Fuk'anggan [Fuca]

Fu-k'ang-an 福康安 (T. 瑤林), d. June, 1796, was a Manchu of the Bordered Yellow Banner and a member of the Fuca clan. He was the son of the Grand Secretary, Fu-hêng [q.v.], and nephew of Empress Hsiao-hsien (see under Mishan). In 1767 Fu-k'ang-an inherited the minor hereditary rank of Yun-ch'i-yü and during the next four years served as a senior Imperial Bodyguard. In 1772, after serving for a year as junior vice-president of the Board of Revenue, he was made lieutenant-general of the Manchu division of the Bordered Yellow Banner and was entrusted with the delivery of seals to officers fighting the Chin-ch'uan rebels in Szechwan (see under A-kuei). Upon his arrival at the army's headquarters in 1773, he was appointed a subordinate commander by A-kuei, and distinguished himself by personal bravery and by skillful handling of his troops. After the pacification of the Chin-ch'uan area in 1776 Fu-k'ang-an was made a baron of the third class with the designation Chia-yung 嘉勇 and was promoted to the senior vice-presidency in the Board of Revenue, serving also as commander of the Mongol division of the Plain White Banner. His portrait, accompanied by a laudatory poem written by the Emperor, was placed in the Tzû-kuang ko (see under Chao-hui) with those of other officials who participated, directly or indirectly, in the suppression of the Chin-ch'uan rebellion.

From 1777 to 1780 Fu-k'ang-an served as a military governor in Manchuria, first in Kirin and then at Mukden. After 1780 he was governor-general of the following provinces: Yunnan and Kweichow (1780-81, 1794-95), Szechwan (1781-83, 1793-94), Shênsi and Kansu (1784-88), Fukien and Chekiang (1788-89, 1795), and Kwangtung and Kwangsi (1789-93). This last mentioned post was his longest and also the most lucrative, owing to the volume of foreign trade which at that time flourished at Canton. Contemporary accounts say little that is good concerning Fu-k'ang-an as a provincial civil official; his use of public office to further his own political and financial fortunes gave him a reputation for unscrupulousness second only to that of Ho-shên [q.v.].

As a military officer, however, Fu-k'ang-an had unquestioned ability and was considered one of the most capable commanders of the imperial troops. It is in this capacity that he has received special recognition in the annals of the Ch'ing dynasty. His first important military assignment after the Chin-ch'uan expedition came in 1784 when he was sent with A-kuei to Kansu to put down a serious Mohammedan rebellion (see under A-kuei and Li Shih-yao). At the end of several months of hard fighting the revolt was quelled and Fu-k'ang-an was rewarded with the higher rank of marquis. In 1787 the Emperor ordered him and Hai-lan-ch'a [q.v.], to Formosa to quell a rebellion which assumed serious proportions. Sailing with their troops from Fukien at the end of the year, they brought relief to the loyal forces which had been besieged by the rebels (see under Ch'ai Ta-chi), and after several months of severe fighting the uprising was brought to an end. As a reward for the success of this campaign Fu-k'ang-an was raised (early in 1788) to Duke Chia-yung 嘉勇公 (a dukedom of the first class).

In 1790 a band of Gurkas from the Himalayan state of Nepal crossed into Tibet to plunder the wealthy lamaseries scattered throughout the country, but were persuaded by the commander of the Chinese garrison to return to their own country. The next year, however, they came again in greater numbers and, meeting with little opposition from Tibetans or Chinese plundered at will. Aroused by this invasion, Emperor Kao-tsung ordered Fu-k'ang-an, with Hai-lan-ch'a again as his chief-of-staff, to lead an army against the invaders. The Imperial forces reached Tibet early in 1792, and in one of the most astounding campaigns in Chinese history won victory after victory over the warlike Gurkas, finally driving them back through the passes of the Himalayas almost to the gates of their capital where they sued for peace. The terms arranged by Fu-k'ang-an included the sending of tribute to Peking every five years and this was received regularly until 1908: While the war with the Gurkas resulted in little benefit to China beyond establishing her suzerainty more securely over Tibet, it was a remarkable military feat won, as it was, on one of the highest plateaus in the world, on territory unfamiliar to the invading Chinese and three thousand miles distant from Peking. As a reward for his success in this campaign Emperor Kao-tsung made Fu-k'ang-an a Grand Secretary and granted him the additional hereditary rank of a first-class Ch'ing-ch'ê tu-yü which was inherited by his son Tê-lin 德麟. The Emperor declared that had Fu-k'ang-an completed the conquest of Nepal he would at this time have made him a prince. An additional honor was granted him, however, in 1793 when the designation Chung-jui 忠銳 was added to his dukedom.

It may be of interest to note that the East India Company in the end profited more from this war with the Gurkas than the Chinese themselves, for it served as an entering wedge in their relations with the unresponsive and indifferent Nepal Government. The Gurkas, severely pressed by their seemingly invincible foes, appealed to the East India Company of Bengal for troops. Fearing reprisals against the lucrative trade in Canton the Company refused their repeated requests, but offered instead to serve as mediators in the dispute. To this the Gurkas agreed, but before William Kirkpatrick, envoy of the East India Company reached the capital of Nepal in 1793, the war was already over. Nevertheless, the relations between Nepal and the British Empire thus began.

Early in 1795 the Miao tribes living in the mountainous region at the junction of the provinces of Kweichow, Hunan, and Szechwan, rose in rebellion and seized several small cities, killing or driving out local officials and plundering and murdering a large number of Chinese. As soon as the emperor was apprised of the seriousness of the situation, Fu-k'ang-an, who was then governor-general of Yunnan and Kweichow, together with Ho-lin and Pi Yüan [qq.v.], governors-general of adjacent provinces, was sent against the rebels. In spite of the superiority of the imperial troops, both in numbers and equipment, the Miao continued to hold their ground and the campaign was a prolonged one. Whether the ineffectualness of the imperial troops may be accounted for by the rough terrain which hindered them, as it helped the enemy, is not clear, but it is certain that the campaign was carried on in a halfhearted manner and continued a number of years. Those in command, as well as Ho-shên, who was in control at Peking, took every opportunity to advance their personal interests. Reports of false victories brought new honors from the emperor, and the personal fortunes of those in command were augmented from the large sums repeatedly appropriated for further military purposes. For his part in the reputed success of the enterprise Fu-k'ang-an was made a prince of the fourth degree (貝子) with the privileges of an imperial prince of the same rank. Though there were Chinese in the early Ch'ing period who received the rank of prince, and though there were Mongolian princes of varying degrees, he was the only Manchu outside the imperial family who, while living, received such an exalted rank. Fu-k'ang-an died in camp in June 1796 and was posthumously made a prince of the second degree (郡王) and his tablet was placed in the Imperial Ancestral Hall along with the illustrious founders of the dynasty. His name was celebrated, both in the Temple of Eminent Statesmen and the Temple of the Zealots of the Dynasty, and a special temple to his memory was ordered erected near his home. He was canonized as Wên-hsiang 文襄. Three of his portraits were hung in the Tze-kuang ko to commemorate his bravery in the campaigns of Chin-ch'uan, Formosa, and against the Gurkas, respectively.

Emperor Jên-tsung did not, however, share his father's high regard for Fu-k'ang-an. He repeatedly blamed him posthumously for extravagant practices in the army, and in 1808 reduced his son, Te-lin, from his inherited rank of a prince of the third degree to that of the fourth degree.

[ 1/336/la; 2/26/12a; 3/34/la; 7/22/la; 1/534/la; Chao-lien [q.v.], Hsiao-t'ing tsa-lu and hsü-lu, passim; Li Tsung-fang 李宗昉, Wên-miao-hsiang shih wên-chi, 13/la; Wei Yüan [q.v.], Shêng-wu chi; Kirkpatrick, An Account of the Kingdom of Nepaul, (1811); Imbault-Huart, "Histoire de la Conquête du Nepal par les Chinois" in Journal Asiatique, 1878, 7th series, vol. 12, pp. 348-77.]

KNIGHT BIGGERSTAFF

《清史稿》卷117

福康安，字瑤林，富察氏，滿洲鑲黃旗人，大學士傅恆子也。初以雲騎尉世職授三等侍衞。再遷頭等侍衛。擢戶部侍郎、鑲黃旗滿洲副都統。

師征金川，以溫福為定邊將軍，阿桂、豐昇額為副將軍，高宗命福康安齎印往授之，即授領隊大臣。乾隆三十八年夏，至軍，阿桂方攻當噶爾拉山，留福康安自佐。木果木師敗，溫福死事，復命阿桂為定西將軍，分道再舉。攻喇穆喇穆，福康安督兵克其西各碉，與海蘭察合軍，克羅博瓦山；北攻，克得斯東寨。賊夜乘雪陟山，襲副將常祿保營，福康安聞槍聲，督兵赴援，擊之退。賊屯山麓，乘雨築兩碉，福康安夜率兵八百冒雨踰碉入，殺賊，毀其碉，上手詔嘉其勇。進克色淜普山，破堅碉數十，殲賊數百。又與額森特、海蘭察合軍，攻下色淜普山南賊碉，遂盡破喇穆喇穆諸碉卡，並取日則丫口。再進克嘉德古碉，攻遜克爾宗西北寨。賊潛襲我軍後，福康安擊之退。賊以距勒烏圍近，屢夜出擊我師，福康安與戰屢勝。

阿桂慮賊守隘不時下，改道自日爾巴當噶路入；檄福康安攻下達爾扎克山諸碉。再進，攻格魯克古，率兵裹糧，夜踰溝攀崖，自山隙入當噶海寨，克陡烏當噶大碉、桑噶斯瑪特木城石卡。再進，克勒吉爾博寨。阿桂令福康安將千人從海蘭察赴宜喜，自甲索進攻得楞山，焚薩克薩古大小寨數百，渡河取斯年木咱爾、斯聶斯羅市二寨。再進，次榮噶爾博山。擢內大臣，賜號嘉勇巴圖魯。再進，至章噶。福康安偕額森特攻巴木圖，登直古腦山，拔木城、碉寨五十，焚冷角寺，遂克勒烏圍。

阿桂令取道達烏圍進攻噶拉依，分其軍為七隊，福康安率第一隊，奪達沙布果碉、當噶克底、綽爾丹諸寨為木柵，斷科思果木走雅瑪朋道。進克達噶木碉二，阿穰曲前峰碉木城各二十。焚奔布魯木護起寨。取舍勒圖租魯傍碉一、寨二，格什格章寨一，薩爾歪碉寨三，阿結占寨二。陟科布曲山梁，盡得科布曲諸寨。四十一年春，再進，克舍齊、雍中二寺。自拉古爾河出噶拉依之右，移砲擊其寨。噶拉依既下，金川平。論功，封福康安三等嘉勇男。師還，郊勞，賜御用鞍轡馬一。飲至，賜緞十二端、白金五百。圖形紫光閣，賜雙眼花翎。授正白旗滿洲都統，出為吉林、盛京將軍。

授雲貴總督。南掌貢象，自陳為交趾所侵，乞以餘象易砲。福康安諭以國家法制有定，還其象，不予砲。疏入，上深韙之。移四川總督，兼署成都將軍。四川莠民為寇盜，號嘓匪，命福康安捕治。逾年，福康安疏言盜已徐戢，陳善後諸事。擢御前大臣，加太子太保。召還京，署工部尚書。授兵部尚書、總管內務府大臣。

四十九年，甘肅回田五等立新教，糾眾為亂。授參贊大臣，從將軍阿桂討賊。旋授陝甘總督。師至隆德，田五之徒馬文熹出降。攻雙峴賊卡，賊拒戰，阿桂令海蘭察設伏，福康安往來督戰，殲賊數千，遂破石峯堡，擒其渠。以功，進封嘉勇侯。轉戶、吏二部尚書，協辦大學士。

五十二年，臺灣林爽文為亂，命福康安為將軍，而以海蘭察為參贊大臣，督師討之。時諸羅被圍久，福建水師提督柴大紀堅守。上褒大紀，改諸羅為嘉義，以旌其功。陸路提督蔡攀龍督兵赴援，圍未解。福康安師至，道新埤，援嘉義，與賊戰崙仔頂，克俾長等十餘莊。會日暮，雨大至，福康安令駐師土山巔，賊經山下，昏黑無所見，發銃仰擊。福康安戒諸軍士毋動。既曙，雨霽，海蘭察已自他道入，師與會，圍解。進一等嘉勇公，賜紅寶石帽頂、四團龍補服。

大紀以方在圍中，謁福康安未具櫜鞬禮，福康安銜之，疏論大紀骫法、牟利諸罪狀，並及攀龍陳戰狀不實。上以大紀困危城久，攀龍亦有勞，意右之，詔謂「二人或稍涉自滿，在福康安前禮節不謹，為所憎，遂直揭其短」，戒福康安宜存大臣體。然大紀卒以是坐死。時論冤大紀，亦深非福康安嫉能，不若傅恆遠也。福康安復劾攀龍，左遷；而福州將軍恆瑞師逗遛不進，福康安與有連，力庇之，詔亦斥其私。

福康安既解嘉義圍，令海蘭察督兵追捕爽文，檻致京師；復得副賊莊大田。臺灣平，賜黃腰帶、紫韁、金黃辮珊瑚朝珠。命臺灣、嘉義皆建生祠塑像，再圖形紫光閣。疏請募熟番補屯丁，並陳善後諸事，要在習戎事，除奸民，清吏治，肅郵政，上悉從之。旋授閩浙總督。

五十四年，安南阮惠攻黎城，孫士毅師退。上移福康安兩廣總督，詔未至，福康安疏請往蒞其事。上獎福康安忠，謂：「大臣視國如家，休戚相關，當若此也。」惠更名光平，乞輸款，福康安為疏陳，請罷兵，上允之。御史和琳劾湖北按察使李天培為福康安致木材，令湖廣糧船運京師，福康安疏請罪。上手詔謂阮光平方入朝，特寬之；命奪職留任，仍罰總督俸三年、公俸十年。五十五年，福康安率光平朝京師，以獲盜免罰總督俸。

五十六年，廓爾喀侵後藏，命福康安為將軍，仍以海蘭察為參贊大臣，督師討之，免罰公俸。五十七年三月，福康安師出青海，初春草未盛，馬瘠，糧不給，督諸軍速進。行四十日，至前藏，自第理浪古如絨轄、聶拉木，察地勢，疾行向宗喀，至轄布基。諸道兵未集，督所部分六隊，趨擦木，潛登山，奪賊前後二碉，殲賊渠三、賊二百餘，擒十餘。進次瑪噶爾轄爾甲山梁，賊渠手紅旗，擁眾登，令設伏誘賊進，至山半，伏起橫擊，搴旗賊盡殪。進攻濟隴，濟隴當賊要隘，大碉負險，旁列諸碉卡，相與為犄角；乃分兵先翦其旁諸碉卡，併力攻大碉，縛大木為梯，督兵附碉登，毀壘。戰自辰至亥，克其寨，斬六百，擒二百。捷聞，上為賦誌喜詩書扇，並解御用佩囊以賜。

六月，自濟隴入廓爾喀境，進克索勒拉山。度熱索橋，東越峨綠山，自上游潛渡。越密里山，攻旺噶爾，克作木古拉巴載山梁。攻噶勒拉、堆補木諸山，破甲爾古拉、集木集兩要寨。轉戰深入七百餘里，六戰皆捷。上詔褒福康安勞，授武英殿大學士。福康安恃勝，軍稍怠，督兵冒雨進；賊為伏以待，台斐英阿戰死。廓爾喀使請和，福康安允之。廓爾喀歸所掠後藏金瓦寶器，令大頭人噶木第馬達特塔巴等齎表進象、馬及樂工一部，上許受其降。師還，加賜福康安一等輕車都統畀其子德麟，授領侍衛內大臣，視王公親軍校例，置六品頂戴藍翎三缺，官其傔從。復圖形紫光閣，大學士阿桂讓福康安居首。

福康安初征金川，與海蘭察合軍討亂回，同為參贊；及征臺灣、定廓爾喀，皆專將，海蘭察為參贊，師有功，受殊賞。上手詔謂：「福康安能克陽布，俘拉特納巴都爾、巴都爾薩，當酬以王爵。今以受降班師，不克副初願。然福康安孝賢皇后姪，大學士傅恆子，進封為王，天下或議朕厚於后族，富察氏亦慮過盛無益。今如此蕆事，較蕩平廓爾喀倍為欣慰。」陽布，廓爾喀都城；拉特納巴都爾等，其渠名也。五十八年，疏陳西藏善後十八事，詔從之。 安南國王阮光平卒，上慮其國且亂，命福康安如廣西。福康安母卒於京師，令在任守制。福康安途中病，命御醫往視。福康安疏言：「安南無事，乞還京師，冀得廬墓數日。」詔許之，加封嘉勇忠銳公。移四川總督。旋又率金川土司入覲。恆秀時為吉林將軍，以采參虧庫帑累民，命福康安蒞讞，擬罪輕，上責福康安袒戚誼。復移雲貴總督。方寒，賜御服黑狐大腿褂。

六十年，貴州苗石柳鄧，湖南苗吳半生、石三保等為亂，命福康安討之。柳鄧圍正大營、嗅腦營、松桃廳三城，福康安師至，力戰，次第解三城圍，賜三眼花翎。福康安率貴州兵破老虎巖賊寨，詗得柳鄧蹤跡。和琳時為四川總督，將四川兵來會，攻滿華寨，焚賊寨四十。柳鄧入湖北，投三保，三保方圍永綏廳，福康安督兵赴援。師當渡，賊築卡拒守。分兵出上流，縛筏，縱民牧牛，設伏；待賊至掠牛，伏起，奪賊船，所縛筏亦順流至，師盡濟。攻石花寨，越得拉山戰，殺賊甚眾，令總兵花連布間道援永綏，師從之，戰三日，圍解。

進次竹子山，賊屯蘭草坪西北崖，以板為寨，樹旗東南山闕；乃設伏對山，仍督兵若將自山闕入。賊來戰，伏兵發砲，賊潰，退保瑯木陀山；再進，克之。山西為登高坡，與黃瓜山對，分兵出五道，冒風雨克黃瓜山，焚寨五十六；攻蒩蔴寨，奪大小喇耳山，焚寨四十。半生、三保悉眾拒戰，分兵攻雷公山，阻其援兵，擊破西梁上中下三寨。再進至大烏草河，循河克沙兜寨、盤基坳山；戰於板登塞，再戰於雷公灘，賊屢敗。取右哨營，渡河，於群山中越險，進克馬蝗衝等大小寨五十。至狗腦坡，山益險，兵皆附葛藤，冒矢石，行陟其巔，破賊寨；再進，克蝦蟆峒、烏龍巖。攻茶它，降者七十餘寨。上移福康安閩浙總督，進封貝子。

再進，克巖碧山，焚巴溝等二十餘寨。再進攻麾手寨山，總兵花連布將廣西兵克苗寨四十，賜貂尾褂。圍高多寨，吳半生窮蹙出降。上官福康安子德麟副都統，在御前侍衛上行走。再進攻鴨保寨，鴨保右天星寨，為賊中奇險處，督兵自雪中求道，進取木城七、石卡五，克垂藤、董羅諸寨，賜御服黃裡玄狐端罩。旋克大小天星寨。進攻木钫暴木營，乘風雪夜進，拔地良、八荊、桃花諸寨。自平隴復乾州，盡克擒頭坡、騾馬峒諸隘，焚其寨三百。嘉慶元年，再進，克吉吉寨、大隴峒等寨。戰於高吉陀，再戰於兩岔溪，屢敗賊。賊襲木钫暴木營，攻擒頭坡，皆以有備敗走。克結石岡，焚牧牛坪等大小寨七十。進克官道溪，再進攻大麻營石城，至廖家衝，奪山巔石卡。夜間，道出連峯坳，奪山梁七。上褒福康安，命贈傅恆貝子。

福康安染瘴病作，猶督兵進，五月，卒於軍。仁宗製詩以誄，命加郡王銜，從傅恆配太廟，諡文襄。子德麟，襲貝勒，遞降至未入八分公，世襲罔替。

福康安受高宗殊寵，師有功。在軍中習奢侈，犒軍金幣輒巨萬，治餉吏承意指，糜濫滋甚。仁宗既親政，屢下詔戒諸將帥毋濫賞，必斥福康安。德麟迎喪歸，將吏具賻四萬有奇，責令輸八萬。德麟旋坐雩壇視牲誤班，降貝子。