Irene Drukker

Irene was a suffragette in Cincinnati and in WV. Amazing woman who fought for women's voting rights and won!!! Her paternal line, the Drukkers, lived in Amsterdam for several hundred years, at least to the early 1500's! Drukker means "printer" in Dutch, so it is highly probable one of more of her ancestors were printers. Her Drukker ancestors came to the USA before 1849.

ORIGIN of Suffrage:

late Middle English (in the sense ‘intercessory prayers’, also ‘assistance’): from Latin suffragium, reinforced by French suffrage. The modern sense of ‘right to vote’ was originally US (dating from the late 18th century).

Origin of Jews in Amsterdam:

Permanent Jewish life in Amsterdam began with the arrival of pockets of Marrano and Sephardic Jews at the end of the 16th, and beginning of the 17th century; their first Chief Rabbi was Rabbi Uri Levi. Many Sephardi (Jews from the Iberian Peninsula) had been expelled from Spain in 1492 after the fall of Muslim Granada. Those that moved to Portugal were forced to leave in 1497, where they were given the choice between conversion to Catholicism or death penalty on the grounds of heresy.

From 1497, others remained in the Iberian peninsula, practising Judaism secretly in their homes. The newly independent Dutch provinces provided an ideal opportunity for these crypto-Jews to re-establish themselves and practise their religion openly, and they migrated, most notably to Amsterdam. Collectively, they brought economic growth and influence to the city as they established an international trading hub in Amsterdam during the 17th century, the so-called Dutch Golden Age.

"Ohio, County Marriages, 1789-2016", database with images, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:XZ18-VN3 : 29 September 2021), Sarah Tobias in entry for Ephraim Broh and Irene Drukker, 1905.