Magnus Barefoot, King of Norway

Son of Olaf III «the Peaceful», King of Norway and Thora Arnesdotter Låge
Magnus Olafsson (Old Norse: Magnús Óláfsson, Norwegian: Magnus Olavsson; 1073 – 24 August 1103), better known as Magnus Barefoot (Old Norse: Magnús berfœttr, Norwegian: Magnus Berrføtt),[2] was King of Norway (as Magnus III) from 1093 until his death in 1103. His reign was marked by aggressive military campaigns and conquest, particularly in the Norse-dominated parts of the British Isles, where he extended his rule to the Kingdom of the Isles and Dublin.
As the only son of King Olaf Kyrre, Magnus was proclaimed king in southeastern Norway shortly after his father's death in 1093. In the north his claim was contested by his cousin, Haakon Magnusson (son of King Magnus Haraldsson), and the two co-ruled uneasily until Haakon's death in 1095.other "of low birth".
Burial: Magnus probably died in the vicinity of the River Quoile. According to the Chronicles of the Kings of Mann and the Isles, Magnus was "buried near the Church of St Patrick, in Down. About two miles (1.2 km) south of the cathedral on Horse Island is a mound which became known as Magnus' Grave after its identification on an 1859 map attributed to Danish archaeologist Jens Jacob Asmussen Worsaae. Snorri Sturluson's description of the marshy and difficult terrain where Magnus and his men were attacked fits the conditions in and around Horse Island, making it a strong candidate for the burial site. According to Finbar McCormick, the people who ambushed Magnus may not have wanted a Christian burial for him and his men, instead burying them near where they had been slain. The Downpatrick runestone monument marking the site was erected in March 2003 to mark the 900th anniversary of his death.[98] The burial site is largely only accessible via the heritage railway in Downpatrick; a halt overlooking the barrow and runestone has been built by the Downpatrick and County Down Railway.

Married

Married: (1101) as her first husband, MARGRETA "Fredkulla/peace-bringing woman" of Sweden,'daughter of INGE I Stenkilsson King of Sweden (-4 Nov [1130], bur Roskilde). Snorre records that the marriage of "King Inge's daughter Margaret" and King Magnus was agreed at "Konghelle on the Gaut river" under the agreement which settled disputes between the kings of Norway, Denmark and Sweden. According to Saxo, her first marriage took place after the peace meeting between the three Scandinavian kings at Gotaalv in 1101, hence her nickname. She married secondly ([1105]) Niels King of Denmark. Snorre names "Queen Margaret, a daughter of King Inge, who had before been married to King Magnus Barefoot" as the wife of "the Danish king Nikolas, a son of Svein Ulfson".

Mistresses

Mistress (1): Unknown, Snorre records that King Magnus's son Eystein "was of a mean mother."
Mistress (2): THORA, Snorre names Thora as the mother of King Magnus's son Sigurd.
Mistress (3): SIGRID Saxesdatter, Snorre names "Sigrid, a daughter of Saxe of Vik…a respectable man in the Trondheim country" as the mother of King Magnus's son Olav[379]. Morkinskinna names “Sigrídr, the daughter of Saxi from Vik…sister of Kári from Austrátt…called Kári King´s brother” as mother of King Sigurd´s son King Olav.
Mistress (4): Unknown. The name of King Magnus's fourth mistress is not known.
Mistress (5): Unknown Irish woman. Snorre records that the mother of "Gillikrist…Harald" supported her son's claim to be the son of King Magnus.
Mistress (6): Snorre names. Thora, a daughter of Saxe of Vik, a sister of Sigrid who was mother of King Olaf Magnsuson and of Kare the king's brother who married Borghild, a daughter of Dag Eilifson" as the mother of "Sigurd." Morkinskinna records that “Thora” daughter of “Saxi in Vik” was the mother of “Sigurdr…slembidjákn” who was “later alleged to be Magnus´s son.”

Project MedLands, Norway Kings

MAGNUS Olavsson, illegitimate son of OLAV III "Kyrre/the Gentle" King of Norway & his mistress --- (-killed in battle Ulster 24 May 1103). Morkinskinna names “Magnus nicknamed…berfœttr and…Styrjaldar (Battle-Age) Magnus” as son of King Olav and his concubine “Thóra, the daughter of Árni lági”[364]. Snorre names Magnus as son of King Olav and Thora, commenting that he was brought up at the king's court[365]. He succeeded his first cousin in 1095 as MAGNUS III "Berrføtt/Barfod/Barfot/Barefoot" King of Norway. Morkinskinna records that Magnus expelled “Sveinn, the son of Haraldr flettir (Despoiler)” from Trondheim, forcing him to flee to Denmark where he remained “until he became reconciled with King Eysteinn Magnusson”[366]. Saxo Grammaticus records that King Magnus attacked the Hallanders but was surprised, when barefoot, by an unexpected charge made by them, hence his nickname[367]. He invaded Orkney in 1098, captured joint Jarls Paul I and Erlend II, and declared his son as king of Orkney and the Isles. He also captured the Isle of Man and Anglesey, forced the flight of Hugh Earl of Chester and killed Hugh Earl of Shrewsbury[368]. Florence of Worcester records that "rex Norreganorum Magnus filius regis Olavi filii regis Haroldi Harvagri" invaded the Orkneys and Anglesey in [1098][369]. Morkinskinna records that Magnus III King of Norway “was much smitten” with “the emperor´s daughter…with whom he had exchanged messages…Matilda”[370]. William of Malmesbury records that he was killed after attacking Ireland[371]. Snorre records his death in battle in Ireland[372]. Orkneyinga Saga records that King Magnus was killed “in Ulster, on St Bartholomew´s day”[373]. married (1101) as her first husband, MARGRETA "Fredkulla/peace-bringing woman" of Sweden, daughter of INGE I Stenkilsson King of Sweden (-4 Nov [1130], bur Roskilde). Snorre records that the marriage of "King Inge's daughter Margaret" and King Magnus was agreed at "Konghelle on the Gaut river" under the agreement which settled disputes between the kings of Norway, Denmark and Sweden[374]. According to Saxo, her first marriage took place after the peace meeting between the three Scandinavian kings at Gotaalv in 1101, hence her nickname[375]. She married secondly ([1105]) Niels King of Denmark. Snorre names "Queen Margaret, a daughter of King Inge, who had before been married to King Magnus Barefoot" as the wife of "the Danish king Nikolas, a son of Svein Ulfson"[376]. Mistress (1): ---. Snorre records that King Magnus's son Eystein "was of a mean mother"[377]. Mistress (2): THORA ---. Snorre names Thora as the mother of King Magnus's son Sigurd[378]. Mistress (3): SIGRID Saxesdatter, daughter of ---. Snorre names "Sigrid, a daughter of Saxe of Vik…a respectable man in the Trondheim country" as the mother of King Magnus's son Olav[379]. Morkinskinna names “Sigrídr, the daughter of Saxi from Vik…sister of Kári from Austrátt…called Kári King´s brother” as mother of King Sigurd´s son King Olav[380]. Mistress (4): ---. The name of King Magnus's fourth mistress is not known. [Mistress (5): ---, an Irish woman. Snorre records that the mother of "Gillikrist…Harald" supported her son's claim to be the son of King Magnus[381].] [Mistress (6): ---. Snorre names "Thora, a daughter of Saxe of Vik, a sister of Sigrid who was mother of King Olaf Magnsuson and of Kare the king's brother who married Borghild, a daughter of Dag Eilifson" as the mother of "Sigurd Slembidjarn"[382]. Morkinskinna records that “Thora” daughter of “Saxi in Vik” was the mother of “Sigurdr…slembidjákn” who was “later alleged to be Magnus´s son”[383].

King Magnus III had [two] illegitimate children by Mistress (1): THORA

1. EYSTEIN Magnusson, ([1088/89]-[Hustadir in Stim] 29 Aug 1123, bur Trondheim, Christ Church). Snorre names Eystein as son of King Magnus, specifying in a later passage that he "was of a mean mother"[384]. He succeeded his father in 1103 as EYSTEIN I Joint King of Norway jointly with his half-brothers Sigurd and Olav IV. Morkinskinna records that Eystein “ruled the north around Trándheimr” after his father died[385]. Morkinskinna records that Eystein was a year younger than his brother Sigurd[386]. Snorre records that "at a feast at Hustadir in Stim" King Eystein "was seized with an illness which soon carried him off", that he died 29 Aug 1123 and buried at "Nidaros…Christ Church"[387]. married INGEBORG Guttormsdatter, daughter of GUTTORM Thorersson & his wife ---. Snorre names "Ingebjorg, a daughter of Guthorm, son of Thorer of Steig" as the wife of King Eystein[388]. Morkinskinna records that Eystein married “Ingibjorg, the daughter of Steigar Thórir”[389]. Thorer was the half-brother of Eystein's paternal grandfather King Olav (see above).

King Eystein I & his wife had two children:

a) GUTHORM, Morkinskinna names “Guthormr and Máría” as the children of Eystein and his wife “Ingibjorg, the daughter of Steigar Thórir”[390].

b) MARIE Eysteinsdatter, Morkinskinna names “Guthormr and Máría” as the children of Eystein and his wife “Ingibjorg, the daughter of Steigar Thórir”, adding that Maria married “Gudbrandr the son of Skafhøggr”[391]. Snorre names Maria as the daughter of King Eystein & his wife, recording that she married "Gudbrand Skafhogson"[392]. married GUDBRAND Skafhogsson (-killed in battle 4 Feb 1161).

Gudbrand & his wife Gudbrand had one child:

i) OLAV Ugjäve (-Aalborg 1173). Snorre names "Olaf, a son of Gudbrand Skafhaug and Maria, a daughter of King Eystein Magnuson", recording that he was brought up "in the house of Sigurd Agnhot in the Uplands" and gathered troops and was chosen king by many Upland people[393]. He was a contender for the throne in 1170.

2. RAGNHILD, Snorre records that "Magnus Barefoot's daughter, Ragnhild was married by her brothers to Harald Kesia, a son of the Danish king Eirik the Good"[394]. m HARALD "Kesja" of Denmark, illegitimate son of ERIK I "Ejegod/the Good" King of Denmark & his mistress --- (-murdered Skibet 1135, bur Skibet churchyard).

King Magnus III had one illegitimate son by Mistress (2):

3. SIGURD, ([1089/90]-Oslo 14 Aug 1130, bur Hallvardskyrka, Oslo). Snorre names Sigurd as son of King Magnus, when recording that his father installed as chief over the Orkney islands after expelling earls Paul and Erlend[395]. In a later passage, Snorre records that he was the son of Thora, and a year younger than his half-brother Eystein[396]. He succeeded his father in 1103 as SIGURD "Jorsalafare/the Crusader" Joint King of Norway jointly with his half-brothers Eystein I and Olav IV. Morkinskinna records that Sigurd “ruled the eastern part of the country and was entitled to official entertainment and revenue” after his father died[397]. Snorre records that his sons Eystein, Sigurd and Olav took the kingdom of Norway after their father's death, recording that Sigurd was 13 or 14 years old when he was chosen king[398]. Albert of Aix records that "frater regis de Nortwega, Magnus" arrived at the port of Ascalon and, in a later passage, that he helped besiege Sidon by sea[399]. Assuming that the reference to Norway is correct, "Magnus" is presumably an error for "Sigurd". Snorre recounts his journeys to Spain, Sicily, Jerusalem and Constantinople, stating that he was 20 years old when he returned to Norway and had been three years on his travels[400]. He died insane. Snorre records that King Sigurd suffered from delusions[401]. Snorre records the death of King Sigurd "the night before Mary's mass" and his burial "in Halvard's church"[402]. Morkinskinna records that King Sigurd was forty years old when he died[403]. Betrothed (1102) BIADMUNIA [Blathmin], daughter of MUIRCHERTACH MacTordelbach High King of Ireland & his wife --- ([1094/97]-). Snorre records that King Magnus "contracted in marriage his son Sigurd to Biadmynia, King Myrkjartan's daughter"[404]. Orkneyinga Saga records that Magnus "Barelegs" King of Norway “arranged the betrothal of Bjadmunja, daughter of King Myrkjartan of Connaught to his son Sigurd”, adding that she was five at the time and his son nine[405]. Snorre records that Sigurd left "the Irish king's daughter behind" when he left for Norway following his father's death[406]. According to Morkinskinna, King Magnus arranged the marriage of “his son Sigurdr” to “Malcolm king of the Scots…his daughter” when in Orkney[407]. This clearly refers to the same person as Biadmunia as Morkinskinna adds that the ages of the children as five and nine, as recorded in Orkneyinga Saga. However, the suggestion that her father was King Malcolm is clearly anachronistic in view of the king´s death in 1093. Morkinskinna records that Sigurd “left the daughter of King Malcolm of the Scots behind in the west and did not wish to be married to her” after his father died[408]. married firstly (divorced 1128) as her first husband, MALMFRID Mstislavna, daughter of MSTISLAV I "the Great" Grand Prince of Kiev & his first wife Christine of Sweden (-after 1137). Snorre records the marriage of King Sigurd and "Malmfrid, a daughter of King Harald Valdemarson, eastward in Novgorod"[409]. Fagrskinna names “Málfridr ok Ingibjörg” as daughters of “Harald konungr” & his wife “Kristinar, dóttur Inga konungs Steinkelssunar”, adding that Malmfrida married “Sigurdr konungr Jórsalafari” and secondly “Eirikr eimuni Danakonungr Eirikssunr”[410]. Morkinskinna records that Sigurd married “Malmfrídr, the daughter of Haraldr Valdimarsson from the east in Kiev…[and] Kristín, the daughter of King Ingi Steinkelsson king of the Swedes”[411]. Snorre records that King Sigurd divorced her[412]. Malmfrídr married secondly ([1130]) Erik Eriksson of Denmark, who succeeded in 1134 as Erik II "Emun" King of Denmark. Baumgarten records her second marriage but only cites one secondary source in support[413]. married secondly ([1128]) CECILIA, daughter of ---. Snorre records the marriage of King Sigurd and "Cecilia, who was a great man's daughter", overruling the objections of the bishops of Bergen and Stavanger[414]. Mistress (1): BORGHILD Olavsdatter, daughter of ---. Snorre names Borghild as the daughter of a "rich bonde called Olaf of D|al who dwelt in Great Dal in Aumord", recording that she had "conversations and intimacy with King Eystein" but that King Sigurd made her his concubine[415]. Morkinskinna names “Borghildr, the daughter of Óláfr of Dalr” as King Sigurd´s concubine[416]. Malmfrídr

King Sigurd & his first wife MALMFRID Mstislavna had one child:

a) KRISTIN Sigurdsdatter ([1125]-1178). Snorre names "Christina, a daughter of King Sigurd the Crusader and Queen Malmfrid" as the wife of Erling[417]. Morkinskinna names “Kristín” as the daughter of “King Sigurdr jórsalafari and Queen Malmfrídr”[418]. This is confirmed by the Saga of King Sverre which records the marriage of "Ragnhild daughter of Earl Erling and Kristin Kings-daughter" and "Halkel son of Jon Hallkelsson"[419]. [She may have been the Mistress: of SIGURD Haraldsson Mund joint King of Norway, son of HARALD "Gille" King of Norway & his mistress Thora Guttormsdatter (-murdered 10 Jun 1155). Snorre names "Harald…who called himself a son of King Sigurd Haraldson and the princess Kristin, and a brother of King Magnus by the mother's side", when recording that he was captured by Nikolas "Kufung" who brought him to Bergen "into Earl Erling's hands", who ordered him to be taken to Nordnes where he was beheaded[420].] m (1155) ERLING Ormsen "Skakke/the Sharp" of Studla in South Hordaland, son of ORM Sveinsson & his wife Ragnhild Sveinkesdatter (-killed in battle near Nidaros [Trondheim] 18 or 19 Jun 1179, bur Trondheim Cathedral). Left for Palestine 1151 with Kali-Ragnvald Jarl of Orkney. Regent of Norway 1162 for his son King Magnus V. Jarl in Norway 1170. He was killed in battle against King Sverre.

King Sigurd had one illegitimate son by Mistress (1): BORGHILD Olavsdatter

b) MAGNUS Sigurdsson ([1115]-murdered Holmengrå, Svinesund 12 Nov 1139, bur Oslo, Halvards Church). Snorre records the birth of Magnus son of King Sigurd and Borghild, stating that he "was sent immediately to Halogaland to be fostered at Bjarkey by Vidkun Jonson"[421]. Morkinskinna names “Magnus” as the son of King Sigurd and his concubine “Borghildr, the daughter of Óláfr of Dalr”, adding that he was “raised in his youth north on Bjarkey with Vidkunnr Jónsson”[422]. He succeeded his father in 1130 as MAGNUS "Blinde/the Blind" King of Norway, deposed 1135. Snorre records that Magnus was proclaimed king on the death of his father, commenting that he was "a great drinker, greedy of money, hard and obstinate", but that he was opposed by Harald "Gille" although an agreement was reached 3 Oct 1130 to divide the country between them[423]. Snorre records that King Magnus was taken prisoner by King Harald's forces, who later blinded him, cut off one of his feet and castrated him[424]. In a later passage, he recounts that Magnus "went north to Nidaros…went into the cloister on the holm and assumed the monk's dress"[425]. Snorre records that Sigurd "Slembidjakn", after murdering King Harald, took ex-king Magnus from his monastery "to make his cause appear better" but that, after his forces were defeated, Magnus fled "eastward to Gautland and then to Denmark" where he was well received by King Erik "Emun" who agreed to invade Norway[426]. Snorre describes how ex-king Magnus was killed at Hvalar, near Holm the Grey, the day after Martinmas[427]. married (1133, repudiated 1133) KIRSTIN Knudsdatter of Denmark, daughter of KNUT "Lavard" Duke of South Jutland/Sønderjylland [Schleswig] and King of the Obotriten & his wife Ingeborg Mstislavna of Kiev ([1118]-). Snorre refers to the wife of King Magnus as "a daughter of Knut Lavard…sister of the Danish King Valdemar" and records that her husband sent her back to Denmark[428]. Morkinskinna records that King Magnus married “Kirstín, the daughter of Knút lávardr and the sister of the Danish king Váldimarr” but adds that he sent her back to Denmark[429].

King Magnus III had [two] illegitimate sons by Mistress (3):

4. OLAV Magnusson, ([1098/1100]-24 Dec 1115, bur Trondheim, Christ Church). Snorre names Olav, "much younger than [Eystein and Sigurd]", as son of King Magnus and "Sigrid, a daughter of Saxe of Vik"[430]. He succeeded his father in 1103 as OLAV IV Joint King of Norway jointly with his half-brothers Eystein I and Sigurd. Snorre records that his sons Eystein, Sigurd and Olav took the kingdom of Norway after their father's death, recording that Olav was then four or five years old[431]. Morkinskinna records that Olav “was no older than three years” when his father died, that his half-brothers acted as his regents, and that he did not “live more than twelve years after his father´s death”[432]. Snorre records the death of King Olav, when he was “17 years old…on 24 Dec", and his burial "in Christ Church in Nidaros" after the three brothers had been kings for twelve years[433].
5. KARE, Snorre names "Sigrid who was mother of King Olaf Magnsuson and of Kare the king's brother who married Borghild, a daughter of Dag Eilifson"[434]. It is not clear entirely clear from this passage whether Kare was a full brother or only uterine brother of King Olav. The latter appears more likely as there is no reference to Kare, or any of his descendants, having claimed the Norwegian throne during the civil wars between Kings Magnus, Harald and Sigurd. This appears supported by a later passage of Snorre which records that "Queen Ingerid had a son to Ivar Sneis…called Orm [surnamed]…King-brother", indicating that the term "king's brother" was also used for uterine brothers[435]. married BORGHILD, daughter of DAG Eilifson & his wife.

Kare & his wife Borghild had two sons:

a) SIGURD of Austrat Snorre names "Kare the king's brother who married Borghild, a daughter of Dag Eilifson" and "their sons…Sigurd of Austrat and Dag"[436]. m ---. The name of Sigurd's wife is not known.

Sigurd & his wife had three children:

i) JON of Austrat Snorre names "Jon of Austrat, Thorstein and Andres the Deaf" as sons of "Sigurd of Austrat"[437]. married SIGURD, daughter of ---. Snorre names "Sigrid, a sister of King Inge and of Duke Skule" as wife of "Jon of Austrat"[438].

ii) THORSTEIN Snorre names "Jon of Austrat, Thorstein and Andres the Deaf" as sons of "Sigurd of Austrat"[439].

iii) ANDRES the Deaf Snorre names "Jon of Austrat, Thorstein and Andres the Deaf" as sons of "Sigurd of Austrat"[440].

b) DAG Snorre names "Kare the king's brother who married Borghild, a daughter of Dag Eilifson" and "their sons…Sigurd of Austrat and Dag"[441].

King Magnus III had one illegitimate daughter by Mistress (4)

6. THORA Magnusdatter (-1175). Snorre names "Jon Loptson, a daughter's son of King Magnus Barefoot", recording that he was at Bergen in 1164 when King Magnus Erlingsson "and Jon's other relations acknowledged the relationship with him"[442]. m LOFT Sämundsson of Odde. Later a priest in Iceland.

King Magnus III had [one illegitimate son by Mistress 5

7. HARALD Magnusson (-murdered Bergen 14 Dec 1136). Snorre records that "a man came…out of Ireland called Gillikrist" and met "Halkel Huk, a son of Jon Smiorbalte, who was lenderman in More" in the South Hebrides, that "his mother came with him and said his other name was Harald", claiming that King Magnus was his father, and that he was taken to Norway where King Sigurd "said he must tread over hot irons to prove his birth"[443]. He succeeded in 1130 as HARALD "Gille" King of Norway.]

King Magnus III had one [possible illegitimate son by Mistress (6)

8. SIGURD "Slembidjakn (-killed in battle 12 Nov 1139, bur Aalborg, St Mary). Snorre names "Sigurd who was brought up in Norway and was called priest Adalbrikt's son", whose mother was "Thora, a daughter of Saxe of Vik, a sister of Sigrid who was mother of King Olaf Magnuson…". Morkinskinna records that “Thora” daughter of “Saxi in Vik” was the mother of “Sigurdr…slembidjákn” who was “later alleged to be Magnus´s son”[444]. Snorre says that Sigurd became a clerk and was consecrated a deacon, was called "Slembidjakn" because of "a haughty ungovernable spirit", but that he left Norway for Palestine when he heard that his mother claim that his father was king Magnus. After returning to Norway, he "applied himself to trading expeditions" and while in Denmark "submitted to the iron ordeal to confirm his paternal descent"[445]. He murdered [his half-brother] King Harald in 1136 and succeeded as king of part of Norway[446]. Snorre records that he sailed for Trondheim to seek support and took ex-king Magnus from his monastery "to make his cause appear better"[447]. He was captured after ex-king Magnus was killed, tortured and killed, his body being carried to "Alaborg and interred…in Mary church in that town"[448].] Mistress (1): AUDHILD Thorlufsdatter from Scotland. The primary source which confirms her relationship with Sigurd has not yet been identified.

Sigurd had one illegitimate daughter by Mistress (1):

a) INGEGERD The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m HAAKON Havardsson "Klo/Claw" of Orkney, son of HAVARD Gunnison & his wife Bergljot.

Source Project MedLands, Norway Kings - https://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/NORWAY.htm

Links

Sources

1). Cappelen's Norges Historie, Bind 2 side 106, 333; Bind 15 side 170. Ole Georg Moseng, Erik Opsahl, Gunnar I. Pettersen og Erling Sandmo: Norsk historie I - 750-1537, Tano Aschehoug 1999, side 81-82. Svenskt Biografiskt Lexikon 1985-87, Band 25, side 141-143 Mogens Bugge: Våre forfedre, se nr. 790. Bent og Vidar Billing Hansen: Rosensverdslektens forfedre, side 53.
Litteratur: Sturlusson, Snorre, Snorres kongesagaer, »Magnus Berrføtts saga», Oslo 1979
Chronicle of the Kings of Man and the Isles, BL Cotton Julius A vii, oversatt og innledning ved George *
Broderick, Manx National Heritage, Man 2004
Curphey, Robert A., Peel Castle on St. Patrick's Isle, Peel, Manx National Heritage, Man 2005
Krag, Claus, Aschehougs Norgeshistorie, band 2: »Vikingtid og rikssamling 800-1130», Oslo 1995
Krag, Claus, «Magnus 3 Olavsson Berrføtt», i: Norsk biografisk leksikon, bd 6, Oslo 2003
Ó Corráin, Donnchadh, Vikings in Irland and Scotland in the Ninth Century, Peritia 12, 1998
Enoksen, Lars Magnar, Vikingarnas stridskonst, Lund 2004
Saga Magnús konungs berfœtts
Magnus Berrføtts saga

Om Konge av Norge Magnus "Berrføtt" Olavsson of Norway, av Norge (Norsk)