הנוסח בעברית בתחתית הדף בלשונית
"Hebrew
This project is on History Link

Israel is a parliamentary democracy, based on a number of Basic Laws. It has no formal constitution. Religious political parties have in the past blocked all efforts to create a constitution. They hold the opinion that the Jewish state’s constitution must be based upon the Torah (the Five Books of Moses) and the Jewish law (halakhah) that arises from it.
The Basic Laws lay down the framework and powers of the executive, legislative and judicial branches of government, and concern special areas of Israel’s polity such as the economy, civil-military relations and the status of Jerusalem.
One of the most characteristic laws is the Law of Return, which was adopted in 1950. This law grants every Jew who can prove to have at least one Jewish grandparent the right to acquire Israeli citizenship (Israeli nationality does not exist). The legislative competence rests with the Knesset. The Supreme Court has the authority to determine whether a law is in accordance with the Basic Laws.
=====
The Legislative
The Knesset (Israel's unicameral parliament) is the country's legislative body. The Knesset took its name and fixed its membership at 120 from the Knesset Hagedolah (Great Assembly), the representative Jewish council convened in Jerusalem by Ezra and Nehemiah in the 5th century BCE.
The Knesset has the exclusive right to enact laws and supervise the government’s work. It also has the power to lift members’ immunity and to remove the President of the State and the State Comptroller.
The Knesset has 120 seats and is elected in general elections once every four years. Until now, only twelve out of the twenty Knessets served its full four-year term. The parliaments which have been formed until this day, were made up of members belonging to between nine and fifteen different political groups.
Chairs of Political Parties in Knessets 1 - 25 (1949-2022+):
Shown in 4 main groups (based on the election results of Knesset 1 in 1949):
- 1. Left-wing & Center-left parties
- 2. Center, Center-right and National parties
- 3. Religious Parties
- 4. Extreme left and Arab parties
(PM - Prime Minister; MK - member of Knesset)
----------------------------------------------------------
Group 1: Left-wing & Center-left parties
=
- Mapai - מפא״י: 1930-1968. Merged into the Labor Party in 1969 in Knesset 6. A democratic socialist political party in Israel, and was the dominant force in Israeli politics until its merger into the modern-day Israeli Labor Party in 1968.
=
=
=
- Ahdut haAvoda - אחדות העבודה-פועלי ציון: 1954-1968 (split from Mapam, merged into Alliances/Labor). In its first incarnation, it was led by David Ben-Gurion. It was first established during the period of British Mandate and later became part of the Israeli political establishment. It was one of the forerunners of the modern-day Israeli Labor Party.
Political parties that split-off from Mapai and/or from its daughters parties:
=
- Rafi - רפ״י רשימת פועלי ישראל: 1965-1968 (split from Mapai). It was a centre-left political party in Israel, founded by former Prime Minister, David Ben-Gurion. In 1968 it was one of three parties that merged to form the Israeli Labor Party.
=
- National List - רשימה ממלכתית: 1969-1974 (split from Rafi). was a political party in Israel. Despite being founded by David Ben-Gurion, one of the fathers of the Israeli left, the party is one of the ancestors of the modern-day Likud, Israel's largest right-wing bloc.
=
- Ratz - רצ: 1973-1997 Split from Labor. A left-wing political party in Israel that focused on human rights, civil rights, and women's rights. It was active from 1973 until its formal merger into Meretz in 1997.
=
- Meimad - מימ״ד: 1988-2012, an acronym for Medina Yehudit, Medina Demokratit (מדינה יהודית, מדינה דמוקרטית), lit., Jewish State, Democratic State). The movement was founded in 1988 and the political party in 1999. It was in alliance with the Labour Party until 2009, then formed an alliance with the Green Movement. Dissolved in 2012.
=
- Meretz -- 1992-2022 -- מרצ. Left-wing, social-democratic and green political party in Israel. The party was formed in 1992 by the merger of Ratz, Mapam and Shinui, and was at its peak between 1992 and 1996. Meretz did not pass the election threshold (3.25%) in the 2022 election to Knesset 25.
- Shulamit Aloni - שולמית אלוני Party Leader: 1992-1996. MK in Knessets 6, 8-13 .
- Yossi Sarid - יוסי שריד Party Leader: 1996-2003. MK in Knessets 8-16 .
- Yossi Beilin - יוסי ביילין Party Leader: 2003-2007 (of Meretz-Yachad). MK in Knessets 12-15, 17.
- Haim (Jumes) Oron - חיים (ג׳ומס) אורון Party Leader: 2008-2012. MK in Knessets 12-18.
- [ Zehava Gal-On - זהבה גלאון] Party Leader: 2013-2018. MK in Knessets 15-20.
- [ Tamar Zandberg - תמר זנדברג] Party Leader: 2018-2019. MK in Knessets 19-24.
- [ Nitzan Horowitz - ניצן הורוביץ] Party Leader: 2019-2022. MK in Knessets 18, 19, 22-24.
- [ Zehava Gal-On - זהבה גלאון] Party Leader: 2022. MK in Knessets 15-20.
=
- The Third Way - הדרך השלישית: 1996-2011. The party was formed jn 1996 towards the end of the Knesset 13 when two MKs, Avigdor Kahalani and Emanuel Zisman, broke away from Labor over he idea of considering the withdrawing from the Golan Heights in return for peace with Syria. It was a Liberal Zionism political party. The party ceased to function in 1999 and finally dissolved in 2011.
=
- One Israel ישראל אחת: 1999-2001 was formed by Labor leader Ehud Barak in the run-up to the 1999 elections with the aim of making Labor appear more centrist and to reduce its secularist and elitist reputation amongst Mizrahi voters. It was an alliance of the Labor Party, Meimad and Gesher.
- Ehud Barak - אהוד ברק Tenth Prime-Minister of Israel. Party Leader: 1999-2001;. PM in Knesset 15. MK in Knessets 14, 15, 18
Other short-lived political alliances based on/split-off Labor + extras, were:
-----------------------------------------------------------
Group 2: Center, Center-right and National parties
=
- Herut - חרות: 1948-1988. Herut was the major conservative nationalist political party in Israel from 1948 until its formal merger into Likud in 1988. It was an adherent of Revisionist Zionism. Merged into Gahal in 1965 in Knesset 5, then affiliated with Likud in 1973 in Knesset 8.
=
- General Zionists - ציונים כלליים: 1922-1961 were a centrist Zionist movement and a political party in Israel. The General Zionists supported the leadership of Chaim Weizmann and their views were largely colored by central European culture. Their political arm is one of the ancestors of the modern-day Likud. They merged into the Liberal Party in 1961 in Knesset 4.
=
=
=
- Fighters' List - רשימת הלוחמים: 1948-1949 . The Fighters' List grew out of Lehi, a militant Revisionist paramilitary organisation that operated in Palestine during the Mandate era, and in Israel until shortly after independence. It's ideology was phttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism Revisionist Zionism[, Left-wing nationalism and Sternisn. Served in Knesset 1, suffered severe internal divisions, then dissolved.
=
- WIZO party (Israel) - מפלגת ויצ״ו: 1948-1951. WIZO-Israel formed a political party and ran for Knesset in Israel's first elections in 1949, It won one seat. It dissolved in 1951 after Knesset 1 and merged into the Liberal Party in 1961 in Knesset 5.
=
- Progressive Party - המפלגה הפרוגרסיבית: 1948-1961 The Party was a liberal party, most of whose founders came from the ranks of the New Aliyah Party and HaOved HaTzioni, which had been active prior to independence. It consisted primarily of immigrants from Central Europe. The party merged into the Liberal Party in 1961 in Knesset 4.
=
=
=
- The Free Center - המרכז החפשי: 1967-1977 was a political party in Israel. It is one of the forerunners of the modern-day Likud. It split from Herut in Knesset 6; formed an alliance with Likud in Knessets 7-8 (1973–1976).
=
- Gahal - גח״ל: 1965-1973 was the main right-leaning political alliance in Israel, ranging from the centre-right to right-wing, from its founding in 1965 until the establishment of Likud in 1973. It was led by Menachem Begin. The party was formed by a merger of Herut and Israeli Liberal Party in 1965 in Knesset 5. Dissolved in 1973 and merged into Likud.
=
- Development and Peace - פיתוח ושלום: 1970-1980. (Heb.: Pituah VeShalom) originally known as Flatto-Sharon was a right wing one-man political party in Israel in Knesset 9.
- Shmuel Flatto-Sharon - שמואל פלאטו-שרון. Leader: 1970-1980; MK in Knessets: 9
=
- Kach - כך: Founded 1971; Banned 1988. Kach was a radical Orthodox Jewish, ultranationalist political party in Israel. Founded by Rabbi Meir Kahane in 1971, based on his Jewish-Orthodox-nationalist ideology (subsequently dubbed Kahanism), the party earned a single seat in the Knesset in the 1984 election, after several electoral failures. However, it was barred from participating in the next election in 1988 under the revised Knesset Elections Law banning parties that incited racism.
=
- Likud - 1973-current - הליכוד: Merger of Gahal, Free Centre, National List & Movement for Greater Israel in 1973 in Knesset 8. Officially known as Likud – National Liberal Movement, is the major center-right to right-wing political party in Israel. A secular party, it was founded in 1973 by Menachem Begin and Ariel Sharon in an alliance with several right-wing parties. Likud's landslide victory in the 1977 elections was a major turning point in the country's political history, marking the first time the left had lost power. In addition, it was the first time in Israel that a right-wing party won the plurality of the votes.
=
- Shinui - שינוי: 1974-2006. Founded in 1974. In 1976 merged with Dash, and later merged into Meretz. Shinui was a Zionist, secular, and anti-clerical free market liberal party and political movement in Israel. The party twice became the third-largest in the Knesset, but both occasions were followed by a split and collapse. in 1977, the party won 15 seats as part of Dash, but the alliance split in 1978, and Shinui was reduced to 2 seats at the next elections. In 2003, the party won 15 seats alone, but lost them all three years later after most of its MKs left to form new parties.
=
=
- Shlomtzion - שלומציון: 1976-1977, was a political party in Israel. Founded by Ariel Sharon in 1977 prior to elections that year, it merged into Likud immediately after the Knesset term began.
- Ariel Sharon - אריאל שרון' Eleventh Prime-Minister of Israel. Party Leader: 1976-1977. PM in Knessets 15, 16 & MK in Knessets: 8-16.
=
- Dash_Democratic Movement for Change - ד״ש_תנועה דמוקרטית לשינוי: 1976-1978. Commonly known by its Hebrew acronym Dash (Hebrew: ד״ש), was a short-lived and initially highly successful centrist political party in Israel. Formed in 1976 by numerous well-known non-politicians, following a spectacular breakup, it ceased to exist in less than two years.
=
=
=
- Tehiya - התחיה: 1979-1992. Originally known as Banai (Hebrew: בנא"י, an acronym for Land of Israel Loyalists' Alliance (Hebrew: ברית נאמני ארץ ישראל)), then Tehiya-Bnai (Hebrew: תחייה-בנא"י), was an ultranationalist political party in Israel. In the eyes of many, Tehiya was identified with Geula Cohen, who founded the party and headed it throughout its existence. The party split from Herut and in 1992 merged into Likud.
=
- Telem_Movement for National Renewal - תל״מ_תנועה להתחדשות ממלכתית: 1981-1983. Telem (the 1st Telem) was formed in 1981 during the ninth Knesset by Moshe Dayan (who left (split from Labor) and two MKs: Yigal Hurvitz and Zalman Shoval, who had previously broken away from Likud to form Rafi – National List. After several breakups it dissolved into several minor parties.
=
- Tzomet -- 1983-current -- צוֹמֶת. The party was founded by General Rafael Eitan in 1983, after his retirement from the position of chief-of-staff in 1982. He modeled it in his spirit as a secular, right-wing party with a strong agricultural side. It ran in a joint list with Tehiya in 1984 and parted from it in 1987. No presence in the Knesset since then. A short "fiasco" episode was in 2019 when Oren Hazan tried to take hold of the party, but failed in the 1999 elections.
- Rafael (Raful) Eitan רפאל (רפול) איתן Leader: 1983-2003. MK in Knessets: 11-14.
- [ Moshe Gerin - משה גרין] Leader: 2003-2019.
- [ Oren Hazan - אורן חזן] Leader: 1919. MK in Knesset 20.
- [ Moshe Gerin - משה גרין] Leader: 2019-current
=
- Moledet - מולדת: 1988-2013. Moledet was a minor right-wing political party in Israel.Founded in 1988; Merged into Tkuma.
=
- Yiud - יעוד: 1994-1996. Yiud was a small, short-lived political faction in Israel in the mid-1990s. It was formed in 1994 during the 13th Knesset when three MKs, Alex Goldfarb, Esther Salmovitz and Gonen Segev broke away from Tzomet in Knesset 13, following a disagreement with the party's leader, Rafael Eitan. Then it disappeared.
- [ Gonen Segev - גונן שגב] Leader: 1994-1996. MK in Knesset 13
=
- Yisrael BaAliya - ישראל בעליה: 1996-2003. It was a political party in Israel between its formation in 1996 and its merger into Likud in 2003. It was formed to represent the interests of Russian immigrants by former refuseniks Natan Sharansky and Yuli-Yoel Edelstein. Initially a centrist party, it drifted to the right towards the end of its existence.
=
- Gil - גיל: 1996-2009. The Pensioner's Party, was a centre political party in Israel and was part of the governing coalition in the Knesset 7. In the 2009 elections, Gil did not receive sufficient votes for representation in the Knesset. In preparation for the 2013 elections, the party was renamed Dor.
=
- Center Party מִפְלֶגֶת הַמֶרְכָּז: 1999-2003, was a short-lived political party in Israel. Formed in 1999 by former Defense Minister Yitzhak Mordechai, the aim was to create a group of moderates to challenge Binyamin Netanyahu on the right and opposition leader Ehud Barak on the left. It split from Likud-Gesher-Tzomet and Labor, then dissolved.
- [ Yitzhak Mordechai - יצחק מרדכי]. Leader: 1999-2003. MK in Knesset 14, 15.
=
=
- Kadima - קדימה: 2005-2015, was a centrist and liberal political party in Israel. It was established by moderates from Likud largely following the implementation of Ariel Sharon 's unilateral disengagement plan in August 2005, and was soon joined by like-minded Labor politicians. With Ehud Olmert as party chairman following Sharon's stroke, it became the largest party in the Knesset after the 2006 elections, winning 29 of the 120 seats, and led a coalition government. In the 2009 elections under Tzipi Livni's leadership, it became an opposition party. In the 2013 elections, under Shaul Mofaz leadership, Kadima became the smallest party in the Knesset, winning only 2 seats and barely passing the electoral threshold. It did not enter the 2015 elections, and soon after - it disappeared.
=
- Hatnua הַתְּנוּעָה: 2012-2019. (lit. The movement) was a liberal political party in Israel formed by former Israeli Foreign Minister and Vice Prime Minister Tzipi Livni to present an alternative to voters frustrated by the stalemate in the Israeli–Palestinian peace process. The party was formed by dissidents in Kadima. In the 2015 legislative election, it ran on a joint electoral list with the Labor Party called the Zionist Union, which became the second-largest parliamentary group. However, tension between the Union's competing factions resulted in its dissolution in early January 2019, ahead of that year's April election.
=
- Yesh Atid - 2012-current - יֵשׁ עָתִיד is a centrist political party in Israel. Founded by Yair Lapid, it seeks to represent what it considers the centre of Israeli society: the secular middle class. It focuses primarily on civic, socio-economic, and governance issues, including government reform and ending military draft exemptions for the ultra-Orthodox. In 2013, the first election it contested in, Yesh Atid placed second, winning 19 seats in the 120-seat Knesset. It then entered into a coalition Benjamin Netanyahu 's Likud. In the 2015 election it joined the opposition. in 2019 it entered the Blue & White alliance and in the 2021 the party ran alone and formed the anti-Bibi coalition and government, with Yair Lapid as PM in rotation following Naftali Bennet. He became 14th Prime Minister of Israel in 2022.
=
- Kulanu - כולנו: 2014-2019, was a centrist political party in Israel founded by Moshe Kahlon that focused on economic and cost-of-living issues. Split from Likud & Kadima. Merged into Likud & New Hope.
=
=
- Gesher גשר: 2018-2021, was a liberal and centrist political party in Israel, established in December 2018 by former Yisrael Beitenu MK Orly Levy. The party focuses primarily on economic and cost-of-living issues. The name of the party is a reference to the party founded by Orly's father, David Levy. It split from Yisrael Beitenu alliance with Labor in 2019-2020 & also with Meretz in 2020. Then merged into Likud.
=
- The New Right - 2018-2022 - הימין החדש, was a right-wing political party in Israel, established by Ayelet Shaked and Naftali Bennett. It split from The Jewish Home The New Right aimed to be a right-wing party open to both religious and secular people. The party did not win any seats in the April 2019 election, though it won three seats in the subsequent election of September 2019, and retained these in the March 2020 election. It is currently the sole member of the Yamina party alliance.
=
- Yamina - 2019-2022 - יָמִינָה was an Israeli right-wing party headed by Naftali Bennett. The party was established from the union of three parties: the New Right; and the Union of Right-Wing Parties (a union of The Jewish Home and Tkuma). The party ran for the first time in the Knesset 22 elections (2019) led by Ayelet Shaked, and received 7 seats. After the election, it split into two factions: the Jewish Home - the National Union, and the New Right. The party currently holds power in rotation with the -Yesh Atid party, since June 13, 2021. Naftali Bennett was elected 13th Prime Minister of Israel. The party did not pass the Election Threshold (3.25%) in the election to Knesset 25 in 2022.
=
=
- New Hope - 2020-2022 - תקווה חדשה, officially known as New Hope — Unity for Israel (Hebrew: תִּקְוָוה חֲדָשָׁה אַחְדוּת לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, is a national-liberal political party in Israel. The party was formed by former Likud MK and former minister Gideon Sa'ar.It split from Likud & Derech Eretz. The party gained 6 MKs in Knesset 24 and joined the non-Bibi coalition. in the 2022 elections it joined the Israel Resilience Party / Blue & White Party" headed by [ Benny Gantz Benny Gantz]; the new party won 12 seats in Knesset 25.
=
----------------------------------------------------------
Group 3: Religious (mostly right wing) Parties
=
=
=
=
=
- Poalei Agudat Yisrael - פועלי אגודת ישראל: 1922-1988. It was established first as a trade union and Jewish political party in Poland, and was a minor political party in Israel. It was also known as PAI or PAGI, its Hebrew acronym פאג"י or פא"י. Alliances: Religious Torah Front (1955–1960, 1973–1977). Ran in the 1988 elections within Agudat Yisrael in 1981 in Knesset 12. In Knesset 13 merged within Agudat Yisrael.
- Binyamin Mintz - בנימין מינץ Party Secretary General: 1948-1960. MK in Knessets: 1-4.
- Kalman Kahana - קלמן כהנא Party Secretary General: 1960-1981. MK in Knessets: 1-9.
- [ Abraham Verdiger - אברהם ורדיגר ] Party political leader: 1981-1994. MK in Knessets: 6-8, 11-13.
=
- National Religious Party מפד״ל_ מִפְלָגָה דָּתִית לְאֻומִּית 1956-2008. It was formed as a merger of Hapoel HaMizrachi and Mizrachi which dissolved in 1956. The party represented a Zionist movement and at the time of its dissolution in 2008, it was the second-oldest surviving party in the country after Agudat Yisrael, and was part of every government coalition until 1992. in 2008 pt merged into The Jewish Home. Traditionally a practical centrist party, in its later years, it drifted to the right, becoming increasingly associated with Israeli settlers, and towards the end of its existence, it was part of a political alliance with the strongly right-wing National Union.
=
- Tami - תמ״י: 1981-1984 (an acronym for Tnu'at Masoret Yisrael - תנועת מסורת ישראל), was a sectoral party that appealed to an Oriental-religious ethnic target audience, operated in the 1980s and at the center of its platform was the idea of equal opportunities. Split from National Religious Party. Merged into Likud.
- [ Aharon Abuhatzira - אהרון אבו-חצירא]. Leader" 1981-1984. MK in Knessets: 8-12
=
- Shas -- 1984-current -- ש״ס: It is an ultra-Orthodox-Sephardic party in Israel, established in 1982 and standing for election at the national level starting with the elections to the Knesset 11 in 1984. Split from Agudat Yisrael.
=
=
- Moria - מוריה: 1990-1992. It was a short-lived Haredi political party in Israel in the early 1990s. It split from Shas in 1990 and merged into United Torah Judaism.
- [ Yitzhak Peretz - יצחק פרץ] . Leader 1990-1992. MK in Knessets: 11-13
=
- Geulat Israel - גאולת ישראל: 1990-1993. It was a short-lived Haredi political party in Israel in the early 1990s. It split from Agudat Yisrael 1990 and disappeared in 1993..
- [ Eliezer Mizrahi - אליעזר מזרחי] . Leader 1990-1993. MK in Knesset 12
=
=
- National Union–Tkuma - 1998-current - האיחוד הלאומי-תקומה; also known as: Religious Zionist Party - הציונות הדתית (Far-Right). Split from the National Religious Party in 1998. Since then it participated in several (usually short-lived) political alliances with other religious and/or right-wing parties. In 2022 elections to Knesset 25 it ran within an alliance with Otzma Yehudit and Noam winning 14 seats (3rd largest political party/alliance). The alliance was dissolved 17 days after the elections. National Union–Tkuma"' won 7 seats and joined the right wing coalition headed by Netanyahu.
- [ Hanan Porat - חנן פורת] Leader: 1998-1999. MK in Knessets:10, 12-15
- [ Zvi Hendel - צבי הנדל] Leader: 1999-2009. MK in Knessets: 14-17
- [ Ya'akov Katz - יעקב כץ] Leader: 2009-2012.
- Uri Ariel - אורי אריאל Leader: 2012-2019. MK in Knessets: 15-20
- Bezalel Smotrich - בצלאל סמוטריץ Leader: 1999-incumbent. MK in Knessets: 20-25
=
- Otzma Yehudit - 2014-current - עָצְמָה יְהוּדִית is a far-right political party in Israel, which has been referred to as Kahanist and anti-Arab. It was originally formed as Otzma LeYisrael - עָצְמָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל (lit., Strength for Israel), which was established in 2012 by MKs Aryeh Eldad and Michael Ben-Ari, who split from the National Union to form a new party ahead of the 2013 elections. In the 2022 elections to Knesset 25 it ran within an alliance with National Union - Tekuma and Noam winning 14 seats (3rd largest political party/alliance). The alliance was dissolved 17 days after the elections. Otzma Yehudit won 6 seats and joined the right wing coalition headed by Netanyahu.
- [ Aryeh Eldad - אריה אלדד] Leader 2012-2013. MK in Knessets 16-18
- [ Michael Ben-Ari - מיכאל בן-ארי] Leader 2013-2019. MK in Knesset 18
- [ Itamar Ben-Gvir - איתמר בן-גביר] Leader 2019-incumbent. MK in Knessets 24-25
=
=
- The Jewish Home - הבית היהודי: 2008-2022. The Jewish Home is a Zionist party and formerly a faction in the Knesset, which is mainly associated with religious Zionism and the political right. The Jewish Home is a continuation of the NRP, an Israeli religious-nationalist Zionist party. It took part on the alliances: Union of Right-wing Parties - איחוד מפלגות הימין in 2019, Yamina - ימינה in 2019. In 2021 the party was headed by Hagit Moshe and did not run inthe elections that year. In 2022 the party was headed by Ayelet Shaked, it participated in the 2022 elections, but did not pass the Election Threshold (3.25%)
=
- Otzma Yehudit - 2014-current - עָצְמָה יְהוּדִית is a far-right political party in Israel, which has been referred to as Kahanist and anti-Arab. It was originally formed as Otzma LeYisrael - עָצְמָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל (lit., Strength for Israel), which was established in 2012 by MKs Aryeh Eldad and Michael Ben-Ari, who split from the National Union to form a new party ahead of the 2013 elections. In the 2022 elections to Knesset 25 it ran within an alliance with National Union - Tekuma and Noam winning 14 seats (3rd largest political party/alliance). The alliance was dissolved 17 days after the elections. Otzma Yehudit won 6 seats and joined the right wing coalition headed by Netanyahu.
- [ Aryeh Eldad - אריה אלדד] Leader 2012-2013. MK in Knessets 16-18
- [ Michael Ben-Ari - מיכאל בן-ארי] Leader 2013-2019. MK in Knesset 18
- [ Itamar Ben-Gvir - איתמר בן-גביר] Leader 2019-incumbent. MK in Knessets 24-25
=
- Noam - 2019-current - נעם, lit. 'Pleasantness'; officially known as Lazuz) is a far-right Orthodox Jewish political party in Israel, officially established in July 2019 by a very conservative faction in the Religious Zionist community inspired by Rabbi Zvi Thau and his Har Hamor Yeshiva. The party's main goal is to advance policies against LGBT rights, and against what its backers call "the destruction of the family". The party formed a joint list with Otzma Yehudit prior to the 2021 Israeli legislative election. However, the two parties subsequently joined the Religious Zionist Party alliance, and ran under its leadership (Noam won 1 seat). In the 2022 elections to Knesset 25 it ran within an alliance with National Union - Tekuma and Otzma Yehudit winning 14 seats (3rd largest political party/alliance). The alliance was dissolved 17 days after the elections. Noam won 1 seat and joined the right wing coalition headed by Netanyahu.
----------------------------------------------------------
Group 4. Extreme left and Arab parties
Arab satellite lists Israeli Arab satellite parties formed for the purposes of electoral support of Mapai (and later the Labor Party) and Mapam between 1948 and the mid 1970s.
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Other Left-Wing and Arab parties
=
- Maki מק״י: 1948-1973. (Israeli Communist Party) - (מפלגה קומוניסטית ישראלית), was a communist political party in Israel. It is not the same party as the modern-day Maki, which split from it during the 1960s and later assumed its name. Maki was a descendant of the Palestine Communist Party (PCP.; founded in 1922), which changed its name to MAKEI (the Communist Party of Eretz Yisrael) after endorsing partition in 1947, and then to Maki. The party was not Zionist, but recognized Israel, and asserted the right of Palestinians to form a state in accordance with the United Nations resolution on partition. It was quite successful for ca 15 years and then declined. Maki merged with the SIah_Blue-Red Movement in 1973, to form [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moked Moked, and subsequently disappeared as an independent party.
=
- Rakah/Maki - 1965-current - רק״ח/מק״י. The Israeli Communist Party - הַמִפְלָגָה הַקוֹמוּנִיסְטִית הַיִשְׂרְאֵלִית HaMiflega HaKomunistit HaYisra'elit, الحزب الشيوعي الاسرائيلي Al-Ḥizb ash-Shuyū'ī al-'Isrā'īlī), commonly referred to by its Hebrew acronym Maki (מק"י), is a communist political party in Israel and forms part of the political alliance known as Hadash - חד״ש. It was originally known as Rakah (רק"ח), an acronym for Reshima Komunistit Hadasha (רשימה קומוניסטית חדשה, lit. New Communist List), and is not the same party as the original Maki, from which it broke away in the 1960s.
- It is run by a collective leadership of the Central Committee: 1965-current.
=
- HaOlam HaZeh – Koah Hadash_Meri מרי_העולם הזה-כח חדש: 1965-1973. The party was founded by Uri Avnery, editor and owner of the anti-establishment HaOlam HaZeh news magazine, and was the first major radical party in Israel. It surprisingly passed the electoral threshold in the 1965 election, gaining 1.2% of the vote and one seat, taken by Avnery. The name changed to Meri an acronym for Mahaneh Radikali Yisraeli (Hebrew: מחנה רדיקלי ישראלי), lit. Israeli Radical Camp). Prior to the 1977 elections the Party merged into Left Camp of Israel מחנה של״י and won 2 seats. Failed in the 1981 elections and disappeared.
=
=
- Sheli - Left Camp of Israel מחנה של״י: 1977-1984. The party was formed prior to the 1977 elections by the Merger of Moked, Independent Socialist Faction, Meri, and some Black Panthers. Sheli called for negotiations with the Palestine Liberation Organization based on mutual recognition and for the establishment of an Arab Palestinian state. The party failed to cross the election threshold in the 1981 election and subsequently disappeared (1984),
=
- Hadash - 1977-current - الجبهة ,חד"ש החזית הדמוקרטית לשלום ולשוויון. Merger of Rakah/Maki, Moked, Partial Black Panthers and other Arab and left-wing groups. Its Ideology is - Communism, Marxism–Leninism, Israeli Arab interests, Two-state solution and Non-Zionism.
- Meir Vilner - מאיר וילנר Chairperson 1977-1990. MK in Knessets: 1-12
- [ Mohammad Barakeh - محمد بركة - מוחמד ברכה] Chairperson 1999-2015. MK in Knessets: 15-19
- [ Ayman Odeh - איימן עאדל עוֹדֶה - أيمن عادل عود'ة'׳] Chairperson 2015-incumbent. MK in Knessets: 20-25
=
=
=
- Ta'al - 1990's-current - الحركة العربية للتغيير ,תַּעַ"ל is an Israeli Arab political party in Israel led by Ahmad Tibi. Its ideology is: Arab nationalism, Israeli Arab interests, Secularism, Two-state solution. National affiliation: Balad (1999), Arab List (2006–2013), Joint List (2015–2019; 2020–2021; 2021–2022), Hadash–Ta'al (2003–2006; 2019; 2022–current)
- [ Ahmad Tibi - أحمد الطيبي - אַחְמָד טִיבִּי] Leader: 1990's-incumbent. MK in Knessets: 15-25
=
- Balad - 1995-current - בָּלַ"ד - بلد (Hebrew: בְּרִית לְאֻמִּית דֵּמוֹקְרָטִית, lit. 'National Democratic Alliance') is an Arab political party in Israel led by Sami Abu Shehadeh. The party advocates for the rights of Arab citizens in Israel. Its Ideology is: Arab nationalism, Left-wing nationalism, Social democracy, Secularism, Pan-Arabism, Anti-Zionism. After the Electoral Threshold was set at 3.25%, Balad joined other Arab parties to form the Joint List alliance 2019-2021. Balad left the coalition in 2022 and lost its seats in Knesset 25.
- [ Azmi Bishara - عزمي بشارة - עַזְמִי בִשַארָה] Leader: 1995-2007. MK in Knessets: 14-17
- [ Jamal Zahalka - جمال زحالقة - ג'מאל זחאלקה] Leader: 2007-2019. MK in Knessets: 16-20
- [ Mtanes Shehadeh - امطانس شحادة - מְטַאנֵס שְׁחַאדֵה] Leader: 2019-2021. MK in Knessets: 14-17
- [ Sami Abu Shehadeh - سامي ابو شحادة - סָאמִי אַבּוּ שְׁחַאדַה] Leader: 2021-incumbent. MK in Knessets: 22-24
=
- United Arab List - 1996-current - القائمة العربية الموحدة - הַרְשִׁימָה הַעֲרָבִית הַמְאוּחֶדֶת Ra'am - רע״מ is an Arab political party in Israel and the political wing of the Southern Branch of the Islamic movement. It was part of the Joint List, the Arab political parties alliance of Hadash, Balad, Ra'am and Ta'al, but left the alliance on 28 January 2021. In 2021 it formally joined a coalition of parties forming the thirty-sixth government.
- [ Abdulmalik Dehamshe - عبد المالك دهامشة - עבד-אלמאלכ דהאמשה] Chairperson 1996-2006. MK in Knessets: 14-16
- [ Sheikh Ibrahim Sarsur - ابراهيم صرصور - אִבְרָהִים צַרְצוּר] Chairperson 2006-2014. MK in Knessets: 17-19
- [ Masud Ghnaim - مسعود غنايم - מסעוד גנאים] Chairperson 2015-2018. MK in Knessets: 18-20
- [ Mansour Abbas - منصور عباس- - מַנְסוּר עַבַּאס] Chairperson 2019-incumbent. MK in Knessets: 20-25
----------------------------------------------------------------
יו״ר מפלגות פוליטיות בכנסת ישראל לדורותיה..
ישראל היא דמוקרטיה פרלמנטרית, המבוססת על מספר חוקי יסוד. אין למדינה חוקה רשמית. מפלגות פוליטיות דתיות חסמו בעבר את כל המאמצים לחוקק חוקה. הם מחזיקים בדעה כי חוקת המדינה היהודית חייבת להתבסס על התורה (חמשת ספרי משה) ועל ההלכה היהודית הנובעת ממנה.
חוקי היסוד קובעים את המסגרת והסמכויות של הרשות המבצעת, המחוקקת והשופטת של השלטון, ונוגעים לתחומים מיוחדים במדיניותה של ישראל כמו כלכלה, יחסים אזרחיים-צבאיים ומעמדה של ירושלים.
אחד החוקים האופייניים ביותר הוא חוק השבות, אשר התקבל בשנת 1950. חוק זה מעניק לכל יהודי שיכול להוכיח שיש לו לפחות סבא או סבתא יהודי אחד את הזכות לקבל אזרחות ישראלית (לאום ישראלי לא קיים). סמכות החקיקה היא של הכנסת. לבית המשפט העליון סמכות לקבוע אם חוק שחוקקה הכנסת, הוא על פי חוקי היסוד.
הרשות המחוקקת
הכנסת (הפרלמנט החד-ביתי של ישראל) היא הגוף המחוקק במדינה. הכנסת קיבלה את שמה וקבעה את מספר חבריה ל-120 מ ״הכנסת הגדולה״, המועצה היהודית הייצוגית שכונסה בירושלים על ידי עזרא ונחמיה במאה ה-5 לפני הספירה.
לכנסת הזכות הבלעדית לחוקק חוקים ולפקח על עבודת הממשלה. יש לה גם סמכות להסיר את חסינות החברים ולהדיח את נשיא המדינה ומבקר המדינה.
לכנסת 120 מושבים והיא נבחרת בבחירות כלליות אחת לארבע שנים. עד כה כיהנו רק 12 מתוך 24 כנסות את כהונתן המלאה בת ארבע השנים. הפרלמנטים שהוקמו עד היום הורכבו מחברים המשתייכים לבין תשע לחמש עשרה קבוצות פוליטיות שונות.
=====
שמות כל המפלגות הפוליטיות בכנסות ישראל לדורותיהן, שמות יושבי ראש מפלגות אלו בכנסות 1 - 24 (1949-2022), ותקופות כהונתם, מפורטים בגירסה האנגלית כולל שמותיהם באנגלית ובעברית, (ובערבית למפלגות הערביות).
המפלגות מוצגות בגירסה האנגלית ב-4 קבוצות עיקריות (על סמך תוצאות הבחירות לכנסת 1 ב-1949):
- 1. מפלגות שמאל ומפלגות מרכז-שמאל.
- 2. מפלגות מרכז, מפלגות מרכז-ימין ומפלגות לאומיות.
- 3. מפלגות דתיות.
- 4. מפלגות שמאל קיצוני ומפלגות ערביות.
(PM: רה"מ - ראש הממשלה; MP: ח"כ - חבר כנסת)
להלן פרוט הרשימות הפוליטיות (רשימה יכולה להיות מקבץ של מפלגות) בכנסת הנוכחית ושמות חברי הכנסת שמכהנים/כיהנו כיו״ר שלהן:
כנסת 24:
הרשימה - היו״ר - (מספר ח״כים)
------------------------------------------
- הליכוד - בנימין נתניהו - (30)
- יש עתיד - יאיר לפיד - (17)
- ש"ס - אריה דרעי - (9)
- כחול לבן - בני גנץ - (8)
- ימינה - נפתלי בנט/איילת שקד - (7)
- העבודה - מרב מיכאלי - (7)
- יהדות התורה - משה גפני - (7)
- ישראל ביתנו - אביגדור ליברמן - (7)
- הציונות הדתית - בצלאל סמוטריץ' - (6)
- הרשימה המשותפת - איימן עודה - (6)
- תקווה חדשה - גדעון סער - (6)
- מרצ - ניצן הורוביץ - (6)
- רע"ם - מנסור עבאס - (4)
---------------------------------------------------------
כנסת 25 (בחירות 2022)
הרשימה - היו״ר - (מספר ח״כים)
------------------------------------------
- הליכוד - בנימין נתניהו - (32)
- יש עתיד - יאיר לפיד - (24)
- המחנה הממלכתי (כחול לבן + תקווה חדשה) - בני גנץ - (12)
- ש"ס - אריה דרעי - (11)
- יהדות התורה - ואגודת ישראל - משה גפני/יצחק גולדקנופף - (7)
- הציונות הדתית - בצלאל סמוטריץ (7). אחרי הפיצול ב 20/11/2022
- ישראל ביתנו - אביגדור ליברמן - (6)
- עוצמה יהודית - איתמר בן-גביר (6). אחרי הפיצול ב 20/11/2022
- רע"ם - מנסור עבאס - (5)
- חדש-תע״ל - איימן עודה/אחמד טיבי - (5)
- העבודה - מרב מיכאלי - (4)
- נעם - אבי מעוז (1). אחרי הפיצול ב 20/11/2022