Stanisław Saks

Stanisław Saks - matematyk zaliczany do lwowskiej szkoły matematyki, był docentem Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, autorem prac z teorii funkcji i analizy funkcjonalnej. Uczestnik powstań śląskich. Odznaczony Krzyżem Zasługi. Wikipedia PL

From: http://www.springerlink.com/content/q67vu3w551m2620l/fulltext.pdf Stanislaw Saks was one of the foremost figures of Polish mathematics in the period after the First World War; he had also a great influence on the development of mathematics outside Poland, both by his own work (in particular his classic book on the theory of the integral) and through the results of his students. It is undeniable that, without Saks, Polish analysis would not today be what it is. His interests and principal achievements were in the fields of real analysis (measure and integral, differentiability of functions, functional analysis) and of those parts of complex analysis and the theory of harmonic functions which touch on real analysis. ... .

Stanistaw Saks

From: http://www.learn-math.info/historyDetail.htm?id=Saks:

Stanislaw Saks was born into a Jewish family, his parents being Philip Saks and Ann Labedz Saks. Stanislaw was born in Kalisz in west-central Poland, not in Warsaw as stated in , but he did attend secondary school in Warsaw. He entered the University of Warsaw in November 1915. In fact this was a very special occasion for education in Warsaw and we should look at a little Polish history to explain just why this was so special. Poland had been partitioned in 1772 with the south called Galicia and under Austrian control while Russia controlled much of the rest of the country, in particular the Warsaw region. In a policy implemented between 1869 and 1874, all secondary schooling had to be conducted in the Russian language. The University of Warsaw was closed by the Russian administration in 1869 and from then until World War I there were no Polish language universities.

In August 1915 the Russian forces, which had held Poland for many years, withdrew from Warsaw. Germany and Austria-Hungary took control of most of the country and a German governor general was installed in Warsaw. One of the first moves after the Russian withdrawal was the refounding of the University of Warsaw and it began operating as a Polish university in November 1915. Saks entered the newly refounded university on this occasion of great rejoicing for all patriotic Poles. Kuratowski tells us in that:

... in a short time [Saks] shone as one of the most talented students of mathematics. Mathematical analysis, and especially those of its branches which used modern methods of set theory and topology , became his main field of interest.

At the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 Poland demanded the return of the former Prussian sector of Upper Silesia from Germany. There had already been an uprising against the Germans in December 1918 in Poznan. The Treaty of Versailles was signed in the summer of 1919 and it gave Poland part, but not all, of the Prussian sector. There were three insurrections in Upper Silesia as the Polish population rebelled against the German administration. Saks participated in the insurrections and was awarded the Cross of Valour for his patriotic actions.

Saks continued to study mathematics for his doctorate, which was supervised by Mazurkiewicz , at the University of Warsaw. As well as his supervisor he was greatly influenced by Sierpinski who was appointed to the university in 1919 and began to work closely with Mazurkiewicz , Saks' supervisor. In 1920 Mazurkiewicz and Sierpinski became editors of Fundamenta Mathematicae and Polish mathematics was flourishing. Certainly, therefore it was an exciting period during which Saks embarked on a research career and he was awarded his doctorate in 1922 for the thesis A contribution to the theory of surfaces and plane domains.

Even before the doctorate was awarded, Saks began teaching at Warsaw Technical University and from 1926 he also lectured at the University of Warsaw. The following year, from 7 to 10 September, he attended the First Polish Mathematical Congress held at Lvov as part of the Warsaw contingent and lectured to the conference. Steinhaus recalls a contribution Saks made around the same time (see for example ):

In 1927, a collaboration [between Steinhaus and] Banach resulted in a paper "Sur le principe de la condensation des singularités" published in Fundamenta Mathematicae 9. ... Stanislaw Saks helped edit the paper and later deepened the result by introducing in its proof the notion of category. This helped make the paper an important contribution to the Polish success between the two wars in the area of functional operations ....

Banach and Saks collaborated on a joint paper Sur la convergence forte dans le champ Lp. Published in 1930 :

... the paper addressed the problem of summability in abstract spaces. This gave birth to a class of spaces that are still actively studied and that are now called spaces with the Banach -Saks property.

Saks continued to teach at both Warsaw institutions until 1939. However, he did spend a year, namely academic year 1931-32, in the United States on a visit financed through a Rockefeller scholarship. He spent most of his time in the United States at Brown University.

Zygmund had become a colleague and friend of Saks early in his career. He was appointed to Warsaw Technical University shortly after Saks began to lecture there, and the two began to collaborate on mathematical projects. One of the works for which Saks is most famous is their joint book Analytic functions which appeared in 1938 as volume eight in the Mathematical Monographs series. This book received a prize from the Polish Academy of Sciences in the year it was published. This was not Saks' first monograph, however, for he had already published an important volume in the Mathematical Monographs series. This earlier volume, the volume two in the series published in 1933, was his famous work Theory of the integral. This monograph was based on lecture courses Saks had given at the University of Warsaw. Hawkins, in , writes:

In this highly original work Saks systematically developed the theory of integration and differentiation from the standpoint of countably additive set functions.

In 1937 an English translation of Theory of the integral was published with Banach 's article The Lebesgue integral in abstract spaces as an appendix.

We have already mentioned Mazurkiewicz , Sierpinski , and Zygmund as major influences on Saks. We should mention, in addition, that he was also influenced by Luzin 's work. Saks' contributions, including the important texts mentioned above :

... involved the theory of real functions, such as problems on the differentiability of functions and the properties of Denjoy - Perron integrals.

Kuratowski in describes of Saks as a teacher:

Stanislaw Saks was a brilliant lecturer, universally respected and very popular with his colleagues and students.

When war broke out in 1939 Saks joined the Polish army and retreated with them to Lvov which was by that time under Russian control. There he worked with Banach in the Soviet held town for two years, being appointed a professor at Lvov University which had been renamed the Ivan Franko University by the Russians. At this time he taught in the Department with Banach at its head. In Lvov, Saks joined the community of mathematicians working and drinking in the Scottish Café. He contributed problems to the Scottish Book, the famous book in which the mathematicians working in the Café entered unsolved problems. One problem on subharmonic functions was entered into the Book by Saks on 8 February 1940 with the promise of a kilo of bacon to the first person to solve it!

You can see a picture of the Scottish Café .

In June 1941 the German army entered Lvov and a systematic extermination of Jews began. Saks returned to Warsaw where he was arrested, put in prison and killed by the Gestapo (allegedly while attempting to escape from prison).

Source:School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews, Scotland

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Stanisław Saks

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia:

Stanisław Saks (December 30, 1897 – November 23, 1942) was a Polish mathematician and university tutor, known primarily for his membership in the Scottish Café circle, an extensive monograph on the Theory of Integrals, his works on measure theory and the Vitali-Hahn-Saks theorem.

Stanisław Saks was born December 30, 1897 in Kalisz, Congress Poland, to an assimilated Polish-Jewish family. In 1915 he graduated from a local gymnasium and joined the newly-recreated Warsaw University. In 1922 he received a doctorate of his alma mater with a prestigious award Cum Maxima Laude. Soon afterwards he also passed his habilitation and received the Rockefeller scholarship, which allowed him to travel to the United States. Around that time he started publishing articles in various mathematical journals, mostly the Fundamenta Mathematicae, but also in the American Transactions of the American Mathematical Society. He participated in the Silesian Uprisings and was awarded the Cross of the Valorous and the Medal of Independence for his bravery. Following the end of the uprising he returned to Warsaw and resumed his academic career.

For most of it he studied the theories of functions and functionals in particular. In 1930 he published his most notable book, the Zarys teorii całki (Sketch on the Theory of the Integral), which later got expanded and translated into several languages, including English (Theory of the Integral), French (Théorie de l'Intégrale) and Russian (Teoriya Integrala). Despite his successes, Saks was never awarded with the title of a professor and remained an ordinary tutor, initially at his alma mater and the Warsaw University of Technology, and later at the Lwów University and Wilno University. He was also an active socialist and a journalist at the Robotnik weekly (1919-1926) and later a collaborator of the Association of Socialist Youth.

Saks wrote a mathematics book with Antoni Zygmund, Analytic Functions, in 1933. It was translated into English in 1952 by E. J. Scott. In the preface to the English edition, Zygmund writes "Stanislaw Saks was a man of moral as well as physical courage, of rare intelligence and wit. To his colleagues and pupils he was an inspiration not only as a mathematician but as a human being. In the period between the two world wars he exerted great influence upon a whole generation of Polish mathematicians in Warsaw and Lwów. In November 1942, at the age of 45, Saks died in a Warsaw prison, victim of a policy of extermination."

After the outbreak of World War II and the occupation of Poland by the Nazis, Saks joined the Polish underground. Arrested in November 1942, he was executed November 23, 1942 by the German Gestapo in Warsaw.[1]

Stanisław Saks ur.: 13 Dec 1897, Kalisz małżonek Zofia Karolina Korzeniowska zm.: 28 Nov 1942, Warszawa zajęcie: dr.filozofii żródła: http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Mathematicians/Saks.html galeria obrazów (3 images) pict813.jpg [182x237] Urodzony w Kaliszu w patriotycznej rodzinie żydowskiej . Rozpoczął studia na uniwersytecie Warszawskim w 1915 roku (listopad) i wkrótce dał się poznać jako jeden z najbardziej utalentowanych studentów matematyki.po 1919 uczestniczy w powstaniach śląskich i otrzymuje Krzyż Walecznych [?]. W 1922 robi doktorat u prof.Mazurkiewicza. Jeszce przed zakończeniem przewodu doktorskiego, wykładał na Politechnice Warszawskiiej - zamordowany 23 listopada 1942 przez Gestapo w Warszawie. Matematyk polski - członek lwowskiej szkoły matematyki. Uczestnik powstań śląskich. Odznaczony krzyżem zasługi. Więcej informacji na stronie http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Saks.html Stanisław Saks zatrzymując się przed oknem sklepowym, w którym widniał napis "pasztet zajęczy" zapytał towarzyszącego mu Bronisława Knastera (1893-1980): - Jak myślisz, czy to rzeczywiście zajęczy pasztet? - Na to Knaster: - Kto go zje, zaraz pozna. Jeśli nie zajęczy, to zajęczy, a jeśli zajęczy to nie zajęczy.