Subjects of Vanity Fair caricatures (1895–1899)

Scope of the Project

This project is to identify profiles who were subjects of Vanity Fair caricatures between 1895 and 1899, and attach an image of the caricature to the relevant profiles. The profiles themselves will not be attached to the project, just the image of the caricature.

Each subject of a caricature listed below is attributed as follows:

• Date of Publication
• Name of Subject
• Caricature caption Each caricature has been attributed in the same manner. Links the identified Geni profile and caricature are provided.

Background

A full-page, colour lithograph of a contemporary celebrity or dignitary appeared in most issues, and it is for these caricatures that Vanity Fair is best known then and today. Subjects included artists, athletes, royalty, statesmen, scientists, authors, actors, soldiers, religious personalities, business people and scholars. More than two thousand of these images appeared, and they are considered the chief cultural legacy of the magazine, forming a pictorial record of the period. They were produced by an international group of artists, including Max Beerbohm, Sir Leslie Ward (who signed his work "Spy" and "Drawl"), the Italians Carlo Pellegrini ("Singe" and "Ape"), Melchiorre Delfico ("Delfico") and Liborio Prosperi ("Lib"), the French artist James Jacques Tissot (Coïdé), and the American Thomas Nast.

References

• Wikipedia contributors. "List of Vanity Fair (British magazine) caricatures." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia.
• "The Vanity Fair Album. List of Cartoons and Volumes from the foundation of Vanity Fair in 1868"; London, "Vanity Fair"; 1895

List of Vanity Fair (British magazine) caricatures (1895–1899)

• 1895-01-03 - Capt Lord CW Beresford RN CB (caricature) - Steam Reserve
• 1895-01-10 - Sir RT Reid QC (caricature) - Mr Attorney
• 1895-01-17 - Mr RC Lehmann (caricature) - Rudy
• 1895-01-24 - The Hon Sir Arthur Kekewich (caricature) - A hasty Judge
• 1895-01-31 - The Baron Chodron de Courcel (caricature) - The French Ambassador
• 1895-02-07 - Lord FS Hamilton MP (caricature) - The Pall Mall Magazine
• 1895-02-14 - Mr BI Barnato (caricature) - Barney
• 1895-02-21 - Mr Phil May (caricature) - Phil
• 1895-02-28 - Mr Robert Uniacke Penrose-Fitzgerald MP (caricature) - Cambridge Borough
• 1895-03-07 - Count PW Metternich (caricature) - Count Paul Metternich
• 1895-03-14 - The Earl of Camperdown (caricature) - The Earl of Camperdown
• 1895-03-21 - Mr FY Powell (caricature) - Oxford Modern History
• 1895-03-26 - Mr Charles Murray Pitman (caricature) - OUBC
• 1895-04-04 - The Master of Balliol (caricature) - Balliol
• 1895-04-11 - Dr Richard Garnett CB (caricature) - Printed Books
• 1895-04-18 - M FF Faure (caricature) - The eminently respectable
• 1895-04-25 - The Prince Royal of Siam (caricature) - A Prince Royal
• 1895-05-02 - Mr J Forbes-Robertson (caricature) - Forbie
• 1895-05-09 - Mr VCW Cavendish MP (caricature) - heir presumptive to a Dukedom
• 1895-05-16 - Mr ACW Harmsworth (caricature) - he is Conservative candidate for Portsmouth
• 1895-05-23 - Lord Hatherton (caricature) - Lord Hatherton
• 1895-05-30 - Dr Robert Farquharson MP (caricature) - West Aberdeenshire
• 1895-06-06 - M LMJ Viaud (caricature) - Pierre Loti
• 1895-06-13 - Mr AF Manns (caricature) - Crystal Palace
• 1895-06-20 - Lord Wrottesley JP DL ([6000000019247183001 caricature]) - A Staffordshire Peer
• 1895-06-27 - Mr William Wither Bramston Beach MP (caricature) - West Hampshire
• 1895-07-04 - Mr Montague Shearman (caricature) - AAA
• 1895-07-11 - Sir Henry Hoyle Howorth KCIE DCL FRS MP (caricature) - a Lancashire Lad
• 1895-07-18 - Dean Samuel Hole of Rochester (caricature) - Roses
• 1895-07-25 - Mr Alfred James Bethell (caricature) - Go, Gas & Gold
• 1895-08-01 - Le Prince de Sagan (caricature) - Le Prince du Chic
• 1895-08-08 - Mr Samuel Whitbread MP (caricature) - Parliamentary Procedure
• 1895-08-15 - Mr James Thompson (caricature) - Caledonian Railway
• 1895-08-22 - Mr Tom Simpson Jay (caricature) - J
• 1895-08-29 - Hr Eduard Strauss (caricature) - Eduard Strauss
• 1895-09-05 - Mr John Loraine Baldwin (caricature) - I Zingari
• 1895-09-12 - Mr Albert George Sandeman (caricature) - The Bank of England
• 1895-09-19 - The Hon Seymour John Fortescue RN (caricature) - An Equerry in Waiting
• 1895-09-26 - Mr LV Harcourt (caricature) - Lulu
• 1895-10-03 - Col Sir Henry Edward Colville KCMG CB (caricature) - Odger
• 1895-10-10 - The Earl of Dartmouth (caricature) - The Earl of Dartmouth
• 1895-10-17 - The Hon DWG Keppel (caricature) - Derek
• 1895-10-24 - Mr James Mellor Paulton MP (caricature) - Harry
• 1895-10-31 - Baron Macnaghten PC MP (caricature) - He succeeded Lord Blackburn
• 1895-11-07 - Mr Albert Frederick Calvert (caricature) - Westralia
• 1895-11-14 - Gen Jacques Charles René Achille Duchesne (caricature) - Madagascar
• 1895-11-21 - The Bishop of Derry (caricature) - Derry
• 1895-11-28 - A group of Masters of Fox Hounds (caricature) - A Masters' Meet
  • Lord Lonsdale
  • Lord Portman
  • Lord Willoughby de Broke
  • Captain Park Yates (Cheshire Hounds)
  • Mr. Thomas C. Garth (Garth Hunt)
• 1895-12-05 - Mr Harry Kent Paxton (caricature) - Pakky
• 1895-12-12 - HRH The Crown Prince of Denmark (caricature) - The Crown Prince of Denmark
• 1895-12-19 - Capt FJD Lugard DSO CB (caricature) - An earnest African
• 1895-12-26 - Mr AH Hawkins (caricature) - Anthony Hope
• 1896-01-02 - The Earl of Yarborough JP (caricature) - Brocklesby
• 1896-01-09 - Mr Harry Leslie Blundell McCalmont (caricature) - Giralda
• 1896-01-16 - The Earl of Eglinton and Winton (caricature) - A good sportsman
• 1896-01-23 - Mr GL du Maurier (caricature) - Trilby
• 1896-01-30 - Mr Edmund Widdrington Byrne QC MP (caricature) - Chitty's Leader
• 1896-02-06 - The Marquis of Londonderry KG PC LLD (caricature) - The London School Board
• 1896-02-13 - Mr RBS Haldane QC MP (caricature) - A Hegelian Politician
• 1896-02-20 - Mr Alfred Austin (caricature) - the Laureate
• 1896-02-27 - Capt Oswald Henry Ames (caricature) - Ossie
• 1896-03-05 - Mr Arthur Bourchier (caricature) - AB
• 1896-03-12 - Mr Justice Theobald Mathew (caricature) - Commercial Court
• 1896-03-19 - President of the Oxford University Boat Club (caricature) - Crumbo
• 1896-03-26 - Mr W Fitzherbert (caricature) - Fitz
• 1896-04-01 - Maj FC Rasch MP (caricature) - South-East Essex
• 1896-04-09 - Dr LS Jameson MD (caricature) - Dr Jim
• 1896-04-15 - Laurence James Oliphant (caricature) - Bully
• 1896-04-23 - The Marquis of Bath (caricature) - Frome
• 1896-04-30 - Mr Augustus Helder MP (caricature) - Whitehaven
• 1896-05-07 - Sir Francis Henry Evans KCMG MP (caricature) - Union Steamship
• 1896-05-14 - Mr Arthur Richard Jelf QC (caricature) - Oxford Circuit
• 1896-05-21 - Mr Andrew Barclay Walker (caricature) - Ailsa
• 1896-05-28 - The Rt Hon Robert William Hanbury MP (caricature) - A Financial Secretary
• 1896-06-04 - Viscount Curzon MP (caricature) - South Bucks
• 1896-06-11 - Group of lady cyclists (caricature) - Cycling in Hyde Park
• 1896-06-18 - Earl De La Warr (caricature) - Bexhill and Dunlop
• 1896-06-25 - The Hon Sir Alfred Wills (caricature) - Benevolence on the Bench
• 1896-07-02 - Mr THH Caine (caricature) - The Manxman
• 1896-07-09 - Captain Walter Edgeworth-Johnstone (caricature) - Hard Hitter
• 1896-07-16 - Mr Richard Arthur Henry Mitchell (caricature) - Mike
• 1896-07-23 - Sir Lewis Mciver Bt MP (caricature) - the Member for Scotland
• 1896-07-30 - Mr Frederic Andrew Inderwick QC (caricature) - Divorce Court
• 1896-08-06 - The Hon AE Fellowes (caricature) - North Huntingdonshire
• 1896-08-13 - The Viceroy of China (caricature) - Li
• 1896-08-20 - The Earl of March (caricature) - Goodwood
• 1896-08-27 - Mr Arthur Edward Guest MP (caricature) - A South Western Director
• 1896-09-03 - Col George Malcolm Fox (caricature) - Swordsmanship
• 1896-09-10 - The Duke of Bedford (caricature) - Rousseau
• 1896-09-17 - The Rt Hon The Speaker (caricature) - Mr Speaker
• 1896-09-24 - Mr G Meredith (caricature) - Our first novelist
• 1896-10-01 - Sir W MacCormac PRCS (caricature) - Gun shot wounds
• 1896-10-08 - The Hon JWE Douglas-Scott-Montagu (caricature) - A Southern Scott
• 1896-10-15 - Mr William Woodall MP (caricature) - Hanley
• 1896-10-22 - The Lord Advocate (caricature) - Lord Advocate
• 1896-10-29 - Mr Thomas Colleton Garth (caricature) - A Very Old Master
• 1896-11-05 - Sam Loates (caricature) - Sam Loates
• 1896-11-12 - M G Hanotaux (caricature) - Affaires Etrangeres
• 1896-11-19 - Mr Charles Carlos Clarke (caricature) - The Consol Market
• 1896-11-26 - Group of racehorse owners and trainers (caricature) - On the Heath
  • James Jewitt
  • Richard Marsh
  • Tom Jennings Sr.
  • John Dawson
  • Matthew Dawson
  • John Porter
  • James Ryan
• 1896-12-03 - Lord Willoughby de Broke (caricature) - The Warwickshire
• 1896-12-10 - Mr GW Balfour MP (caricature) - a Chief Secretary
• 1896-12-17 - Mr Ernest Terah Hooley (caricature) - Papworth
• 1896-12-24 - Gen Frederick Marshall (caricature) - Fred
• 1896-12-31 - Col Sir George Archibald Leach (caricature) - An agriculturist
• 1897-01-07 - Mr JR Rodd CMG (caricature) - Diplomacy and Poetry
• 1897-01-14 - Mr Alfred Edward Thomas Watson (caricature) - The Badminton
• 1897-01-21 - Mr GA Moore (caricature) - Esther Waters
• 1897-01-28 - The Hon Sir James Stirling (caricature) - Equity
• 1897-02-04 - Mr Max Pemberton (caricature) - A Puritan's Wife
• 1897-02-11 - Sir Vincent Henry Penalver Caillard (caricature) - Ottoman Public Debt
• 1897-02-18 - Mr JL Johnston (caricature) - Dietetics
• 1897-02-25 - Mr I Zangwill (caricature) - A Child of the Ghetto
• 1897-03-04 - The President of the Royal Academy (caricature) - PRA
• 1897-03-11 - Mr CF Maude (caricature) - Squirrel
• 1897-03-18 - The Hon Sir John Compton Lawrance (caricature) - Long Lawrance
• 1897-03-25 - Capt Wentworth William Hope Johnstone (caricature) - Wenty
• 1897-04-01 - Mr Gilbert Jordan (caricature) - OUAC
• 1897-04-06 - Mr Douglas Hamilton Mclean (caricature) - Ducker
• 1897-04-15 - Sir A Milner KCB (caricature) - High Commissioner
• 1897-04-22 - The Bishop of London (caricature) - Ecclesiastical History
• 1897-04-29 - Lord Kelvin (caricature) - Natural Philosophy
• 1897-05-06 - Mr Charles Ernest Tritton MP (caricature) - The Norwood Division
• 1897-05-13 - Mr Henry Fielding Dickens (caricature) - His father invented Pickwick
• 1897-05-20 - Capt Sir Alfred Jephson (caricature) - The Imperial Institute
• 1897-05-27 - The Bishop of Lichfield (caricature) - Lichfield
• 1897-06-03 - Group of lady cyclists, including Princess Brancovan and Duchesse Doudeauville (caricature) - Au Bois De Boulogne (Aux Chalets du Cycle)
• 1897-06-10 - The Rt Hon The Lord Mayor (caricature) - Mansion House
• 1897-06-17 - Her Majesty The Queen-Empress (caricature) - A Cimiez (Promenade Matinale)
• 1897-06-24 - The United States Ambassador (caricature) - USA
• 1897-07-01 - Mr Justice Ridley (caricature) - The New Judge
• 1897-07-08 - Mr JG Talbot DCL MP (caricature) - Oxford University
• 1897-07-15 - Mr CJ Darling QC MP (caricature) - Little Darling
• 1897-07-22 - Maj-Gen The Hon Reginald Talbot CB (caricature) - Aldershot Cavalry
• 1897-07-29 - The Emperor of Abyssinia (caricature) - Abyssinia
• 1897-08-05 - Mr SR Crockett (caricature) - The Stickit Minister
• 1897-08-12 - Capt George Colborne Nugent (caricature) - A Sub-Editor
• 1897-08-19 - The Rt Hon Sir Wilfrid Laurier (caricature) - Canada
• 1897-08-26 - KS Ranjitsinhji (caricature) - Ranji
• 1897-09-02 - Lord Warkworth (caricature) - South Kensington
• 1897-09-09 - Col FR Wingate CB (caricature) - In the Mahdi's Camp
• 1897-09-16 - The Rt Hon Sir JG Sprigg (caricature) - The Cape
• 1897-09-23 - The Hon Gerald William Lascelles (caricature) - The New Forest
• 1897-09-30 - Prince Henry of Orleans (caricature) - Prince Henry of Orleans
• 1897-10-07 - The Rt Hon Sir John Forrest (caricature) - WA
• 1897-10-14 - Mr HT Anstruther MP (caricature) - St Andrew's District
• 1897-10-21 - HIM The Czar Nicholas II (caricature) - The Little Father
• 1897-10-28 - Lord Dungarvan (caricature) - Sol
• 1897-11-04 - His Hon Judge Bacon (caricature) - A Judicial Joker
• 1897-11-11 - Mr Thomas Merthyr Guest (caricature) - Blackmore Vale
• 1897-11-18 - Sir MM Bhownaggree KCIE MP (caricature) - North East Bethnal Green
• 1897-11-25 - Of Empire Makers and Breakers (caricature) - A Scene at the South Africa Committee
• 1897-12-02 - Mr Joseph Hollman (caricature) - a great Cellist
• 1897-12-09 - Mr M Beerbohm (caricature) - Max
• 1897-12-16 - Mr FG Jackson (caricature) - Franz Josef Land
• 1897-12-23 - The Rev Arthur Robins (caricature) - The Soldiers' Bishop
• 1897-12-30 - Mr Alfred Cooper FRCS (caricature) - Alfred
• 1898-01-06 - Viscount Falmouth (caricature) - The star
• 1898-01-13 - Count AEW Gleichen (caricature) - Glick
• 1898-01-20 - The Hon Algernon Henry Bourke (caricature) - Algy
• 1898-01-27 - M FJ Meline (caricature) - a Premier of France
• 1898-02-03 - Mr Justice JC Bigham (caricature) - We Shall See
• 1898-02-10 - Sen Luiz de Soveral GCMG (caricature) - Portugal
• 1898-02-17 - Justice Arthur Moseley Channell (caricature) - An amiable Judge
• 1898-02-24 - Count Franz Deym (caricature) - Austro-Hungary
• 1898-03-03 - The Headmaster of Westminster School (caricature) - Westminster
• 1898-03-10 - Mr Ralph Sneyd (caricature) - Ralph
• 1898-03-17 - Mr John George Witt QC (caricature) - A Sporting Lawyer
• 1898-03-24 - Mr WQ Orchardson RA (caricature) - Artist and RA
• 1898-03-31 - Capt David Longfield Beatty (caricature) - A hard rider
• 1898-04-07 - Mr DP Barton QC MP (caricature) - Mid Armagh
• 1898-04-14 - WG Grace (caricature) - Cricket
• 1898-04-21 - Mr WA Spooner MA (caricature) - Spooner
• 1898-04-28 - Earl Grey (caricature) - A Chartered Administrator
• 1898-05-05 - M BC Coquelin (caricature) - Coquelin Ainé
• 1898-05-12 - Mr IZ Malcolm MP (caricature) - North West Suffolk
• 1898-05-19 - Canon Richard Eyton (caricature) - a fashionable Canon
• 1898-05-26 - Maj FW Esterhazy (caricature) - Major Esterhazy
• 1898-06-02 - Lord Farquhar (caricature) - Horace
• 1898-06-09 - The Earl of Moray (caricature) - a fifteenth Earl
• 1898-06-16 - Mr Henry Vincent Higgins (caricature) - Grand Opera
• 1898-06-23 - William Otto Adolph Julius Danckwerts (caricature) - Danky
• 1898-06-30 - Mr HCO Bonsor MP (caricature) - The Wimbledon Division
• 1898-07-07 - The Hon Sir Walter Francis Hely-Hutchinson GCMG (caricature) - Natal
• 1898-07-14 - Sir Henry Charles Burdett KCB (caricature) - Hospitals
• 1898-07-21 - Baron Hermann von Eckardstein (caricature) - A German attaché
• 1898-07-28 - Mr Neil Haig (caricature) - I Say
• 1898-08-04 - Mr Henry Bargrave Finnelly Deane QC (caricature) - Bargrave
• 1898-08-11 - Lord Revelstoke (caricature) - Barings
• 1898-08-18 - The Chevalier de Souza Correa (caricature) - Brazil
• 1898-08-25 - Capt EG Wynyard (caricature) - Hampshire
• 1898-09-01 - Sir O Mosley Bt (caricature) - John Bull
• 1898-09-08 - Gen Sir WSA Lockhart KCB KCSI (caricature) - Tirah
• 1898-09-15 - Gen Julian Hamilton Hall (caricature) - Julian
• 1898-09-22 - The Duke of Marlborough (caricature) - Blenheim Palace
• 1898-09-29 - Col Arthur Montagu Brookfield MP (caricature) - East Sussex
• 1898-10-06 - M H Brisson (caricature) - Justice to Dreyfus
• 1898-10-13 - Maj Michael Rimington (caricature) - Descended from Edward Longshanks
• 1898-10-20 - M V Maurel (caricature) - A fine baritone
• 1898-10-27 - Sir H Fletcher Bt MP (caricature) - Mid Sussex
• 1898-11-03 - Viscount Portman (caricature) - An old Master
• 1898-11-10 - Sir Thomas Henry Sanderson KCB KCMG (caricature) - Foreign Affairs
• 1898-11-17 - The Bishop-Designate of Calcutta (caricature) - Calcutta
• 1898-11-24 - The Hon Sir WGF Phillimore Bt DCL (caricature) - A judicial Churchman
• 1898-12-01 - A Committee of Taste (caricature) - The Lord Protect Us!
• 1898-12-08 - Mr Walpole Greenwell (caricature) - Walpole
• 1898-12-11 - The Pilgrim Resting on His Way
• 1898-12-15 - Lord Barnard JP (caricature) - Raby Castle
• 1898-12-22 - Mr James Lennox Hannay (caricature) - Marlborough Street
• 1898-12-29 - Mr EA Abbey RA (caricature) - Fairford Abbey
• 1899-01-05 - The Viscount Galway (caricature) - Serlby
• 1899-01-12 - Mr Jonathan Edward Backhouse (caricature) - Jed
• 1899-01-19 - Sir CA Brooke GCMG (caricature) - Sarawak
• 1899-01-26 - Sir James John Trevor Lawrence Bt (caricature) - Horticulture
• 1899-02-02 - U.S. President William McKinley (caricature) - An American Protector
• 1899-02-09 - M T Delcasse (caricature) - French Foreign Affairs
• 1899-02-16 - The Marquis of Hamilton (caricature) - He will be the 3rd Duke
• 1899-02-23 - Lord Kitchener of Khartoum GCB KCMG (caricature) - Khartoum
• 1899-03-02 - Lord Justice Williams (caricature) - a Rustic Judge
• 1899-03-09 - M PP Cambon (caricature) - French Ambassador
• 1899-03-16 - Mr H White (caricature) - A Diplomatic Cousin
• 1899-03-23 - Mr Harcourt Gilbey Gold (caricature) - Tarka
• 1899-03-30 - Mr John Hargreaves (caricature) - Cattistock
• 1899-04-06 - Mr William Ward Tailby (caricature) - a Leicestershire man
• 1899-04-13 - Mr John Balfour (caricature) - JB
• 1899-04-20 - Sir Edgar Vincent KCMG (caricature) - Eastern finance
• 1899-04-27 - Maj-Gen Sir Archibald Hunter KCB DSO (caricature) - our youngest General
• 1899-05-04 - Sir Gilbert Greenall Bt (caricature) - Belvoir
• 1899-05-11 - Sir WGGVV Harcourt (caricature) - a retired Leader
• 1899-05-18 - M E Loubet (caricature) - the new French President
• 1899-05-25 - T Sloan (caricature) - An American Jockey
• 1899-06-01 - Prince Victor Napoleon (caricature) - Victor
• 1899-06-08 - Col FW Rhodes (caricature) - Soldier and Correspondent
• 1899-06-15 - Col Sir RC Slatin KCMG CB MVO (caricature) - Salatin
• 1899-06-22 - Lord Balcarres MP (caricature) - Bal
• 1899-06-29 - Canon Fleming (caricature) - Chester Square
• 1899-07-06 - Adm Lord CW Beresford (caricature) - The Commercial Traveller
• 1899-07-13 - Mr Reginald Ward (caricature) - Copper
• 1899-07-20 - Lord Beauchamp (caricature) - New South Wales
• 1899-07-27 - Dr Carl Muck (caricature) - Wagnerian Opera
• 1899-08-03 - Mr A Chamberlain MP (caricature) - East Worcestershire
• 1899-08-10 - The Rt Hon Campbell-Bannerman (caricature) - The Opposition
• 1899-08-17 - Mr Franklin Lushington (caricature) - He believes in the Police
• 1899-08-24 - Mr ET Cook (caricature) - The Daily News
• 1899-08-31 - The Rt Hon WL Jackson PC MP (caricature) - North Leeds
• 1899-09-07 - Capt A Dreyfus (caricature) - at Rennes
• 1899-09-14 - A Annesley MP (caricature) - Oxford City
• 1899-09-21 - The Rev Joseph Wood DD (caricature) - Harrow
• 1899-09-28 - JH Choate (caricature) - United States Embassy
• 1899-10-05 - Dr J Stuart MP (caricature) - Hoxton Division
• 1899-10-12 - Le Comte Albert de Dion (caricature) - Automobile
• 1899-10-19 - The Emperor Of Corea (caricature) - Emperor Of Corea
• 1899-10-26 - Maj EJ Montagu-Stuart-Wortley CMG DSO (caricature) - Eddie
• 1899-11-02 - The Vice-Chancellor of Oxford (caricature) - Corpus
• 1899-11-09 - Lord EH Cecil (caricature) - at Mafeking
• 1899-11-16 - Capt George Londsay Holford CIE MVO (caricature) - an Equerry
• 1899-11-23 - The trial of Dreyfus (caricature) - At Rennes
• 1899-11-30 - Dr T Stevenson FRCP (caricature) - Medical Jurisprudence
• 1899-12-07 - Sir EJ Cassel (caricature) - Egyptian Finance
• 1899-12-14 - Mr JS Lucas RA (caricature) - A Connoisseur
• 1899-12-21 - Lord Rayleigh FRS (caricature) - Argon
• 1899-12-28 - IJ Paderewski (caricature) - easy execution

SOURCE: Wikipedia contributors, 'List of Vanity Fair (British magazine) caricatures (1895–99)', Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 14 November 2013, 00:36 UTC, <http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Vanity_Fair_(Brit...> [accessed 2 July 2014]