Bahram I, king of Persia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahram_I

Bahram I (Middle Persian: 𐭥𐭫𐭧𐭫𐭠𐭭, Wahrām, Persian: بهرام یکم‎‎, Bahrām) (also spelled Varahran or Vahram, r. June 271 – September 274) was the fourth Sasanian emperor of the third Iranian Empire. He was the eldest son of Shapur I[2] and succeeded his brother Hormizd I (r. May 270 – June 271), who had reigned for only a year. Bahram I was known as "a benevolent and worthy king".[3]

Family Bahram I was the son of Shapur I. He had 3 brothers, who were named Hormizd I, Narseh, and Shapur Mishanshah.[4]

His person The theophoric name Bahram comes from middle Persian Varahrän, 'victory', that is represented by the Zoroastrian divinity Vahram.

According to a Pahlavi inscription, Bahram I was the son (not, as the Greek historiographers and Tabari note, the grandson) of Shapur I (r. 241–272).

The earliest reference to Bahram I occurs in the coronation monument of Bahram's grandfather Ardashir I at Naqsh-e Rajab. There, the future king appears as a smaller figure between Ardeshir and Ahura Mazda, and Bahram is seen bowing before the divinity after whom he is named. Similar iconography, such as the boar motifs in the seals and crown of Bahram, apparently reinforced the association with the yazata of victory.

Bahram died (apparently of disease) in September 274. He was succeeded by his son who bore the same name and is known to history as Bahram II.

Persecution of Manichaeism Under the guidance of Kartir, Bahram I had the prophet Mani, the founder of Manichaeism (and the author of the Shapurgan, which was dedicated to Bahram's father Shapur I) sentenced to death.

Mani died in his cell shortly before his execution. However, rumors persist that Mani might have been flayed alive: his skin, stuffed with straw, is said to have been suspended for some time over one of the gates of the great city of Shahpur.

On orders of Bahram I, the prophet's death was followed by the persecution of his disciples. Manichaeism was relatively well established by that time, and was supported by numerous priests under a hierarchy of religious leaders that including twelve apostles and seventy-two bishops. Nearly all of them were handed over to the Zoroastrian clergy, who - under Kartir - considered Manichaeism a heresy and caused the followers of Mani to be executed or otherwise punished.

Relations with Rome Bahram I did not have good relations with Rome. Zenobia, the wife of Odenathus had established herself the regent of Palmyra in the name of Odenathus minor son. However, Odenathus had expanded his little kingdom to such a large extent that it now arouse the jealousy of the Roman Emperor. Hence despite the fact that the dealings between Rome and Palmyra were friendly, the Roman Emperor Aurelian still commissioned a force to capture Palmyra in the year 273. Zenobia appealed to Bahram for help, who then provided her with an armed contingent.

Despite this assistance, Zenobia lost the battle and was forced to flee. She once again appealed to Bahram I for asylum but was overtaken and captured before she could cross into Sassanid-controlled territory.

Bahram I appealed to the Roman Emperor for peace and dispatched envoys to Rome. Aurelian accepted Bahram I's gifts and the terms of peace offered. Hence, in the triumph which Aurelian celebrated at Rome in the year 274, no Persian captives appeared in the procession, but Persian envoys were exhibited instead, who bore with them the presents wherewith their master had appeased the anger of the emperor.

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Bahram I (Middle Persian: 𐭥𐭫𐭧𐭫𐭠𐭭, Wahrām, Persian: بهرام یکم‎‎, Bahrām) (also spelled Varahran or Vahram, r. June 271 – September 274) was the fourth Sasanian emperor of the third Iranian Empire. He was the eldest son of Shapur I and succeeded his brother Hormizd I (r. May 270 – June 271), who had reigned for only a year. Bahram I was known as "a benevolent and worthy king".

Bahram I did not have good relations with Rome

Under the guidance of Kartir, Bahram I had the prophet Mani, the founder of Manichaeism (and the author of the Shapurgan, which was dedicated to Bahram's father Shapur I) sentenced to death. Mani died in his cell shortly before his execution. However, rumors persist that Mani might have been flayed alive: his skin, stuffed with straw, is said to have been suspended for some time over one of the gates of the great city of Shahpur.

On orders of Bahram I, the prophet's death was followed by the persecution of his disciples. Manichaeism was relatively well established by that time, and was supported by numerous priests under a hierarchy of religious leaders that including twelve apostles and seventy-two bishops. Nearly all of them were handed over to the Zoroastrian clergy, who - under Kartir - considered Manichaeism a heresy and caused the followers of Mani to be executed or otherwise punished.

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Tentangsunting | riwayat PRASASTI RABATAK / RADJA BATAK / RADJA NAGOER / NAGUR / NAGORE / DAMANIK

Prasasti Rabatak yang ditemukan di Afghanistan utara, yang tidak diragukan lagi merupakan sumber informasi paling informatif tentang silsilah leluhur raja Kuṣān Kaniṣka I,

Kujula Kadphises, Prince of the Kushans

Tentangriwayat http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kadphises-kujula-the-first-ku...

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/324517/Kujula-Kadphises

Prasasti Rabatak yang ditemukan di Afghanistan utara,

http://www.cemml.colostate.edu/cultural/09476/afgh02-08enl.html

http://www.beastcoins.com/Kushan/Kushan.htm

https://iranicaonline.org/articles/kadphises-kujula-the-first-kusan...

KADPHISES, KUJULA

KADPHISES, KUJULA , raja Kuṣān pertama. Raja Kujula Kadphises adalah pendiri Dinasti Kuṣāna di Asia Tengah dan India, seperti yang ditunjukkan oleh legenda yang ditulis dalam Gāndhāri dan Kharoṣṭhī pada seri koinnya yang terakhir: Kujula kasa kushana Yavugasa dhramatidasa “dari Kujula Kadphises, kepala Kuṣān yagbu, teguh dalam hukum "(Bopearachchi, 1997, hlm. 190-98) atau Kuyula Kadaphasa kushanasa ," dari Kujula Kadaphises, Kuṣān "(Mitchiner, 1978, no. 2880-81).

Prasasti Rabatak yang ditemukan di Afghanistan utara, yang tidak diragukan lagi merupakan sumber informasi paling informatif tentang silsilah leluhur raja Kuṣān Kaniṣka I, mencatat bahwa kakek buyut Kaniṣka adalah raja Kujula Kadphises (lihat Sims-Williams dan Cribb, 1996 ; Fussman, 1998). Menurut catatan sejarah Tiongkok, Hou Hanshu , yagbu yang menyatukan kerajaan Kuṣāna disebut Qiujiuque. Ada kesepakatan umum di antara sejarawan dan numismatis untuk mengidentifikasinya sebagai Kujula Kadphises, yang namanya muncul di koin sebagai kozolo kadaphes (ΚΟΖΟΛΟ ΚΑΔΑΦΕ̄Σ) atau kozola kadaphes(ΚΟΖΟΛΑ ΚΑΔΑΦΕ̄Σ) dalam bahasa Yunani. Menurut catatan sejarah yang sama, Qiujiuque menginvasi kerajaan Anxi (mungkin milik orang Indo-Parthia di selatan Hindu Kush) dan merebut Gaofu (Kabul), kemudian Puda (Pushkalavati) dan Jibin (Kashmir) dan meninggal pada usia delapan puluh. Menurut Hou Hanshu, Raja Kuṣān kedua, Yangaozhen, adalah putra Qiujiuque (Kujula Kadphises), dan dia dikreditkan dengan penghancuran Tianzhu (India). Setelah menguasai India, Yangaozhen menunjuk seorang jenderal di sana untuk mengawasi dan memerintah (lihat Thierry, 2005, hlm. 470-3). Ketika kita mempertimbangkan bahwa Kujula meninggal pada usia delapan puluh, putranya mungkin telah naik takhta pada usia yang cukup lanjut. Jika kita mengikuti informasi yang diberikan dalam prasasti Rabatak pada surat tersebut, Qiujiuque adalah Kujula Kadphises dan Yangaozhen akan menjadi Vima Taktu, kakek Kaniṣka I, seperti yang diungkapkan dalam prasasti Rabatak.

Pemerintahan Kujula Kadphises dapat diperbaiki kira-kira dengan menggabungkan sumber-sumber Cina dan bukti numismatik. Kujula mungkin bertanggung jawab untuk membuat beberapa seri yang meniru, pada awalnya, jenis koin anumerta dari Hermaios Indo-Yunani di wilayah Arachosia dan Paropamisadae. Seri ini menggambarkan potret kasar Hermaios di bagian depan dan Zeus duduk di singgasana di bagian belakang; diikuti oleh seri yang menggambarkan patung raja yang lebih besar di bagian depan dan, di bagian sebaliknya, Heracles berdiri menghadap dan memegang pentungan, dipukul sesuai dengan standar India dengan tetradrachm seberat 8,60 g (Bopearachchi, 1997).

Seri koin Kujula yang membawa patung besar raja di bagian depan dan, sebaliknya, Heracles berdiri, menghadap, dan memegang pentungan dipukul sesuai dengan standar India (tetradrachm dengan berat 8,60 g). Potret laki-laki di bagian depan edisi regional Kujula Kadphises diambil dari mata uang Romawi. Ketika seseorang mengamati perawatan detail profil dan rambut pada khususnya, potret Kujula paling mirip dengan kaisar Romawi Augustus (Rosenfield, 1967, hlm. 13). Demikian juga dinar perak Augustus yang digunakan sebagai model untuk koin seri ini memberikan terminus post quem yang jelas untuk penanggalan masalah anumerta ini atas nama Hermaios. Dipercaya juga bahwa sosok yang duduk di belakang seri ini, mengenakan celana panjang, topi runcing tinggi, dan sepatu bot serta membawa pedang,

Serangkaian serangan berlebihan menunjukkan bahwa ada periode peralihan antara koin perunggu anumerta Hermaios dan koin Kujula Kadphises. Seri pertama adalah seri Indo-Parthian Gondophares (ca. 21-40 CE) di atas koin perunggu Hermaios anumerta. Seri kedua overstrikes adalah dari Kujula Kadphises pada koin perunggu Gondophares.

Dengan pemerintahan Kujula Kadphises, penguasa klan Kuṣān, Yuezhi kemudian dikenal sebagai Kuṣāns (Bopearachchi, 2008, hlm. 45-52). Bangkitnya kerajaan Kuṣān di bawah Kujula Kadphises di wilayah Paropamisadae dan Gandhāra harus ditempatkan sekitar pertengahan abad pertama era kita. Berdasarkan data yang diketahui ini, pemerintahan Kujula Kadphises dapat ditetapkan dalam tahun 41-95 Masehi.

Bibliografi :

O. Bopearachchi, "Koin Anumerta Hermaios dan Penaklukan Gandhara oleh Kushan," dalam Seni Gandhara dalam Konteks. East-West Exchanges at the Crossroads of Asia , ed. R. Allchin, B. Allchin, N. Kreitman, dan E. Errington, New Delhi, 1997, hlm. 189-213.

Idem, “Les premiers souverains kouchans: Chronologie et iconographie monétaire,” Jounal des Savants , Januari-Juni 2008, hlm. 3-56.

G. Fussman, "L'inscription de Rabatak et l'origine de l'ère Saka," Journal Asiatique , 1998, hlm. 571-651.

M.Mitchiner, Koin Oriental dan Nilainya: Dunia Kuno dan Klasik 600 SM-650 M , London, 1978.

JM Rosenfield, The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans , Berkeley dan Los Angeles, 1967.

RC Senior, Indo-Scythian Coins and History , London, 2001.

N. Sims-Williams dan J. Cribb, “Prasasti Baktria Baru Kanishka Agung,” Silk Road Art and Archaeology 4, Kamakura, 1996, hlm. 75-142.

F. Thierry, “Yuezhi et Kouchans. Pièges et dangers des sources chinoises, ”di Afghanistan, ancien carrefour entre l'est et l'ouest , ed. O. Bopearachchi dan M.-F. Boussac, Indicopleustoi. Archaeologies of the Indian Ocean, Turnhout, 2005, hlm. 421-539.

(Osmund Bopearachchi)

Awalnya Diterbitkan: 15 September 2009

Terakhir Diperbarui: 19 April 2012

Artikel ini tersedia dalam bentuk cetak. Vol. XV, Fasc. 3, hlm.331-332

https://iranicaonline.org/articles/kadphises-kujula-the-first-kusan...

بهرام یکم از پادشاهان ساسانی و بزرگ‌ترین پسر شاپور اول بود که از ۲۷۱ تا ۲۷۴ بر تخت پادشاهی ایران نشسته بود. او برای به پادشاهی رسیدن از پشتیبانی کرتیر سود برده بود. بهرام اول، برادر هرمزد اول بوده است، اما فردوسی او را پسر هرمزد اول دانسته. • بهرام اول در زمان شاهی پدرش، شاپور اول ساسانی، تا سال 262 میلادی، حکوت گیلان و سرزمینهای کرانه دریای خزر را بر عهده داشت و عنوانش گیلانشاه بود. پس از سال 262 نیز شاه کرمان بود. پس از مرگ هرمزد اول، بهرام اول و برادرش نرسی برسر رسیدن به حکومت به منازعه برخاستند. شاید این کرتیر بود که با نظر مساعد خود نسبت به بهرام اول، اسباب رسیدن او را به قدرت فراهم آورد و به همین دلیل کرتیر در زمان بهرام اول به مقامی بس بزرگ یعنی موبدان موبد دست یافت، و در همین راستا بود که مانی و پیروانش در این زمان نابود گشتند.

.گویند بهرام اول با حیله مانی و پیروانش را به نزد خود خواند، تا همه یارانش را بشناخت، آنگاه دستور داد تا او را کشتند و پوست از تنش جدا کردند، درون پوست را پر از کاه کردند و به یکی از دروازه‌های جندیشاپور بیاویختند، بهرام 12 هزار نفر از پیروان مانی را بکشت. • در روزگار او « زنوبیا شاهبانوی تَدمُر زن اذینه » از ایران یاری خواست. بهرام سیاست غلطی در پیش گرفت. بدین صورت که سپاه اندکی روانه کرد و در نتیجه هم تدمر بدست رومیان افتاد و هم ارلین. امپراتور روم از مداخلهٔ ایران رنجید و بقصد کینه‌جوئی، مردم آلان را بر آن داشت که از طرف قفقاز به ایران تاختند. ولی ارلین پس از ورود به بیزانس (۲۷۴ م.) درگذشت و اندکی بعد نیز بهرام درگذشت. سرانجام بهرام در سال 276 میلادی درگذشت مدت حکومت او 3 سال از سال 274 تا سال 276 میلادی بود .