Charles Edwin Mitchell

Charles Edwin Mitchell (October 6, 1877 – December 14, 1955) was an American banker whose incautious securities policies facilitated the speculation which led to the Crash of 1929. National City Bank's (now Citibank) abuses under his leadership brought an end to ownership of investment affiliates by commercial banks.

Biography

Mitchell was born in Chelsea, Massachusetts, where his father, George E. Mitchell, worked for a produce dealer and served as mayor from 1887 until 1888. Mitchell graduated from Amherst College in 1899, after which he got a job with the Western Electric Company in Chicago. In 1903, he became assistant to its president. After 3 years he left the firm and moved to New York City, where he became assistant to the president of The Trust Company of America. Between 1911 and 1916, he ran his own investment house, C. E. Mitchell & Company. In 1916, he became vice-president of National City Company, which he reorganized into a private investment banking firm. Shortly after he relocated to Tuxedo Park, NY. Nicknamed "Sunshine Charley", Mitchell was elected president of National City Bank (now Citibank) in 1921, and in 1929 was appointed chairman. Also in 1921, he was elected president of National City Company, which became the largest security issuing entity in the world. Under his leadership, the bank expanded rapidly and by 1930 had 100 branches in 23 countries outside the United States. His salesmen sold millions of shares in the bank totaling $650 million, much of which would be lost in the Crash of 1929. Indeed, while the Federal Reserve Bank was attempting to curb speculation earlier in 1929, Mitchell flaunted a $25 million advance to traders. Mitchell remained chairman until 1933, when he was arrested and indicted for tax evasion by then Assistant U.S. Attorney Thomas E. Dewey. Defended by attorney Max Steuer, he was found not guilty of all criminal charges, but the government won a million dollar civil settlement against him. In 1933, the Senate's Pecora Commission investigated Mitchell as its first witness for his part in tens of millions dollars in losses, excessive pay and tax avoidance. In November 1929, Senator Carter Glass said of him, "Mitchell more than any 50 men is responsible for this stock crash." Mitchell made a comeback and died a respected Wall Street banker, leaving his heirs a fortune. His townhouse on Fifth Avenue, built for him by Walker & Gillette in 1926, with a rusticated facade in the manner of a 16th-century Roman palazzo, now houses the French consulate.

• ******* Charles Mitchell Brian Trumbore President/Editor, StocksandNews.com

Today, we shine the spotlight on another figure from the era that will have you drawing comparisons to the headlines of today, Charles Mitchell.

An Irish-American immigrant raised in the Boston suburb of Chelsea, Charley Mitchell was a former electrical goods salesman for Western Electric who, at age 38, received his big break and became president of National City Company (NCC), the securities arm of National City Bank (NCB). It was 1916 and after five years of running the subsidiary, Mitchell was elevated to CEO of NCB. 1921...the big Bull Market was about to begin and the man who would come to be known as "Sunshine Charley" had as much to do with the rise and fall of Wall Street in the Twenties as any other figure in the country.

During this time, American commercial banks were forbidden to deal in securities, but all of them had arms like NCC that made markets in stocks and bonds. Mitchell took his sales skills and vision and began to market to the burgeoning middle class of investors. In 1922 there were 600,000 Americans with annual incomes in excess of $5,000; by 1929 that figure had grown to 1,000,000.

Focusing at first on selling bonds as conservative investments to the largely naïve investor class, Mitchell was responsible for building National City Bank and NCC into the first financial supermarket, with 69 branch offices in over 50 cities by 1929. Close to 2,000 employees marketed the investments and Charley rode herd on the sales staff. Market historian Charles Geisst writes:

"He was known to take them to lunch in a New York skyscraper and show them the city from the heights, openly wondering how many citizens below had not yet bought securities from his bank."

The message was clear, produce or find another line of work. In Charley's own words, securities were "manufactured...like so many pounds of coffee." He was the first to formally call his clients "prospects," and the "sales staff were urged to lie in wait and pounce on them outside nightclubs, railway stations, and bucket shops." [Chancellor] Mitchell was also the first of the modern securities chieftains to institute sales quotas and offer incentives.

Over the course of the 1920s, NCC would underwrite 150 bond issues, raising $10.7 billion, or 21% of the total issuance in the U.S. Charley Mitchell became the greatest bond salesman who ever lived and his network spread far and wide, including South America, where he became the largest distributor of junk bonds for this region. He also developed the moniker Sunshine Charley because his enthusiasm for the bull market of this era knew no bounds.

All was good, or so it seemed, and in 1927 National City Co. finally began to offer stocks, which Mitchell peddled as being "safe as bonds." But even by the end of 1928, months before the Crash, chinks in the operation began to show, as did Charley Mitchell's true character. Basically, he was peddling a lot of crap, to put it mildly, and like the dirtballs of today, investors often didn't learn the truth until it was too late.

For example, in 1928 he sold a bunch of bonds for a Brazilian state, Minas Gerais, despite an internal report highlighting "the inefficiency and ineptitude...(and) complete ignorance, carelessness and negligence of the former state officials."

In another instance, NCC cleared its book of some $100 million in the paper of Brazil, Peru and Chile, even as it received word by cable that the governments would have a difficult time meeting the interest payments. Of course Mitchell saw no problem in withholding this information from the investors, as long as NCC had rid itself of its own exposure.

And on the equity side there were issues like Ananconda Copper, where NCC sold its inflated shares in a classic "pump and dump," with the dumpee (sorry) being an unsuspecting public, which then saw the shares plummet from $125 to $4 in the span of a few months. Not to worry, though, if you were a shareholder in holding company National City Bank. NCC made $20 million on the move.

By the end of 1928, however, the Federal Reserve Bank in Washington, as well as some leading investors like Bernard Baruch and Benjamin Strong, were having serious doubts as to the sanity and staying power of the growing speculation on Wall Street. The Dow Jones Industrial Average, which stood at 155 on the first trading day of 1927, would finish 1928 at exactly 300.

But when the Fed proposed some measures to rein in the markets, Charley Mitchell, newly elected director of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, said that if Fed Chairman Roy Young went through with his measures, Mitchell's National City Bank would lend up to $25 million to traders, thereby thwarting the Fed's proposed actions. Said Mitchell as 1928 wound down:

"Business is entering the New Year upon a high level of activity and with confidence in the continuation of prosperity...No complaint regarding the level of stock prices (is) justified except from the standpoint of credit strain." [Sobel]

As author Robert Sobel would note, "If Charles Mitchell had not declared his independence of the Federal Reserve or had been checked by Benjamin Strong or Roy Young, then the great rise and fall of 1928-29 might have been avoided."

Unfortunately, it wasn't, as you all know, and the term "Mitchellism" came to describe the kinds of securities that Sunshine Charley's NCC peddled onto an unsuspecting public. And just like some of today's headlines, Mitchell himself constantly traded on inside information, whether it was the knowledge that a company which NCC had just brought public wasn't nearly as profitable as initially promoted, or the fact that foreign governments were about to default on their obligations. Of course in dealing with the public, Mitchell sang a different tune.

"The time will never come, certainly so long as I am connected with the National City Company, when, pressed with the need for securities for our own great selling organization, we will let down our exacting requirements. We have gained the confidence of the investor and we are building our institution upon that confidence." [Geisst]

And through it all, as Charley personally prospered, he also remained Wall Street's #1 cheerleader. On September 3, 1929 the Dow Jones peaked at 381 and by mid-October there were increasing signs that the bubble was about to burst. Mitchell, though, while on vacation in Germany issued reassuring statements such as "I see no reason for the end-of-the-year slump which some people are predicting" and "Stocks have reached what look like a permanently high plateau."

By Black Thursday, October 24, the most volatile session in Wall Street history to that point, Senator Carter Glass said, "The present trouble is due largely to Charles E. Mitchell's activities." That day, Wall Street's leading figures had committed $130 million to stabilize the market, hoping this reassuring move would encourage individual investors to follow suit. It worked that day (even as, you'll recall, Chase Bank's CEO Albert Wiggin was using the opportunity to 'short' his own firm's stock) in helping limit the market's loss to just 6 points (DJ 299), but by Monday, October 28, panic selling resumed.

When the Crash hit on the 29th, Mitchell borrowed $millions from National City Bank in an attempt to support his own institution's share price. It didn't work, as NCB sank from $455 to $300 that day. It was the beginning of the end.

[As an aside: Ever wonder where the term "sucker's rally" originated? After bottoming at 198 on November 13, the Dow Jones rallied back to 294 on April 17, 1930, prompting President Hoover to declare that the worst was over and a return to prosperity was around the corner. Of course the Dow would then proceed to hit its all-time low of 41 on July 8, 1932.]

As the Depression set in, investors and Congress began looking around for scapegoats, though only one big figure (whose story we'll examine next week) served any actual jail time. Historian Charles Morris sums up the era:

"The Mitchells (and) the Wiggins...of the world, even if they had done nothing actually criminal, had treated their own stockholders and the investing public as so many sheep to be fleeced by whatever means the ingenuity of accountants and lawyers could devise."

Morris wrote the book from which I obtained this quote, "Money, Greed, and Risk", in early 1999. It certainly also applies to what we are going through recently.

As for Charley Mitchell, he was forced to resign from National City Bank in 1933 and was tried for income tax invasion in 1934, yet acquitted, even though he admitted he hadn't paid taxes for years. He later became chairman of Blythe & Co., rebuilt his fortune, paid off his debts, and died in 1955, his reputation on Wall Street largely restored.

Lastly, in researching this piece, I couldn't help but latch on to another of Charles Geisst's comments concerning the raft of charges leveled against the banking community post-1929.

Even though they served no jail time, "Once charged, however, many of the bankers found that public opinion held them in the same company as mobsters." Ditto 2002, Mr. Geisst, ditto.

Sources:

"Monopolies in America," Charles R. Geisst "Wall Street: A History," Charles R. Geisst "Money, Greed, and Risk," Charles R. Morris "Eyewitness to Wall Street," David Colbert "Devil Take the Hindmost," Edward Chancellor "Rainbow's End," Maury Klein "The Great Bull Market," Robert Sobel "Manias, Panics, and Crashes," Charles Kindleberger

• ************* Mitchell, Charles Edwin, Business President, and Director, of 55 Wall Street, New York City; and a member of the Republican Club, the Metropolitan Club, the University Club, the Recess Club, the Bankers Club, the Lawyers Club, the Links Club, the National Golf Links Club, the Riding Club the India House Club, the Piping Rock Club, and the Tuxedo. He was born Oct. b, 1877, in Chelsea, Mass.; and received the degree of B.A. from Amherst College. He is president of the National City Bank of New York City. He is also president of the National City Safe Deposit Company, the National City Realty Corporation, the National City Company, and chairman of the board of directors of the International Banking Corporation. In 1899 he married Miss Elizabeth Rend, of Chicago, 111.; and they have a family of one son and one daughter, and reside at 933 Fifth Avenue, New York City.