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Yamnaya
Eurasian Steppe (~5,800 years ago)
metal age invader found
At roughly 3,800 BCE, the people of the Yamnaya culture emerged in the Eurasian Steppe. The Yamnaya relied on a subsistence strategy of pastoralism, and displayed an advanced understanding of metals (primarily copper) and animal domestication. They mined the metals they used to construct daggers, axes, and jewelry; and used domesticated horses to guide the movement of their herds. Large swaths of land are necessary for herds to graze; and as little evidence of Eastern Yamnaya settlements have been found, experts suggest that the Yamnaya peoples were partially nomadic. It is likely the Yamnaya peoples spent much of their time in wagons moving their herds in response to seasonal changes. Archaeological digs on land used for ancient Yamnaya burials have discovered that burials were ritualized, as scientists have unearthed material goods and wheeled carts buried with high ranking individuals. Finally, DNA evidence shows that a common Y-chromosome haplogroup of the Yamnaya pastoralists is R1a and R1b, which is still prevalent in Western Europe today.
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