Aakheperenre Thutmose II, Pharaoh of Egypt

ID: I62326

Name: Tuthmose II of Egypt

Prefix: Pharaoh

Given Name: Tuthmose II

Surname: of Egypt

Sex: M

_UID: A2186A368B29134FAA6FEA9BCC01F39B696E

Change Date: 26 Nov 2005

Death: Y

Father: Thutmose I of Egypt

Mother: Mutnefert

Marriage 1 Hatsheput I of Egypt

Married:

Children

Hatshepsut II of Amun

Marriage 2 Isis of Egypt

Married:

Children

THUTMOSE III @ OF EGYPT

Forrás / Source:

http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=jdp-fam&i...

Thutmose II

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Pharaoh of Egypt

Reign 1493–1479 BC (disputed), 18th Dynasty

Predecessor Thutmose I

Successor Hatshepsut

Royal titulary[show]

Consort(s) Hatshepsut, Iset

Children Thutmose III, Neferure

Father Thutmose I

Mother Mutnofret

Died 1479 BC

Burial KV42 (now considered unlikely)

Family

Thutmose II was the son of Thutmose I and a minor wife, Mutnofret. He was, therefore, a lesser son of Thutmose I and chose to marry his fully royal half-sister, Hatshepsut, in order to secure his kingship. While he successfully put down rebellions in Nubia and the Levant and defeated a group of nomadic Bedouins, these campaigns were specifically carried out by the king's Generals, and not by Thutmose II himself. This is often interpreted as evidence that Thutmose II was still a minor at his accession. Thutmose II fathered Neferure with Hatshepsut, but also managed to father a male heir, the famous Thutmose III, by a lesser wife named Iset before his death.

Some archaeologists believe that Hatshepsut was the real power behind the throne during Thutmose II’s rule because of the similar domestic and foreign policies which were later pursued under her reign and because of her claim that she was her father’s intended heir. She is depicted in several raised relief scenes from a Karnak gateway dating to Thutmose II's reign both together with her husband and alone.[1] She later had herself crowned Pharaoh several years into the rule of her husband's young successor Thutmose III; this is confirmed by the fact that "the queen's agents actually replaced the boy king's name in a few places with her own cartouches" on the gateway.[2]

[edit]Dates and length of reign

Manetho's Epitome refers to Thutmose II as "Chebron" (which is a reference to his prenomen, Aakheperenre) and gives him a reign of 13 years, but this figure is highly disputed among scholars. Some Egyptologists prefer to shorten his reign by a full decade to only 3 years because his highest Year Date is only a Year 1 II Akhet day 8 stela.[3] The reign length of Thutmose II has been a controversial and much debated topic among Egyptologists with little consensus given the small number of surviving documents for his reign, but a 13-year reign is preferred by older scholars while newer scholars prefer a shorter 3-4 year reign for this king due to the minimal amount of scarabs and monuments attested under Thutmose II. It is still possible to estimate when Thutmose II's reign would have begun by means of a heliacal rise of Sothis in Amenhotep I's reign, which would give him a reign from 1493 BC to 1479 BC,[4] although uncertainty about how to interpret the rise also permits a date from 1513 BC to 1499 BC,[5] and uncertainty about how long Thutmose I ruled could also potentially place his reign several years earlier still. Nonetheless, scholars generally assign him a reign from 1493 or 1492 to 1479.[6][7]

[edit]Argument for a short reign

Ineni, who was already aged by the start of Thutmose II's reign, lived through this ruler's entire reign into that of Hatshepsut.[8] In addition, Thutmose II is poorly attested in the monumental record and in the contemporary tomb autobiographies of New Kingdom officials. A clear count of monuments from his rule, which is the principal tool for estimating a king's reign when dated documents are not available, is nearly impossible because Hatshepsut usurped most of his monuments, and Thutmose III in turn reinscribed Thutmose II's name indiscriminately over other monuments.[9] However, apart from several surviving blocks of buildings erected by the king at Semna, Kumma and Elephantine, Thutmose II's only major monument consists of a limestone gateway at Karnak that once lay at the front of the Fourth Pylon's forecourt. Even this monument was not completed in Thutmose II's reign but in the reign of his son Thutmose III which hints at "the nearly ephemeral nature of Thutmose II's reign."[10] The gateway was later dismantled and its building blocks incorporated into the foundation of the Third Pylon by Amenhotep III.[11]In 1987, Luc Gabolde published an important study which statistically compared the number of surviving scarabs found under Thutmose I, Thutmose II and Hatshepsut.[12] While monuments can be usurped, scarabs are so small and comparatively insignificant that altering their names would be impractical and without profit; hence, they provide a far better insight into this period. Hatshepsut's reign is believed to have been for 21 years and 9 months. Gabolde highlighted, in his analysis, the consistently small number of surviving scarabs known for Thutmose II compared to Thutmose I and Hatshepsut respectively; for instance, Flinders Petrie's older study of scarab seals noted 86 seals for Thutmose I, 19 seals for Thutmose II and 149 seals for Hatshepsut while more recent studies by Jaeger estimate a total of 241 seals for Thutmose I, 463 seals for Hatshepsut and only 65 seals for Thutmose II.[13] Hence, unless there was an abnormally low number of scarabs produced under Thutmose II, this would indicate that the king's reign was rather short-lived. On this basis, Gabolde estimated Thutmose I and II's reigns to be approximately 11 and 3 full years, respectively. Consequently, the reign length of Thutmose II has been a much debated subject among Egyptologists with little consensus given the small number of surviving documents for his reign.

[edit]Argument for a long reign

Thutmose's reign is still traditionally given 13 or 14 years. Although Ineni's autobiography can be interpreted to say that Thutmose reigned only a short time, it also calls Thutmose a "hawk in the nest," indicating that he was perhaps a child when he assumed the throne.[14] Since he lived long enough to father two children--Neferure and Thutmose III--this suggests that he may have had a longer reign of 13 years in order to reach adulthoood and start a family. The German Egyptologist, J. Von Beckerath, uses this line of argument to support the case of a 13-year reign for Thutmose II.[15] Alan Gardiner noted that at one point, a monument had been identified by Georges Daressy in 1900[16] which was dated to Thutmose's 18th year, although its precise location has not been identified.[17] This inscription is now usually attributed to Hatshepsut, who certainly did have an 18th year. von Beckerath observes that a Year 18 date appears in a fragmentary inscription of an Egyptian official and notes that the date likely refers to Hatshepsut's prenomen Maatkare, which had been altered from Aakheperenre Thutmose II, with the reference to the deceased Thutmose II being removed.[18] There is also the curious fact that Hatshepsut celebrated her Sed Jubilee in her Year 16 which von Beckerath believes occurred 30 years after the death of Thutmose I, her father, who was the main source of her claim to power. This would create a gap of 13 to 14 years where Thutmose II's reign would fit in between Hatshepsut and Thutmose I's rule.[19]

[edit]Campaigns

Upon Thutmose's coronation, Kush rebelled, as it had the habit of doing upon the transition of Egyptian kingship. The Nubian state had been completely subjugated by Thutmose I,[20] but some rebels from Khenthennofer rose up, and the Egyptian colonists retreated into a fortress built by Thutmose I.[21] On account of his relative youth at the time, Thutmose II dispatched an army into Nubia rather than leading it himself, but he seems to have easily crushed this revolt with the aid of his father's military generals.[22]

Thutmose also seems to have fought against the Shasu Bedouin in the Sinai, in a campaign mentioned by Ahmose Pen-Nekhbet.[23] Although this campaign has been called a minor raid, there is a fragment which was recorded by Kurt Sethe which records a campaign in Upper Retenu, or Syria, which appears to have reached as far as a place called Niy where Thutmose I hunted elephants after returning from crossing the Euphrates.[24] This quite possibly indicates that the raid against the Shasu was only fought en route to Syria.[25]

Mummy

Thutmose II's mummy was discovered in the Deir el-Bahri cache, revealed in 1881. He was interred along with other 18th and 19th dynasty leaders including Ahmose I, Amenhotep I, Thutmose I, Thutmose III, Ramesses I, Seti I, Ramesses II, and Ramesses IX, as well as the 21st dynasty pharaohs Psusennes I, Psusennes II, and Siamun.

The mummy was unwrapped by Gaston Maspero on July 1, 1886. There is a strong familial resemblance to the mummy of Thutmose I, his likely father, as the mummy face and shape of the head are very similar. The body of Thutmose II suffered greatly at the hands of ancient tomb robbers, with his left arm broken off at the shoulder-joint, the forearm separated at the elbow joint, and his right arm chopped off below the elbow. His anterior abdominal wall and much of his chest had been hacked at, possibly by an axe. In addition, his right leg had been severed from his body.[26] All of these injuries were sustained post-mortem, though the body also showed signs that Thutmose II did not have an easy life, as the following quote by Gaston Maspero attests:

He had scarcely reached the age of thirty when he fell a victim to a disease of which the process of embalming could not remove the traces. The skin is scabrous in patches, and covered with scars, while the upper part of the skull is bald; the body is thin and somewhat shrunken, and appears to have lacked vigour and muscular power.[27]

See also

History of Ancient Egypt

Family tree of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt

Forrás / Source:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thutmose_II

II. Thotmesz [szerkeszt%C3%A9s]

Megtekintett lap (+/-)

A Wikipédiából, a szabad enciklopédiából.

Egyiptomi fáraó

XVIII. dinasztia

Elődje:

I. Thotmesz

Utódja:

Hatsepszut

II. Thotmesz

Thutmózisz

Uralkodása i. e. 1492–1479 (?)

Prenomen

Aaheperenré

Ré megjelenése hatalmas

Nomen

Thotmesz

Thot gyermeke

Apja I. Thotmesz

Anyja Mutnofret

Főfelesége Hatsepszut

I. Thotmesz az ókori egyiptomi XVIII. dinasztia negyedik fáraója. Apját, I. Thotmeszt követte a trónon. Valószínű, hogy féltestvére és felesége, Hatsepszut, aki később követte a trónon, erős befolyással volt rá.

Tartalomjegyzék [elrejt%C3%A9s]

1 Családi háttere

2 Uralkodása

3 Múmiája és sírja

4 Név, titulatúra

5 Hivatkozások

Családi háttere [szerkeszt%C3%A9s]

I. Thotmesz és mellékfelesége, Mutnofret fia volt. Nem ő volt a fáraó elsőszülött fia; bátyjai, Amenmosze és Uadzsmesz halálával nyílt meg előtte az út a trón felé. Feleségül vette I. Thotmesz és a fő királyné, Ahmesz lányát, Hatsepszutot, akitől egy lánya született, Nofruré. Fia, a későbbi III. Thotmesz egy mellékfeleség vagy ágyas, Iszet gyermeke volt.[1]

Uralkodása [szerkeszt%C3%A9s]

Thotmesz uralkodásának hosszáról tudományos viták folynak; legkésőbbi fennmaradt uralkodási dátuma is csak az 1. év, és lehetséges, hogy egész uralkodása valójában nem 13, csak 3 évig tartott. Felesége, Hatsepszut, aki pár évvel idősebb lehetett nála, jelentős hatalmat gyakorolhatott.[2]

Az egyetlen katonai hadjárat, melyről tudomásunk van II. Thotmesz idejéből, egy núbiai zavargás leverése az első uralkodási évben. Az Asszuántól délre fekvő Szehel-szigeten talált felirat szerint a lázadásban részt vevőket kivégezték, Kús uralkodójának fia kivételével, akit túszként Egyiptomba vittek. Jahmesz Pennehbet említi sírjában, hogy számos saszu hadifoglyot hoztak a fáraónak; a saszu vonatkozhat núbiaiakra és a Sínai-félsziget lakóira is, így az esemény vagy ehhez a núbiai hadjárathoz köthető, vagy egy esetleges későbbiéhez. A seregeket nem maga Thotmesz vezette, talán mert még túl fiatal volt.[3][4]

Thotmesz nevéhez nem sok jelentős építkezés fűződik. A karnaki templom 4. pülónja előtti udvarban egy mészkőkaput állíttatott; ennek köveit később beépítették a 3. pülón alapjaiba, de mára a Karnaki Szabadtéri Múzeumban újra felépítették.[5] Egy kis halotti temploma épült Medinet Habunál (ahol később Hapu fia, Amenhotep jóval nagyobb temploma épült fel a szomszédságában). Ezt a halotti templomot – melynek neve Seszpet-anh, azaz „Az élet kápolnája” volt – már csak fia, III. Thotmesz uralkodása alatt fejezték be. A templom mára elpusztult, csak az alaprajzát sikerült feltárni.[6]

Múmiája és sírja [szerkeszt%C3%A9s]

II. Thotmesz múmiáját sok más fáraóéhoz és királyi családtagéhoz hasonlóan 1881-ben az ún. Deir el-Bahari-i rejtekhelyen találták meg, ahová a XXI. dinasztia uralkodása idején szállították a sírrablók elől. 1886-ban Gaston Maspero bontotta ki a múmiát, amiben a sírrablók nagy kárt tettek. Maspero megállapítása alapján a fáraó alig harmincéves lehetett halálakor, melyet valószínűleg betegség okozott. Smith azonban úgy tartja, a múmia bőrén látható foltok nem biztos, hogy betegség jelei, lehetséges, hogy a mumifikálási eljárás során keletkeztek. Ráadásul még az sem teljesen biztos, hogy a múmia valóban Thotmeszé.[7] A múmia testmagassága 169 cm.[8]

Thotmesz sírját nem sikerült minden kétséget kizáróan azonosítani; valószínű, hogy a Királyok völgye 42-es sír az.[9]

Forrás / Source:

http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Thotmesz

See also / Lásd még:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_tree_of_the_Eighteenth_dynasty_...