad IV (Ottoman Turkish: مراد رابع Murād-ı Rābi‘‎; July 26/27, 1612 – February 8, 1640) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1623 to 1640, known both for restoring the authority of the state and for the brutality of his methods. Murad IV was born in Istanbul, the son of Sultan Ahmed I (r. 1603–17) and the ethnic Greek[1][2][3] Valide Kösem Sultan. Brought to power by a palace conspiracy in 1623, he succeeded his uncle Mustafa I (r. 1617–18, 1622–23). He was only 11 when he took the throne. His reign is most notable for the Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–39), of which the outcome would permanently part the Caucasus between the two Imperial powers for around two centuries, while it also roughly laid the foundation for the current Turkey - Iran - Iraq borders.

Biography

In the early years of Murad's reign, he was under the control of his relatives. During this period, peace and harmony in the Ottoman lands were completely lost, and tyrants took control of the cities. His absolute rule started around 1632, when he took the authority and repressed all the tyrants, and he re-etablished the supremacy of Sultan.

Early reign (1623–32)

Murad IV was for a long time under the control of his relatives and during his early years as Sultan, his mother, Kösem Sultan, essentially ruled through him. The Empire fell into anarchy; the Safavid Empire invaded Iraq almost immediately, Northern Anatolia erupted in revolts, and in 1631 the Janissaries stormed the palace and killed the Grand Vizier, among others. Murad IV feared suffering the fate of his elder brother, Osman II (1618–22), and decided to assert his power.

At the age of 16 in 1628, he had his brother-in-law (his sister Fatma Sultan's husband) and the former governor of Egypt Kara Mustafa Pasha executed for a claimed action "against the law of God".[4] Absolute rule and imperial policies (1632–40)

Murad IV tried to quell the corruption that had grown during the reigns of previous Sultans, and that had not been checked while his mother was ruling through proxy.

Murad IV also banned alcohol, tobacco, and coffee in Constantinople.[5] He ordered execution for breaking this ban.[6] He would reportedly patrol the streets and the lowest taverns of Istanbul in civilian clothes at night, policing the enforcement of his command by casting off his disguise on the spot and beheading the offender with his own hands.[7] Rivaling the exploits of Selim the Grim, he would sit in a kiosk by the water near his Seraglio Palace[7] and shoot arrows at any boat man who rowed too close to his imperial compound. He restored the judicial regulations by very strict punishments, including execution, he once strangled a grand vizier for the reason that the official had beaten his mother-in-law.[7] Historians including Halil İnalcık as well as primary sources report that even though he was a ruthless supporter of alcohol prohibition, Murad IV was a habitual drinker himself.[8][9]

War against Safavid Iran

Murad IV's reign is most notable for the Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–39) against Persia in which Ottoman forces managed to conquer Azerbaijan, occupying Tabriz, Hamadan, and capturing Baghdad in 1638. Murad IV himself commanded the invasion of Mesopotamia and proved to be an outstanding field commander. By the Treaty of Zuhab which followed after the war, it roughly comprised and confirmed the borders as per the Peace of Amasya, with Eastern Armenia, Eastern Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Dagestan staying Persian, while Western Armenia, and Western Georgia staying Ottoman.[10] Mesopotamia was irrevocably lost for the Persians.[11] the borders per the outcome of the war is more or less the present border line between Turkey - Iraq and Iran.

During the siege of Baghdad, the city withstood the siege for forty days, but was compelled to surrender, and the bulk of the population were butchered by the conquerors, in spite of the promises which they had made to spare them. It is said that the officers of Murad arranged a sort of tableau, in which the heads were struck off one thousand captives by one thousand headsmen at the same moment, and that Murad IV enjoyed the sight. The sultan had a famous quote about the fall of Baghdad: ("Trying to conquer Baghdad, was almost more beautiful than Baghdad itself.").[12]

Murad IV himself commanded the Ottoman army in the last years of the war, and proved to be an outstanding field commander. He was the second Ottoman Sultan to command an army on the battlefield since the death of Suleiman the Magnificent in 1566. During his campaign to Persia, he annihilated all rebels in Anatolia and restored order in the Empire.[citation needed]

After his return to Constantinople, he ordered respected statesmen of the Empire to prepare a new economic and political project to return the Empire to the old successful days.

Physical power

Murad IV was the last Warrior Sultan who led campaigns in front of his army and fought on the battlefield. His physical strength was phenomenal, which is described in detail on the books of Evliya Çelebi. He was especially known for his exceptional strength in wrestling - capable of fighting several opponents at the same time. His favorite weapon was a huge mace, which, according to legend, he wielded effortlessly with a single hand despite it reportedly weighed 60 kilograms (132 lbs).[13] Among his other favorite weapons are a longbow and a large two-handed broadsword apparently weighing more than 50 kilograms (110 lbs), despite the fact that even the largest known swords (used for combat) rarely weigh more than 10 lbs, and ceremonial parade swords weighing more than 15 lbs are exceedingly rare.[14] His weapons are today displayed at the Topkapı Palace Museum in Fatih, intact and well preserved.[citation needed]

Architecture

Sultan Murad IV put emphasis on architecture and in his period many monuments were erected. Some of them are Meydanı Mosque, Bayram Pasha Dervish Lodge, Tomb, Fountain, Primary School, Konya Serefeddin Mosque.

The Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan had exchanged ambassadors with the Ottoman Sultan Murad IV, it was through these exchanges that he received Isa Muhammad Effendi and Ismail Effendi, two Turkish architects and students of the famous Koca Mimar Sinan Agha. Both of them later comprised among the Mughal team that would design and build the Taj Mahal. Relations with the Mughal Empire

In the year 1626, the Mughal Emperor Jahangir began to contemplate an alliance between the Ottomans, Mughals and Uzbeks against the Safavids, who had defeated the Mughals at Kandahar. He even wrote a letter to the Ottoman Sultan Murad IV, Jahangir's ambition however did not materialize due to his death in 1627. However, Jahangir's son and successor Shah Jahan pursued the goal of alliance with the Ottoman Empire.

While he was encamped in Baghdad, Murad IV is known to have met the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan's ambassadors: Mir Zarif and Mir Baraka, who presented 1000 pieces of finely embroidered cloth and even armor. Murad IV gave them the finest weapons, saddles and Kaftans and ordered his forces to accompany the Mughals to the port of Basra, where they set sail to Thatta and finally Surat.[15] Marriages and Progeny

Consorts

Very little is known about the concubines of Murad IV, principally because he didn't left sons who survived his death to reach the throne but, privy purse registers record the presence of a single haseki, Ayşe Haseki Sultan, until the very end of Murad's seventeen-year reign, when a second haseki appears.[16]

It is possible that Murad had only a single concubine until the advent of the second, or that he had a number of concubines but singled out only one as haseki.[17]

If Ayse was his only concubine, it is possible that it was fear of lack of male issue that prompted the sultan to take another, for his sons all died in infancy.[18] Sons

   Şehzade Ahmed (21 December 1627–1628)

   Şehzade Numan (1628–1629)

   Şehzade Orhan (1629–1629)

   Şehzade Hasan (March 1631 – 1632)

   Şehzade Suleiman (2 February 1632 – 1635)

   Şehzade Mehmed (8 August 1633 – 1637)

   Şehzade Osman (9 February 1634 – February 1634)

   Şehzade Alaeddin (26 August 1635 – 1637)

   Şehzade Selim (1637–1640)

   Şehzade Abdul Hamid (15 May 1638 – 1638)

   Şehzade Mahmud (May 1640 – 1647)

Daughters

   İsmihan Sultan (1630–1630)

   Gevherhan Sultan (February 1630 – ?), married 1645, Damat Haseki Mehmed Pasha, sometime Fifth Vizier;

   Hanzade Sultan (1630–1675), married August 1645, Damat Nakkaş Hasan Pasha, Vizier of Egypt 1640-1642;

   Kaya Sultan (1633 – 28 February 1659), married August 1644, Damat Abaza Melek Ahmed Pasha, Vizier 1638 and 1650–1651;

   Gülbahar Sultan (1634-1645)

   Safiye Sultan, married 1659, Damat Abaza Husein Pasha, Vizier 1674–1675, son of Abaza Siyavuş Pasha;

   Fatma Sultan (1636–1640)

   Rabia Sultan (1636–1639/1690)

   Rukiye Sultan (1640 – January 1690), married January 1663, Şeytan Divrikli Ibrahim Pasha, Vizier.

Death

Murad IV died from cirrhosis in İstanbul at the age of 27 in 1640.[19]

Rumours had circulated that on his deathbed, Murad IV ordered the execution of his mentally disabled brother, Ibrahim I (reigned 1640–48), which would have meant the end of the Ottoman line. However, the order was not carried out.[20] See also

   Polish–Ottoman War (1633–34)

   Koçi Bey

   Kösem Sultan

Notes

E. van Donzel, Islamic Desk Reference: Compiled from the Encyclopaedia of Islam, Brill Academic Publishers, p. 219 Robert Bator, Daily Life in Ancient and Modern Istanbul, Runestone Press, p. 42 Douglas Arthur Howard, The History of Turkey, Greenwood Press, p. 195 Accounts and Extracts of the Manuscripts in the Library of the King of France. 2. R. Faulder. 1789. p. 51. "The sultan Morad put him to death in the year 1037 [AH], for some action which was contrary to the law of God." Hopkins, Kate (2006-03-24). "Food Stories: The Sultan's Coffee Prohibition". Archived from the original on 20 November 2012. Retrieved 2006-09-12. Hari, Johann (2015). Chasing the Scream: The First and Last Days of the War on Drugs. Bloomsbury USA. p. 262. ISBN 1620408902. Davis, William (1922). A Short History of the Far East. The Macmillan Company. pp. 259–260. İnalcık, Halil; Imber, Colin (1989). The Ottoman Empire : the classical age, 1300-1600. New Rochelle, N.Y.: Aristide D. Caratzas. p. 99. ISBN 0-89241-388-3. Traian Stoianovich (1 January 1994). Balkan Worlds: The First and Last Europe. M.E. Sharpe. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-7656-3851-9. "Genocide and the Modern Age: Etiology and Case Studies of Mass Death". Retrieved 2014-12-30. Roemer (1989), p. 285 Akın Alıcı, Hayata Yön Veren Sözler, 2004 Tarih-i Na'imâ Vol. 3 p. 454 "The Two-Handed Great Sword". thearma.org. Retrieved 2015-06-14. Farooqi, N. R. (1989). Mughal-Ottoman relations: a study of political & diplomatic relations between Mughal India and the Ottoman Empire, 1556-1748. Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli. Retrieved 2015-06-14. Leslie P. Peirce (1993). The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire. Oxford University Press. pp. 107 and 312. ISBN 978-0-195-08677-5. Leslie P. Peirce (1993). The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire. Oxford University Press. pp. 107 and 312. ISBN 978-0-195-08677-5. Leslie P. Peirce (1993). The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire. Oxford University Press. pp. 107 and 312. ISBN 978-0-195-08677-5. Selcuk Aksin Somel, Historical Dictionary of the Ottoman Empire, 2003, p.201

   Barber, Noel (1973). The Sultans. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 87.

References

Roemer, H. R. (1986). "The Safavid Period". The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 189–350. ISBN 0521200946.

Мурад IV е 17-ият султан на Османската империя. Отнел от Персия Ереван, Тебриз и Багдад. Получава прозвището "Победител на Багдад" и през 1638 г. построява Багдадския павилион в двореца "Топкапъ". Скоро след това здравето му се влошава и умира през 1640 г., само на 28 г.