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This project seeks to collect all of the Jewish families from the town of Fellheim/Iller (Schwaben/Bayern), Germany.
(Photo is of Langes Haus-Historical House in Fellheim)
List of architectural monuments in Fellheim:
Memminger Strasse 9, 11, 13, 15 (♁Location) Residential building, the so-called long house, elongated, two-storey eaves side building with a gable roof, the core of the 17th century House included Heilbronner Families
Jewish Community Fellheim-Wikipedia
The Jewish community Fellheim was a rural Jewish community in the Upper Swabian Fellheim in what is now the Unterallgäu district in Bavaria, which existed from 1670 to 1942. Other larger Jewish communities in the vicinity existed in Altenstadt (Iller), Bad Buchau, Ichenhausen, Laupheim and Memmingen. It was in the shape of a street village with a synagogue at the southern entrance to the town on Memminger Straße. In 1833, 80 Jewish families lived in Fellheim and made up 70% of the local population. This resulted in two different types of settlements, in the south the Jewish part of Fellheim, also called "Judenhausen" [1] from 1670, and in the northern part the actual rural village with the familiar local appearance. Beginning in the 17th century There was not a single settlement of Jews in the Wittelsbacher territories, from which today's state of Bavaria is derived. Only in the area of the later administrative district of Swabia, in the former small ecclesiastical and secular territories, which often suffered from lack of money, did families of Jewish faith settle under the legal construct of the Jewish shelf. The Jews were not allowed to join a guild. Their professional activities were limited to the profession of peddler and the fur, cattle, salt and grain trade. The money industry was added later with restrictions. After the Thirty Years' War, Baron Phillip Bernhard von Reichlin-Meldegg permitted the immigration of initially five Jewish families to Fellheim in 1670. In 1716, Marx Nissont was employed by the community as a rabbi. He was a cantor, religion and elementary teacher, community clerk and slaughterer. In 1786 a synagogue was built on what is now the site at 17 Memminger Strasse. A Jewish cemetery was added later. Before that there was a prayer room for the Jewish families. In 1794 a mikveh, a building for the community's ritual immersion bath, and the first school were mentioned. After a Christian teacher also taught at the school from 1812, but was transferred to Lindau due to the preference for Jews, the Jewish community hired its own teacher in 1814 for a salary of 300 guilders. As early as 1829 a total of 79 weekday students and 64 Sunday students were recorded. This number rose to 86 weekday students by 1833, while Sunday students stagnated at 63 students. After the old premises became unbearable and too small, a new building was built in Memminger Straße 44 in 1836. In 1860 there were only 48 weekday students and 33 Sunday students. This number had dropped to three weekday students and two Sunday students by 1900. In 1910 the school was closed and the remaining Jewish students were sent to the Christian elementary school. A Jewish religious teacher from nearby Memmingen took over the Jewish religious instruction. [2] The school house was acquired by the Christian community in 1911 for 6,000 marks and used as a school house. Today it is the town hall of Fellheim. There was also a ritual butcher's shop at Memminger Strasse 16. The houses of the Jewish families were in the south-western part of the village. The houses are still recognizable by their general appearance, a small area and the dense, often connected buildings.
Until 1806 Fellheim belonged to the noble house of the imperial barons of Reichlin-Meldegg. In 1833 the maximum number of Jewish residents was reached with around 500 people. Thus 70% of the local population of Fellheim was of the Jewish denomination. The Jewish community belonged to the Augsburg district rabbinate. A Jewish school, which was closed in 1910, was given to the community in 1836. After that, the Jewish community members emigrated to the surrounding cities because of better living conditions. The Rosenthal family left Fellheim and founded the Rosenthal second-hand bookshop in Munich in a city palace built between 1909 and 1911 at Brienner Straße 47. In 1910 there were still 22 Jewish residents, fifteen years later there were still 20. After 1933, 12 Jewish residents were able to emigrate, but only between 1938 and 1941. The last 14 community members were deported in 1942.
Pogrom of November 10, 1938 During the pogrom on November 10, 1938, around forty men came to Fellheim in three trucks from neighboring Boos. They broke into the synagogue and smashed part of the interior. They then stole the items for rite and cult, ten old Torah scrolls and a Torah cloak from the 18th century and burned them on the way back to Boos. SS men from nearby Memmingen also came to Fellheim to support the planned action. The SS people destroyed the rest of the inventory and badly damaged the Torah shrine. Some villagers participated in the devastation. The majority of Fellheim's residents resisted the destruction of the synagogue. During the war, the vacant building was used by the military and was used to house aircraft engines. The end of the Jewish community The following people were deported to Piaski in Poland in March and July 1942:
Isaac Einstein Berta Einstein Julius Einstein Samuel Hess Paula Hess Siegfried Mayer Elias Mayer Jeanette Mayer Beathe Mayer Hanna Mayer Martin Mayer Hans Mayer Bertha Mayer There their trail is lost. There is a last letter from Berta and Isaak Einstein to their children:
"Fellheim, July 27, 1942
My dear good children all!
Fellheim Jewish Cemetery - Memminger Strasse (2012) The last greeting from our homeland, whether it reaches you dear children and grandchildren must be left to God. Since Tischa beAv we have known that we will get away and that we will be collected with twelve older people from Memmingen and Augsburg. We don't know anything specific about the destination yet, they say about Theresienstadt in the Czech Republic, where there are already friends from Munich, we are not allowed to write, I think.
Dear Uncle Adolf got away from Heggbach in spite of his ailments, he had letters written to Stuttgart. Tell us where he's going, but so far we haven't been able to find out anything, says G.W. (God wants) to Theresienstadt too. My good children and grandchildren, that only you have left is our consolation. Only that you, dear Marta, were not allowed to be with your dear husband, is from God, hope that he directs it for the better. I was in constant correspondence with his parents. We are healthy G.L. (Praise God) both and share the lot of thousands in God's name. Dear daughters, your dear sisters have sent parcels to Piaski (assembly camp in Poland) as long as it was possible, God willing, will you see you again? My thoughts accompany you every hour. Farewell, good children and grandchildren. May the Almighty give you happiness and blessings. Greet and kiss you deeply.
Your mother
My dear and good children and grandchildren!
The dear mother has already written everything else, it just has to be and nothing can be changed. Otherwise, thank God we are well and healthy, I hope the same from you, my friends. It greets you and kisses you, your loving father Isaac. "[3]
The Einstein's children survived the Holocaust and received the letter after the war. After 1945 the building was confiscated by the advancing US Army and transferred to the JRSO (Jewish Restitution Successor Organization). In 1951 it was sold to private individuals who renovated it in 1954 and converted it into a residential building. In August 1948, eight people were charged with participating in the pogrom at the Memmingen Regional Court. Two were acquitted and six received prison terms ranging from 4 to 15 months. In 2007 the Fellheim community bought the building of the former synagogue and the space between the synagogue and the cemetery. [4] In the coming years it is planned to repair the former synagogue at a cost of 1.7 million euros. The Bavarian state is contributing 1.3 million euros to the project.
Jewish war veterans
Jacques Rosenthal portrayed by Lenbach in 1904 Ludwig Heilbronner from Fellheim, private in the 12th Bavarian Infantry Regiment, was decorated with the Iron Cross because of his excellent behavior in the battle of Sedan. On August 5, 1926, Albert Einstein, the oldest Jewish veteran in Swabia, corporal leader, antique dealer and war participant in the campaigns of 1866 and 70/71 and longstanding chairman of the Fellheim community, died. Railway board member Ostermann pointed out in his mourning address that the corporal leader Einstein belied the assertion that the honor and bravery of soldiers depend on the denomination. Rabbi von Fellheim Max Nissont (1716–?) Jacob Bear Simon Leopold Laupheimer Joel Nathan Greilsheimer (1778–1800) Marx Hayum Seligsberg (1830–1877) Other people Joseph Rosenthal (1805–1885), bookseller Ludwig Rosenthal (1840–1928), bookseller Jacques Rosenthal (1854–1937), bookseller
JewishGen-Fellheim/Iller (Schwaben/Bayern)
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ehemalige_j%C3%BCdische_Syn...
History of the Jews in Fellheim
[Note: Most of the facts stem from Julius Miedel's booklet "Die Juden in
Memmingen" (Memmingen: 1909).
The first paragraph tells about the general history of the Jews in South
Germany from the Roman Empire to the Middle Ages. Jews in Memmingen (a.o.)
were "hated" for their usurious money lending. Due to pogroms & expulsions
no Jews were living in the whole Allgau region (South Swabia) around 1500.
Only after the Thirty-Years-War Jews were mentioned again when 5 Jewish
families were permitted to settle in the village Fellheim. The names of the
Jews there after 1670 were: Baruch, Salamon, Loeb, Abraham, Mauschl, Samuel
ben Moses Bacharach. They had safe-conduct from the lord of the manor for
which they had to pay a yearly fee of 15 fl (florin guilder) 20 kr (Kreuzer)
for married couples, plus 1 fl every New Year & 20 kr for every stuffed
goose. In 1670 Jews were said to have done a "fraud" when paying the Jews'
toll in Memmingen – they had declared 300 fl instead of 600. They had to pay
the difference & were prohibited to re-enter the town. In 1673 Jews were
complete prohibited to sell goods in Memmingen, only two of them at a time
were permitted to enter the town through the Western gate. In 1678 the Jew
Gabriel Voll from Kriegshaber (Augsburg) was arrested in Fellheim for
adultery [?] & sentenced to death by sword after 22 weeks of prison on
August 13. He tried to escape the sentence by getting baptized – godparents
were Balthasar Ferdinand Freiherr Reichlin von Meldegg (lord of the manor),
Sybilla Sauter, the superior bailiff in Kellmuenz & the parson Johannes Jerg
in Pless. In 1695 a chronicle of Fellheim tells that the Jews were bad
examples for the Christians.
In 1699 the Jews in Fellheim protested against the re-newed order for the
Jews issued by the free Imperial City Memmingen which said that every
entering Jewhad to pay a head toll of 20 kr & had to be accompanied by a
Gentile "Jews' leader". By intervention of the lord of the manor Reichlin
they succeeded to change the order so that they had to pay a flat sum of 25
fl annually, except the usual horse & cattle toll. In 1705 the Jews asked
for a reduction of those annual fees, & they were released from a third. In
1706 some were arrested because of forbidden horse trade & sentenced to pay
200 fl, but had to pay just 100 after the intervention of Freiherr Reichlin.
In 1672 ten Jewish families were living in Fellheim, in 1699 only six. In
1722 the Jews were living in 5 houses,one of them also containing the
prayer-room. Their names were:
1. Reb From; 2. Elias Landauer; 3. Samuel Obernauer; 4. Lazarus Bernheimb;
5. Joseph Schlesinger; 6. Lazarus Heilbronner; 7. his son-in-law; 8. Daniel
Einstein; 9. Samson Bernheimb; 10. Moyses Heilbronner; 11. David Levi; 12.
Veit Bacharach; 13. Hirsch Bernheimb; 14. Jakob Abraham; 15. Samuel
Bacharach; 16. Joseph Moyses; 17. Wolf Jakob; 18. Lazarus, son-in-law of Reb
From
Around that time every Jew over 13 yo had to pay another tax to the imperial
administration, the crown-tax & the alms, 1 fl 30 kr for wealthier persons,
1 fl for poorer ones.
In 1747 the municipal council of Memmingen ordered a flat annual body toll
of 80 fl annually. A list of the names was given to the municipal
gatekeeper:
Joseph Abraham; Isaak Samuel; Wolf & Lepold Abraham; Moyses Bacharach;
Samuel Bacharach, Simon Bacharach; Hirschl Einstein; Bernhard Haylbronner;
David Haylbronner; Raphael Haylbronner; Isaak Hirschle; Joseph Jakob;
Abraham Isaak, Schemal Isaak; Joseph Levi; Rabbi Mayr Levi; Samson Loeb;
Joseph Moyses; Moyses Salomon; Abraham Joseph with son & servant; Abraham
Wolf with son, Isaak Bacharach; Hirschle Moyses' son Moyses; Isaac Elias;
Abraham Einstein; Daniel Einstein's widow
From 1747 to 1751 the number of families increased from 24 to 35. They were
permitted to enter Memmingen only through the Ulmer gate. Only Salomon
Einstein could use the Southern gate for he was dealing with the convent in
Kempten. The money-changers Ezechiel Joseph, Abraham Joseph & Wolf Jakob
were seen in Memmingen every Monday & Tuesday, but not on Feb 3, 1766. They
had gone bankrupt & had left Fellheim without trace, leaving behind debts of
70,000 fl. All goods in Memmingen belonging to Jews were confiscated, Jews
were forbidden to enter the town. After long negotiations the creditors
received 45-80% of their money back [by whom? Probably by the kehillah.]
Jews dealing with salt from Tirol (Austria) were exempted from the body
tolls in Memmingen, e.g. Gabriel Uffenheimer in Innsbruck who asked the
council in 1767 to exempt his brother-in-law Jakob Joseph Abraham in
Fellheim from the toll too.
Jews were said to have done "frauds" in 1767 when changing money in two
cases. The accused Jews, Moises Salomon in Fellheim & Jonas Abraham in
Illereichen, sent back the money "in a roundabout way". After investigations
a Jew was arrested, examined, tortured; after the third examination he
admitted the deed, & was sentenced to a penalty of 100 fl plus the costs for
the arrest & food. Moses Levi in Fellheim & Seligmann Mayer in Illereichen
paid back the "stolen" money.
In Nov/Dec 1777 an epidemy (headache, nose-bleeding, death after two days),
allegedly caused by a Polish Jew, spread in Fellheim mainly among Jews; in
three weeks 5 Jewish men, 3 women, 1 Gentile person & a midwife died. That
disease became well-known all over South Germany, Austria, Switzerland, &
even in Venice they called it "male de Vellheim". The Gentile physician
named uncleanliness of the Jews as one of the causes. An expert commission
declared that the disease were not infective, & that the reason why it
mainly came to Jews were their hungerful nutrition. Another reason was seen
in the cemetery which lay to close to the houses. The Jews were given a new
burial-site at the synagogue – the council lent the Jews the 500 fl for the
sale.
In 1777 a few of the Jews which had become wealthy in the second half of the
18th century, & had lent money to the lord of the manor claimed to treated
like in other towns. That was granted with the note that it were expected
from the common Jewry to show more respect & obedience than before.
From 1779 through 1813 foreign Jews were given safe-conduct in Fellheim:
1779 Daniel Moyses from Muehringen; 1782 Daniel Neuburger from Kriegshaber;
1783 Maendle Isaak from Moenchs-Deggingen; 1785 Samson Jakob from
Binswangen; 1786 Salamon Gerstle from Ichenhausen; 1788 Heinrich Bick from
Hechingen; 1792 Heinrich Höchstetter, b. 1766, Binswangen; 1794 Leopold
Jakob from Laupheim; 1801 Schiele Levi from Marmoutier in Alsace; 1813
Michael Hanauer from "Engersheim" [? Ingersheim] & Salamon Levi from
Buttenwiesen; 1790 David Israel from Illereichen.
The following Jews from Fellheim received safe-conduct at the time of their
marriage [put in chronological order]: 1778 Mayer Moyses Einstein, son of
Moyses Daniel E.; 1779 Hirschle Abraham called Schauches [shochet], son of
Abraham Isaak; 1779 Isaak Joseph, son of the old Jeisle Joseph Jakob; 1781
Mayer Elias, son of Elias Isaak; 1781 Samuel Hirsch Levi, son of Joseph
Levi; 1783 Lazarus Wolf Heilbronner, son of Bernhard H.; 1785 Heinrich
Bacharach, son of Joseph B.; 1786 Simon Bacharach, son of Isaak B.; Moyses
Leopold Einstein, son of Leopold E.; 1789 Hirschle Bacharach, servant with
Moses; 1790 Veit Bacharach, son of Joseph B.; 1791 Jakob Hirsch, stepson of
Abraham Kahn; 1791 Marx Ochs, Salamon Isak, Liebmann Deigen, Nathan Moyses
("string-Jews"); 1794 Emanuel Heilbronner, son of Jakob H.; 1794 Simon
Moyses Metzger, son of Moyses Joseph M.; 1794 Abraham Bernhard Heilbronner;
1799 Helene Wolf, daughter of Wolf Jakob; 1800 Isak Moyses, son of Moyses
Abraham; 1800 Hirschle Moyses, son of Moyses Abraham; 1805 Salamon Gerstle
Englaender, son of Gerstle E.; 1811 Moyses Daniel, son of Daniel Moyses
Einstein;
Until 1800 all houses of the Jews were built by the lord of the manor. In
addition to the safe-conduct of 26 fl 40 kr (24 fl for the rent, 1 fl
lodging fee, 1 fl 40 burial fee) yearly every Jew had to pay 15 fl once for
the moving in. Every married couple had to give 2 ducats & 2 sugar-loaves to
the lady of the manor. Every horse & cattle deal with Gentiles had to be
protocolled at the manorial office.
In 1795 Samuel Bacharach tried to mediate a deal with salt. But the deal was
finally made without Bacharach. Therefore he went to the manorial court for
getting the promised mediator percentage (11 fl). The sued man claimed he
had lost so much on the transport that only 15 fl were left as his earnings
& were not able to give Bacharach the money.
In 1801 the Jews in Fellheim arranged to pay a flat annual toll of 120 fl to
pass the gates of Memmingen. Since 1803 all males had to do their military
service. Since 1804 Jews were permitted to attend public high-schools. On 2
Oct 1811 the number of Jewish families was limited to the existing number.
78 families were living in Fellheim then. [1807: 488 souls; 308 in
Binswangen; 797 in Ichenhausen; 1816 in Berlin 3.373] The heads of the
family were registered in the "Matrikel ", the register of limited Jews in a
town.
[The following two pages tell about the 19th century. A translation takes
quite a long time, therefore a few highlights: Liebermann Heilbronner,
administrator of the worship in Fellheim in 1832, a.o. complained about the
social conditions of Jews in Bavaria; David Heilbronner, butcher in Fellheim
in 1836; since the middle of the 19th century movement to bigger cities,
emigrations to America; Ludwig Rosenthal, b. Jul 2, 1840, Fellheim, a
well-known antiquarian]
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