Andrew Cochrane-Johnstone

From Wikipedia: Andrew Cochrane-Johnstone

Andrew James Cochrane-Johnstone (Sunday, 24 May 1767 – Wednesday, 21 August 1833) was a Scottish soldier, politician, swindler and adventurer who was found guilty of participation in the Great Stock Exchange Fraud of 1814. He was born in Edinburgh, Scotland.

Life

Born Andrew Cochrane in 1767, at 'Bellevile' - a house near Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh, he was the youngest son of Thomas Cochrane, 8th Earl of Dundonald (1691–1778) and his second wife Jane Stuart (1722–1808). He became a cornet in the British Army in 1783. After returning from India to recover his health, he was elected to Parliament from Stirling Boroughs in 1791. In November 1793 he married Georgiana Hope-Johnstone, a daughter of James Hope-Johnstone, 3rd Earl of Hopetoun; she died in 1797. Cochrane added "Johnstone" to his name at the time of their marriage. Despite the opposition of Henry Dundas to his election in 1791, Cochrane-Johnstone supported the government of William Pitt the Younger, and was re-elected in 1796 in a race against his cousin Sir John Henderson, who was in opposition. In 1794 he was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel, and in 1797 was promoted to Colonel and then made Governor of Dominica (which terminated his position as M.P.)

Cochrane-Johnstone served as governor on Dominica until 1803; an 1802 mutiny by the 8th West India Regiment was quelled with severity, but led to a court-martial of the governor on charges of embezzlement, arbitrary rule, using soldiers for private servants, and other charges. The court-martial in 1805 cleared Cochrane-Johnstone, but his military career was over.

He had married Amelia Constance Gertrude Etienette de Clugny, a widow of Godet des Marais and the only child of a French governor of Guadeloupe, in February 1803; they were forced by Napoleon to divorce in May 1805.

In 1807 Cochrane-Johnstone was elected MP for Grampound in Cornwall, a notorious rotten borough, along with his brother George, reputedly financed by their wealthy brother Basil. He was disqualified in March 1808 for lack of property. By then he had gone to the West Indies where he lived in the customs house in Tortola, which was under the command of another brother, Admiral Alexander Cochrane. Made an agent and auctioneer for the navy in the conquest of some of the other Danish islands, Cochrane through bribery and fraud illegally obtained captured goods; arrested, he escaped to England with his profits.

One of his next business ventures (1809) involved manufacturing muskets for the Spanish government; in the course of this he engaged in smuggling and defrauded several of the Spanish colonial governments by failing to deliver promised armaments.

Cochrane-Johnstone returned to Parliament in July 1812 after his brother George resigned in his favour; this was perhaps an expedient to avoid debtors. He was elected on his own account from Grampound in the same year, after a deal with fellow MP John Teed.

In February 1814 Cochrane-Johnstone was one of the chief organisers of the Great Stock Exchange Fraud of 1814; Cochrane-Johnstone and other associates purchased government securities just before spreadung a false rumour of the death of Napoleon. At the news of Napoleon's death, the value of the securities rose dramatically, at which point the conspirators sold them again: Cochrane-Johnstone was believed to have profited to the tune of £4931 (approx. £450,000 in modern terms). He was convicted of fraud and fled to France; he was expelled from Parliament on Tuesday, 5 July 1814. Cochrane-Johnstone's nephew Admiral Thomas Cochrane was also convicted; although he claimed innocence and the public was on his side, he was forced to resign and did not return to the British Navy until 1832. Cochrane-Johnstone fled to the West Indies, where he discovered that his property in Dominica had been seized, although he was able to take slaves from his plantation to a new establishment, a coffee plantation in Dutch Demerara. By 1829 he was living in Paris, France and fraudulent claims by him on the French government were being exposed. It was there (at 96, rue du Faubourg St Honoré) that he died in poverty in August 1833.

The Earl of St. Vincent, Admiral of the Fleet, wrote of the Cochrane brothers in 1806, "The Cochranes are not to be trusted out of sight, they are all mad, romantic, money-getting and not truth-telling—and there is not a single exception in any part of the family."

Family

Cochrane-Johnstone had an illegitimate son, Captain John Dundas Cochrane (February 1793 – August 1825), an explorer who published a Pedestrian Journey through Russian and Siberian Tartary in 1824. It is not proven, but is likely that John's mother was Georgiana Hope-Johnstone, who married Andrew nine months after John's birth. Andrew and Georgiana also had one daughter, Elizabeth Cochrane (Wednesday, 26 December 1894 – Wednesday, 6 June 1883); she married William Napier, 9th Lord Napier in 1816.

From Andy Drummond: Novgorod the Great: Biographies of the main personae: Andrew Cochrane-Johnstone (1767-1833)

Born Sunday, 24 May 1767 at 'Bellevile' - a house near Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh - he was the twelfth son of the 8th Earl of Dundonald. In 1791 he became MP for Stirling Burghs, for a year.

On Tuesday, 26 November 1793, he married Lady Georgina Hope-Johnstone, the daughter of James Hope-Johnstone, 3rd Earl of Hopetoun, and of Lady Elizabeth Carnegie; the family was related to Henry Dundas, Lord Melville. Andrew Cochrane appended her surname to his. Marriage registered in 'Abercorn, West Lothian' (next to Hopetoun) and 'Ormiston, East Lothian'. Georgina died Sunday, 17 September 1797 - the same year that ACJ went to Dominica.

A daughter, Eliza, had been born Friday, 26 December 1794, who subsequently married 9th Lord Napier (William), Thursday, 28 March 1816.

In 1797, he was appointed Governor of Dominica, became Colonel of the 8th West India Regiment in 1798, and Brigadier of the Leeward Islands in 1799. During this period of governmental responsibility, he was blamed for a mutiny among black soldiers in 1802; the Dominican Assembly petitioned for his recall, which occurred in 1803. He was also accused by Major John Gordon of using black soldiers as unpaid labour, of wrongfully arresting citizens, of corruption. Returned to Britain in September 1803, to face court-martial proceedings; he was acquitted in March 1805, but then was passed over for promotion, and he resigned his commission.

On Monday, 21 February 1803, he married Amélie de Clugny, daughter of the late French governor of Guadeloupe. Napoleon himself annulled this marriage with Amélie, violently disapproving of it, on Thursday, 30 May 1805.

In 1807, he was elected MP for Grampound (in Cornwall) for a year, and again from 1812 - replacing his brother George - until July 1814 when he was expelled from the House, for his part in the great 'Stock Exchange Swindle' (which effectively ended the career of the popular naval hero Thomas Cochrane, and by which Andrew profited to the tune of £4931). In his first period as MP, he conducted a crusade against corruption in Parliament and the Army.

By 1808, he had returned to the West Indies - supported the revolutionary Francisco Miranda's plan to liberate Spanish America and open it up to British trade. From his brother Alexander, he obtained the appointment as 'prize agent' at Tortola (Virgin Islands). Soon accused of bribery, of not surrendering confiscated public property, and of using captor's money to buy estates and property on the Danish islands of St Croix, St John and St Thomas etc.

Fled back to England in 1809. Visited Seville and Vera Cruz, buying Spanish dollars for the British Treasury. Was accused - perhaps mistakenly - of defaulting on a deal to sell 100,000 suspect British muskets to the Spanish government, in exchange for sheep destined for North America. (The sheep all died on arrival at New York in 1810.) After 1812, he was pursued by creditors - he owed £16,301. His Dominican property - four houses, 671 acres, 62 slaves - was seized and sold in 1814. After his arrest in July 1814, he fled firstly to Calais, then to Lisbon, then returned to the West Indies (January 1815) where he discovered that his assets had been sold for less than he owed.

In 1819, went to Demarara (Guyana) to plant coffee. In 1823 he was known to be back on Dominica.

In 1829, he was in Paris, where he made a fraudulent claim on the French government. He died Wednesday, 21 August 1833 - in Paris, at 96, rue du Faubourg St Honoré. His possessions were inventoried - so presumably he died in poverty and/or in debt.

From Scotland's People: Old Parish Records - Marriages and Banns

• 23 November 1793 marriage or banns of Major Andrew Cochrane to Georgina Johnston, in the parish of Abercorn
• 25 November 1793 marriage or banns of Andrew Cochran to Georgina Johnstone, in the parish of Ormiston