
Liver Failure
Definitions:
Liver failure occurs when large parts of the liver become damaged beyond repair and the liver is no longer able to function. Located in the upper right portion of the abdomen, the liver and gallbladder are interconnected by ducts known as the biliary tract, which drains into the first segment of the small intestine (the duodenum). Although the liver and gallbladder participate in some of the same functions, they are very different.
Acute liver failure is defined as the rapid development — in days or weeks — of hepatocellular (cells in liver) dysfunction, specifically coagulopathy (coagulation issues) and mental status changes (encephalopathy) in a patient without known prior liver disease.
Chronic liver failure usually occurs in the context of cirrhosis, itself potentially the result of many possible causes, such as excessive alcohol intake, hepatitis B or C, autoimmune, hereditary and metabolic causes (such as iron or copper overload, Steatohepatitis or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease).
Depending on the cause, acute liver failure can sometimes be reversed with treatment. In many situations, though, a liver transplant may be the only cure. Liver transplantation, if done soon enough, can restore liver function, sometimes enabling people to live as long as they would have if they did not have a liver disorder. However, liver transplantation is not suitable for all people with liver failure.
Functions of the Liver
The liver manufactures about half of the body's cholesterol. The rest comes from food. Most of the cholesterol made by the liver is used to make bile, a greenish yellow, thick, sticky fluid that aids in digestion. Cholesterol is also needed to make certain hormones, including estrogen, testosterone, and the adrenal hormones, and is a vital component of every cell membrane. The liver manufactures other substances, including proteins needed by the body for its functions. For example, clotting factors are proteins needed to stop bleeding. Albumin is a protein needed to maintain fluid pressure in the bloodstream.
Sugars are stored in the liver as glycogen and then broken down and released into the bloodstream as glucose when needed—for example, during sleep when a person spends many hours without eating and sugar levels in the blood become too low.
The liver also breaks down harmful or toxic substances (toxins) absorbed from the intestine or manufactured elsewhere in the body and then excretes them as harmless by-products into the bile or blood. By-products excreted into bile enter the intestine, then leave the body in stool. By-products excreted into blood are filtered out by the kidneys, then leave the body in urine. The liver also chemically alters (metabolizes) drugs (see Drug Metabolism), often making them inactive or easier to excrete from the body.
Potential Causes:
- Acetaminophen overdose. Taking too much acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) is the most common cause of acute liver failure in the United States. Acute liver failure can occur after one very large dose of acetaminophen, or after higher than recommended doses every day for several days. Acetaminophen may also be in combination with other medications like Vicodin, Norco, and statins.
- Prescription medications. Some prescription medications, including antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and anticonvulsants, can cause acute liver failure.
- Herbal supplements. Herbal drugs and supplements, including kava, ephedra, skullcap and pennyroyal, have been linked to acute liver failure.
- Hepatitis and other viruses. Hepatitis A, B, C and E can cause acute liver failure. Other viruses that can cause acute liver failure include Epstein-Barr virus, infectious mononucleosis, cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus.
- Toxins. Toxins that can cause acute liver failure include the poisonous wild mushroom Amanita phalloides, which is sometimes mistaken for edible species.
- Autoimmune disease. Liver failure can be caused by autoimmune hepatitis — a disease in which your immune system attacks liver cells, causing inflammation and injury.
- Diseases of the veins in the liver. Vascular diseases, such as Budd-Chiari syndrome, can cause blockages in the veins of the liver, leading to acute liver failure.
- Metabolic disease. Rare metabolic diseases, such as Wilson's disease and acute fatty liver of pregnancy, infrequently cause acute liver failure.
- Poisonous wild mushroom ingestion.
- Long-term alcohol consumption.
- Hemochromatosis. An inherited disorder that causes the body to absorb and store too much iron
- Cirrhosis.
- Cancer. Cancer that either begins in or spreads to the liver can cause the liver to fail.
- Many cases of acute liver failure have no apparent cause.
Complications:
- Excessive fluid in the brain (cerebral edema). Excessive fluid causes pressure to build in your brain, which can displace brain tissue outside of the space it normally occupies (herniation). Cerebral edema can also deprive your brain of oxygen.
- Bleeding and bleeding disorders. A failing liver isn't able to produce sufficient amounts of clotting factors, which help blood to clot. People with acute liver failure often develop bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract. Bleeding may be difficult to control.
- Infections. People with acute liver failure are at an increased risk of developing a variety of infections, particularly in the blood and in the respiratory and urinary tracts.
- Kidney failure. Kidney failure often occurs following liver failure, especially in cases of acetaminophen overdose, which damages both your liver and your kidneys.
People Who Died of Liver Failure:
[http://www.ranker.com/list/famous-people-who-died-of-liver-failure/... People Who Died of Liver Failure] (33 people listed)
* Truman Capote (1924-1984) American author, screenwriter, actor
- Chloe Jones (1975-2005) American pornographic actress
- Barbara Payton (1927-1967) American film actress
- Derek Newark (1933-1998) English actor
- Emma, Lady Hamilton (1765-1815)
- Miguel Malvar (1865-1911) Filipino general
Famous People Who Died of Cirrhosis:
Famous People Who Died of Cirrhosis (120 people listed)
- Billie Holiday (1915-1959) American jazz singer & songwriter
- Jack Kerouac (1922-1969) American novelist
- Gail Russell (1924-1961) American film & TV actress
- Daniel Webster (1782-1852) American senator & statesman
- Fernando Pessoa (1888-1935) Portuguese poet, writer
- Matthew C Perry (1794-1858) Commodore of the US Navy in several wars esp. War of 1812
- Murad IV (1612-1640) Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1623-1640
Additional Reading:
- Mayo Clinic, Acute Liver Failure
- Mayo Clinic, Acute Liver Failure
- WebMD Liver Failure
- Wikipedia Liver Failure
- Merck Manual Liver Failure
- Wikipedia -- Acute Liver Failure
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