Caliph ʻUthmān Ibn ʻAffān

Note: Regarding Uthman bint Affan's assassination, it is incorrect to say it was done at the urging of Aishah, as she was one of the people who demanded the killers be handed over and executed immediately as is famously narrated in the books of history, this was the reason of her differences with Ali bin Abu Talib, the fourth Caliph. Below, several of the sources says she urged his assassination.

• 3rd Rashidun Caliph

[Caucasian Albania was first conquered by the Muslim Arabs during the reign of the third caliph, Uthman ibn Affan...]

He is buried at Jannat al-Baqi (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jannat_al-Baqi).

[CITATIONS]

[S653] PoH, online http://www.friesian.com/

[S862] Various EB CD 2001, 'Uthman ibn 'Affan.

[S469] Al-Islam.com, online http://www.al-islam.com/, The Prophet's daughters.

[S956] Comparitive Index to Islam, online http://answering-islam.org/Index/index.html, 'UTHMAN IBN 'AFFAN.

[S469] Al-Islam.com, online http://www.al-islam.com/

[S862] Various EB CD 2001, Camel, Battle of the (Islamic hist.) .

[S956] Comparitive Index to Islam, online http://answering-islam.org/Index/index.html, ABU BAKR .

[S172] Various Encyclopaedea Britannica.

Uthman ibn Affan (Arabic: عثمان بن عفان‎, translit. ‘Uthmān ibn ‘Affān; also known in English by the Turkish and Persian rendering Osman; 576 – 17 June 656) was a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and the third of the Sunni Rashidun or "Rightly Guided Caliphs". Born into a prominent Meccan clan of the Quraysh tribe, he played a major role in early Islamic history, succeeding Umar ibn al-Khattab as caliph at age 65. He was also the prophet's son-in-law twice, being married to two of the prophet’s daughters Ruqayyah and Umm Kulthum (he was married to the second daughter after the first passed away).

Under the leadership of Uthman, the empire expanded into Fars in 650 (present-day Iran), some areas of Khorasan (present-day Afghanistan) in 651 and the conquest of Armenia was begun in the 640s.[3]

Early life Uthman was born in Ta’if. He was born into the wealthy Umayyad (Banu Umayya) clan of the Quraysh tribe of Mecca, seven years after Muhammad. Uthman's father, Affan, died young while travelling abroad but left a large inheritance to Uthman. Uthman followed the same profession as his father, and his business flourished, making him one of the richest men among the Qurayshi tribe.[4][page needed] His mother was Awra who was the daughter of Um Hakim bint Abdul Mutalib, who was the twin sister of Abdullah, father of Muhammad, and therefore his first cousin. She also died before AD 610.[5][6]

Conversion to Islam On returning from a business trip to Syria in 611, Uthman found out that Muhammad had declared his mission. After a discussion with his friend Abu Bakr, Uthman decided to convert to Islam, and Abu Bakr took him to Muhammad to whom he declared his faith. Uthman thus became one of the earliest converts to Islam, following Ali, Zayd, Abu Bakr and few others. His conversion to Islam angered his clan, the Banu Ummayyah, who strongly opposed Muhammad's teachings.[7]

Migration to Abyssinia Uthman and his wife Ruqayya migrated to Abyssinia (modern Ethiopia) in 614–15, along with 11 men and 11 women, all Muslims. As Uthman already had some business contacts in Abyssinia, he continued to practise his profession as a trader. He worked hard and his business soon flourished. After two years the news had spread among the Muslims in Abyssinia that the Quraysh of Mecca had accepted Islam, and that persuaded Uthman, Ruqayya and some other Muslims to return. However, when they reached Mecca it transpired that the news about the Quraysh's acceptance of Islam was false. Some of the Muslims who had come from Abyssinia returned but Uthman and Ruqayya decided to stay. In Mecca Uthman had to start his business afresh, but the contacts that he had already established in Abyssinia worked in his favour and his business prospered once again.[8]

Migration to Medina In 622, Uthman and his wife, Ruqayya, migrated to Medina. They were amongst the third batch of Muslims who migrated to Medina. On arrival in Medina, Uthman stayed with Abu Talha ibn Thabit of the Banu Najjar. After a short while, Uthman purchased a house of his own and moved there. Being one of the richest merchants of Mecca, and having amassed a considerable fortune, Uthman did not need any financial help from his Ansari brothers, as he brought all his wealth with him to Medina. In Medina, the Muslims were generally farmers and were not very interested in trade, and thus most of the trading that took place in the town was handled by the Jews. Thus, there was considerable space for the Muslims in promoting trade and Uthman took advantage of this position, soon establishing himself as a trader in Medina. He worked hard and honestly, and his business flourished, soon becoming one of the richest men in Medina.[9]

Life in Medina When Ali married Fatimah, Uthman bought Ali's armor for five hundred dirhams. Four hundred was set aside as mahr (dower) for Fatimah's marriage, leaving a hundred for all other expenses. Later Uthman presented the armor back to Ali as a wedding present.[10][11]

Battles During the Nakhla Raid ordered by Muhammad, his brother Nawfal bin Abdullah ibn al-Mughirah was captured and taken prisoner by Abd-Allah ibn Jahsh[12]

According to the Muslim scholar Ibn Kathir, Muhammad refused to accept ransom for Nawfal bin Abdullah ibn al-Mughirah (Uthman's brother) and another captive, until he was sure his companions were safe, he also threatened to kill the captives. Muhammad said: "For we fear for their safety with you. If you kill them, we will kill your people", Ibn Kathir cites Ibn Ishaqs 7th century biography of Muhammad as the primary source for this quote.[12] The Muslim scholar Muhammad Husayn Haykal also mentions this and said the verse which permitted Muslims to fight in the months which were considered sacred by the Arab pagans (i.e. 1st, 7th, 11th and 12th months of the Islamic calendar) had "brought the Muslims relief", and that then Muhammad had accepted his share of the booty.[13] The 2 companions in question were Sad bin Abi Waqqas and Utbah bin Ghazwan who had lost their camels and gotten lost, Muhammad feared that Quraysh may find them and kill them.[12]

Furthermore, during the Invasion of Hamra al-Asad a Meccan spy Muawiyah bin Al Mugheerah, the cousin of Uthman ibn Affan, had been captured. According to the Muslim scholar Safiur Rahman Mubarakpuri, Uthman gave him shelter after getting permission from Muhammad, and Muhammad told him if he was caught again after 3 days he would be executed. So Muawiyah was given a grace period of three days and arranged a camel and provisions for his return journey to Mecca. Uthman departed with Muhammad for Hamra-al-Asad, and Muawiyah overstayed his grace. Though he fled by the time the army returned, Muhammad ordered his pursuit and execution. The orders were carried out.[14][15]

Muhammad's last years n 632 the year Muhammad died, Uthman participated in The Farewell Pilgrimage along with him.[4] In 632 .

Caliph Abu Bakr's era (632–634) Uthman had a very close relationship with Abu Bakr, as it was due to him that Uthman had converted to Islam. When Abu Bakr was selected as the Caliph, Uthman was the first person after Umar to offer his allegiance. During the Ridda wars (Wars of Apostasy), Uthman remained in Medina, acting as Abu Bakr's adviser. On his deathbed, Abu Bakr dictated his will to Uthman, saying that his successor was to be Umar.[16]

Election of Uthman Umar, on his deathbed formed a committee of six people to choose the next Caliph from amongst themselves. This committee was:

Ali Uthman ibn Affan Abdur Rahman bin Awf Sad ibn Abi Waqqas Al-Zubayr Talhah Umar asked that, after his death, the committee reach a final decision within three days, and the next Caliph should take the oath of office on the fourth day. If Talhah joined the committee within this period, he was to take part in the deliberations, but if he did not return to Medina within this period, the other members of the committee could proceed with the decision. Abdur Rahman bin Awf withdrew his eligibility to be appointed as Caliph in order to act as a moderator and began his task by interviewing every member of the committee separately. He asked them for whom they would cast their vote. When Ali was asked, he didn't reply. When Uthman was asked, he voted for Ali, Zubayr said for Ali or Uthman. and Saad said for Uthman.[16]

Reign as a Caliph (644–656) Economical and social administration

Economic reforms Uthman was a shrewd businessman and a successful trader from his youth, which contributed greatly to the Rashidun Empire. Umar had fixed the allowance of the people and on assuming office, Uthman increased it by about 25%. Umar had placed a ban on the sale of lands and the purchase of agricultural lands in conquered territories.[17] Uthman withdrew these restrictions, in view of the fact that the trade could not flourish. Uthman also permitted people to draw loans from the public treasury. Under Umar it had been laid down as a policy that the lands in conquered territories were not to be distributed among the combatants, but were to remain the property of the previous owners. The army felt dissatisfied at this decision, but Umar suppressed the opposition with a strong hand. Uthman followed the policy devised by Umar and there were more conquests, and the revenues from land increased considerably.[16]

Umar, the predecessor of Uthman was very strict in the use of money from the public treasury. Apart from the meagre allowance that had been sanctioned in his favour, Umar took no money from the treasury. He did not receive any gifts, nor did he allow any of his family members to accept any gift from any quarter. During the time of Uthman there was some relaxation in such strictness. Uthman did not draw any allowance from the treasury for his personal use, nor did he receive a salary, he was a wealthy man with sufficient resources of his own, but unlike Umar, Uthman accepted gifts and allowed his family members to accept gifts from certain quarters.[4] Uthman honestly expressed that he had the right to utilize the public funds according to his best judgment, and no one criticized him for that. The economic reforms introduced by Uthman had far reaching effects; Muslims as well as non-Muslims of the Rashidun Empire enjoyed an economically prosperous life during his reign.[18]

Military expansion During his rule Uthman's Military style was more autonomical in nature as he delegated so much military authority to his trusted kinsmen like Abdullah ibn Aamir, Muawiyah I, and Abdullāh ibn Sa‘ad ibn Abī as-Sarâḥ unlike the tenure of Umar where the military expansion was generally centralized in Umar's authority. consequently this more independent expansion enabled more overarching expansion until Sindh, Pakistan which was not touched during the tenure of Umar[19]

Muawiyah I was appointed the Governor of Syria by Umar earlier In 639 after his elder brother Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan (Governor of Syria) died in a plague, along with Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah the governor before him and 25,000 other people. To stop the Byzantine harassment from the sea during the Arab-Byzantine Wars. Now under Uthman's rule in 649 Muawiyah was allowed set up a navy; manned by Monophysitise Christians, Copts and Jacobite Syrian Christians sailors and Muslim troops. This resulted in the defeat of the Byzantine navy at the Battle of the Masts in 655, opening up the Mediterranean.[20][21][22][23][24]

In 31 Hijri year or around 651 AD Year Caliph Uthman was sent Abdullah ibn Zubayr and Abdullah ibn Saad to lead reconquest expedition towards Maghreb where he met the army of Gregory the Patrician, Exarch of Africa and relative of Heraclius which number was recorded as 120.000 to 200.000 soldiers[25] although another estimation was record Gregor's army was put in 20.000.[26][27] the opposing forces were clashed in the place which called Sabuthilag or alternately called Sufetula, which became the name of this battle. Records from al-Bidayah wal Nihayah desrcribed as following that Abdullah's troop were completely surrounded by Gregor's army in circular fashion and the situation was very dire for Muslim army as they were threatened with annihilation. However, in one time Abdullah ibn Zubayr has spotted Gregor in his chariot and soon he asking request to Abdullah ibn Sa'd to lead a small detachment to intercept Gregor. the interception was successful as Gregor was slain in by Zubayr's ambush party. Consequently, the morale of Byzantine army was started crumbling and soon they were routed[25] although another estimation was record Gregor's army was put in 20.000.[26]

Later after the conquest of Northern Africa was completed According to Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari,[28] Abdullah ibn Sa'd continued the conquest to Spain. Spain was first invaded some sixty years earlier during the caliphate of Uthman. Other prominent Muslim historians like, Ibn Kathir,[29] have also quoted the same narration. the description of this campaign were When North Africa had been duly conquered by Abdullah ibn Saad, two of his generals, Abdullah ibn Nafiah ibn Husain, and Abdullah ibn Nafi' ibn Abdul Qais, were commissioned to invade the coastal areas of Spain by sea aided by a Berber force landed in Spain, and succeeded in conquering the coastal areas of Al-Andalus. It is not known where the Muslim force landed, what resistance they met, and what parts of Spain they actually conquered. In any case, it is clear that the Muslims did conquer some portion of Spain during the caliphate of Uthman, presumably establishing colonies on its coast. On this occasion Uthman is reported to have addressed a letter to the invading force:

“ Constantinople will be conquered from the side of Al-Andalus. Thus if you conquer it you will have the honour of taking the first step towards the conquest of Constantinople. You will have your reward in this behalf both in this world and the next. ” Abdullah ibn Saad also continued his success in the very first Caliphate Naval battle against the Byzantine Empire in the Battle of the Masts which is described as the first decisive conflict of Islam on the deep of Byzantine offshore.[30]

Rashidun Empire at its peak under third Rashidun Caliph, Uthman- 654

 Strongholds of Rashidun Caliphate On the east Ahnaf ibn Qais, chief of Banu Tamim and a veteran commander who conquer Shustar earlier. Now in Uthman's regime Ahnaf launched a series of successful further military expansions by further mauling Yazdegerd III near Oxus River in Turkmenistan[31][32] and later crushing the military coalition of Sassanid empire loyalists and Hephthalite Empire in the Siege of Herat.[31] Later the governor of Basra, Abdullah ibn Aamir also lead successful various campaign which ranged from punitive Re-conquest of the revolting population of Fars, Kerman, Sistan, Khorasan to the opening of new conquest fronts in Transoxiana and Afghanistan.[33]

In the next year of 652 AD, the translation of records from Futh Al- Buldan of Baladhuri write that Balochistan was re-conquered during the campaign against the revolt in Kermān, under the command of Majasha ibn Mas'ud. It was the first time that western Balochistan had come directly under the Laws of Caliphate and it paid an agricultural tribute.[34][35]

The military campaigns under Uthman's rule was generally successful except a few campaign to the kingdom of Nubia in the lower Nile

Uthman's emissaries to the provinces The situation was becoming tense and so the Uthman administration had to investigate the origins and extent of anti-government propaganda and its aims. Some time around 654, Uthman called all the governors of his 12 provinces to Medina to discuss the problem. In this Council of Governors, Uthman directed the governors that they should adopt all the expedients they had suggested, according to local circumstances. Later, in the Majlis al Shurah (council of ministry), it was suggested to Uthman that reliable agents should be sent to various provinces to investigate the matter and report about the sources of such rumours. Uthman accordingly sent his agents to the main provinces, Muhammad ibn Maslamah was sent to Kufa; Usama ibn Zayd was sent to Basra; Ammar ibn Yasir was sent to Egypt, while Abd Allah ibn Umar was sent to Syria. The emissaries who had been sent to Kufa, Basra, and Syria submitted their reports to Uthman, that all was well in Kufa, Basra and Syria. The people were satisfied with the administration, and they had no legitimate grievance against it. Some individuals in various locations had some personal grievances of minor character, with which the people at large were not concerned. Ammar ibn Yasir, the emissary to Egypt, however, did not return to Medina. The rebels had carried on with their propaganda in favour of the Caliphate of Ali. Ammar ibn Yasir had been affiliated with Ali; he left Uthman, and instead joined the opposition in Egypt. Abdullah ibn Saad, the governor of Egypt, reported about the activities of the opposition in Egypt. He wanted to take action against Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr (foster son of Ali), Muhammad bin Abi Hudhaifa (adopted son of Uthman) and Ammar ibn Yasir.[36]

Further measures n 655, Uthman directed the people who had any grievance against the administration to assemble at Mecca for the Hajj. He promised them that all their legitimate grievances would be redressed. He directed the governors and the "Amils" throughout the empire to come to Mecca on the occasion of the Hajj. In response to the call of Uthman, the opposition came in large delegations from various cities to present their grievances before the gathering.[37]

The rebels realized that the people in Mecca supported the defence offered by Uthman and were not in the mood to listen to them.[7] That was a great psychological victory for Uthman. It is said, according to Sunni Muslim accounts, that before returning to Syria, the governor Muawiyah, Uthman’s cousin, suggested Uthman should come with him to Syria as the atmosphere there was peaceful. Uthman rejected his offer, saying that he didn't want to leave the city of Muhammad (referring to Medina). Muawiyah then suggested that he be allowed to send a strong force from Syria to Medina to guard Uthman against any possible attempt by rebels to harm him. Uthman rejected it too, saying that the Syrian forces in Medina would be an incitement to civil war, and he could not be party to such a move.[36]

Armed revolt against Uthman The politics of Egypt played the major role in the propaganda war against the caliphate, so Uthman summoned Abdullah ibn Saad, the governor of Egypt, to Medina to consult with him as to the course of action that should be adopted. Abdullah ibn Saad came to Medina, leaving the affairs of Egypt to his deputy, and in his absence, Muhammad bin Abi Hudhaifa staged a coup d'état and took power. On hearing of the revolt in Egypt, Abdullah hastened back but Uthman was not in a position to offer him any military assistance and, accordingly, Abdullah ibn Saad failed to recapture his power.[38]

Rebels in Medina From Egypt a contingent of about 1,000 people were sent to Medina, with instructions to assassinate Uthman and overthrow the government. Similar contingents marched from Kufa and Basra to Medina.[39] They sent their representatives to Medina to contact the leaders of public opinion. The representatives of the contingent from Egypt waited on Ali, and offered him the Caliphate in succession to Uthman, which Ali turned down. The representatives of the contingent from Kufa waited on Al-Zubayr, while the representatives of the contingent from Basra waited on Talhah, and offered them their allegiance as the next Caliph, which were both turned down. In proposing alternatives to Uthman as Caliph, the rebels neutralized the bulk of public opinion in Medina and Uthman's faction could no longer offer a united front. Uthman had the active support of the Umayyads, and a few other people in Medina.[40]

Siege of Uthman The early stage of the siege of Uthman’s house was not severe, but as the days passed, the rebels intensified their pressure against Uthman.[41] With the departure of the pilgrims from Medina to Mecca, the hands of the rebels were further strengthened, and as a consequence the crisis deepened further. The rebels understood that after the Hajj, the Muslims gathered at Mecca from all parts of the Muslim world might march to Medina to relieve Uthman. They therefore decided to take action against Uthman before the pilgrimage was over. During the siege, Uthman was asked by his supporters, who outnumbered the rebels, to let them fight against the rebels and rout them. Uthman prevented them in an effort to avoid the bloodshed of Muslim by Muslim. Unfortunately for Uthman, violence occurred anyhow. The gates of the house of Uthman were shut and guarded by the renowned warrior, Abd-Allah ibn al-Zubayr.[41] The sons of Ali, Hasan ibn Ali and Husayn ibn Ali, were also among the guards;[42] while amongst those inciting the people to fight included Aisha,[43] one of the wives of Muhammad.

Assassination Finding the gate of Uthman's house strongly guarded by his supporters, the rebels climbed the back wall and sneaked inside, leaving the guards on the gate unaware of what was going on inside. The rebels entered his room and struck blows at his head.[44] Naila, the wife of Uthman, threw herself on his body to protect him, raising her hand to protect him she had her fingers chopped off and was pushed aside, and further blows were struck until he was dead. The supporters of Uthman then counterattacked the assassins and, in turn, killed them. There was further fighting between the rebels and the supporters of Uthman, with casualties on both sides, after which the rebels looted the house.[45]

The rioters wanted to mutilate his body and were keen that he be denied burial. When some of the rioters came forward to mutilate the body of Uthman, his two widows, Nailah and Ramlah bint Sheibah, covered him, and raised loud cries which deterred the rioters. The rebels left the house and the supporters of Uthman at gate hearing it, entered, but it was too late.[46]

Funeral After the body of Uthman had been in the house for three days, Naila, Uthman's wife, approached some of his supporters to help in his burial, but only about a dozen people responded. These included Marwan, Zayd ibn Thabit, 'Huwatib bin Alfarah, Jubayr ibn Mut'im, Abu Jahm bin Hudaifa, Hakim bin Hazam and Niyar bin Mukarram.[47] The body was lifted at dusk, and because of the blockade, no coffin could be procured. The body was not washed, as Islamic teaching states that martyrs' bodies are not supposed to be washed before burial. Thus Uthman was carried to the graveyard in the clothes that he was wearing at the time of his assassination.[48]

His body was buried by Hassan, Hussein, Ali and others however some people reject that Ali attended the funeral[49] Naila followed the funeral with a lamp, but in order to maintain secrecy the lamp had to be extinguished. Naila was accompanied by some women including Ayesha, Uthman's daughter.[citation needed]

Burial he body was carried to Jannat al-Baqi, the Muslim graveyard. It appears that some people gathered there, and they resisted the burial of Uthman in the graveyard of the Muslims. The supporters of Uthman insisted that the body should be buried in Jannat al-Baqi. They later buried him in the Jewish graveyard behind Jannat al-Baqi. Some decades later, the Umayyad rulers demolished the wall separating the two cemeteries and merged the Jewish cemetery into the Muslim one to ensure that his tomb was now inside a Muslim cemetery.[50]

The funeral prayers were led by Jabir bin Muta'am, and the dead body was lowered into the grave without much of a ceremony. After burial, Naila the widow of Uthman and Aisha the daughter of Abu Bakir wanted to speak, but they were advised to remain quiet due to possible danger from the rioters.[51]

References 1. Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani. Lisan Al-Mizan: *Uthman bin al-Affan. 2. University of Zurich Institute of Oriental Studies converter - http://www.oriold.uzh.ch/static/hegira.html 3. Ochsenweld, William; Fisher, Sydney Nettleton (2004). The Middle East: a history (6th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-07-244233-6. 4. a b c d Al-Mubarakphuri, Safi-ur-Rahman (1996), Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum [The Sealed Nectar], Riyadh: Dar-us-Salam Publications. 5. Bewley Saad, p. 32. 6. Laundau-Tasseron Tabari, p. 198. 7. a b c Ahmad; Basit, Abdul (2000), Uthman bin Affan, the Third Caliph of Islam, Riyadh: Dar-us-Salam Publications. 8. Hazrat Usman – by Rafi Ahmad Fidai, Publisher: Islamic Book Service Pages: 32 9. Talhah bin 'Ubaydullah R 10. The Heirs Of The Prophet Muhammad: And The Roots Of The Sunni-Shia Schism By Barnaby Rogerson [1] 11. A Chronology Of Islamic History 570-1000 CE, By H.U. Rahman 1999 Page 48 and Page 52-53 12. a b c Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman, Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 2 (Part 2): Al-Baqarah 142 to Al-Baqarah 252 2nd Edition , p. 139, MSA Publication Limited, 2009, ISBN 1861796765. (online ) 13. Haykal, Husayn (1976), The Life of Muhammad , Islamic Book Trust, pp. 226–227, ISBN 978-983-9154-17-7 14. Safiur-Rahman Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar , p. 183 15. Ibn Hisham 2/60-129; Za'd Al-Ma'ad 2/91-108; Fath Al-Bari 7/345-377; Mukhtasar Seerat Ar-Rasool p.242-275 16. a b c The Early Islamic Conquests, Fred Donner, Princeton 1981 17. A Restatement of the History of Islam and Muslims on Al-Islam.org referencing Al-Fitna Al-Kubra (The Great Upheaval), published by Dar-ul-Ma'arif, Cairo, 1959, p. 47 18. The Gold Coins of Muslim Rulers 19. History of the Prophets and Kings (Tarikh al-Tabari) Vol. 04 The Ancient Kingdoms: pg:183 20. European Naval and Maritime History, 300-1500 By Archibald Ross Lewis, Timothy J. Runyan Page 24 [2] 21. History of the Jihad By Leonard Michael Kroll Page 123 22. A History of Byzantium By Timothy E. Gregory page 183 23. Prophets and Princes: Saudi Arabia from Muhammad to the Present By Mark Weston Page 61 [3] 24. The Medieval Siege By Jim Bradbury Page 11 25. a b Kisah Hidup Utsman ibn Affan citing Tarikh at Thabari and al Bidayah wal Nihayah (71/158) . 1990. p. 87. ISBN 9790241372. 26. a b Hollingsworth (1991), p. 875 27. Moore (1999) 28. See: History of the Prophets and Kings (Tarikh al-Tabari) 29. See: Al-Bidayah wa al-Nihayah (Tarikh ibn Kathir) 30. Ridpath's Universal History, Merrill & Baker, Vol. 12, New York, p. 483. 31. a b The Muslim Conquest of Persia By A.I. Akram. Ch:17 ISBN 0-19-597713-0, 32. Shadows in the Desert: Ancient Persia at War, By Kaveh Farrokh, Published by Osprey Publishing, 2007 ISBN 1-84603-108-7 33. Iraq After the Muslim Conquest by Michael G. Morony citing Baladhuri, Jahshiyari and Tabari 34. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). The Cambridge History of Iran 5. Cambridge University Press. p. 87. 35. Daryaee, Touraj (1977). The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History . Bookland. p. 117. 36. a b The Cambridge History of Islam, ed. P.M. Holt, Ann K.S. Lambton, and Bernard Lewis, Cambridge, 1970 37. a b Sirat-i-Hazrat Usman-i-Ghani, by Mohammad Alias Aadil. Publishers: Mushtaq Ahmed Lahore 38. Abu Nuaym, Hilya al-Awliya’ 1:92–100 #3; al-Dhahabi, Siyar Alam al-Nubala’ 1/2: 566–614 #4. 39. Uthman ibn Affan 40. a b Muhammad and the Conquests of Islam, Francesco Gabrieli, London 1968 41. a b The Murder of the Caliph Uthman, M. Hinds, in International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 1972 42. Prophets and princes: Saudi Arabia from Muhammad to the present, pg 63, By Mark Weston 43. Al Nahaya, Volume 5 page 80 ; Qamus, page 500 "lughut Nathal" by Firozabadi ; Lisan al Arab, Volume 11 Chapter "Lughuth Nathal" page 670 ; Sharh Nahjul Balagha Ibn al Hadeed Volume 2 page 122 ; Sheikh al-Mudhira, by Mahmoud Abu Raya, p170 (foot note) ; Al-Imama wa al-Siyasa, Volume 1 page 52 ; Tarikh Mukhtasar al-Duwal, by Ibn Al-Ebrei, v1 p55 ; Al-Mahsol, by al-Razi, v4 p343 ; Ansab al-Ashraf, Volume 6 pages 192–193 ; History of Tabari [English translation] Volume 15 pages 289–239. 44. Richard R. Losch, The Many Faces of Faith: A Guide to World Religions and Christian Traditions 45. Shaykh Zahir, The Martyrdom of Uthman ibn Affan 46. Uthman ibn Affan 47. Hazrat Usman 48. Uthman ibn Affan: The Man With Two Lights (Part Two) 49. Philip Khuri Hitti, Makers of Arab History. St. Martin's Press 1968. Original from the University of Michigan. Digitized 21 November 2006 50. Textual Sources for the Study of Islam By Knappert, Jan, Andrew Rippin 51. The Encyclopaedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, Chronologically Arranged By Peter N. Stearns, William Leonard Langer


Under the leadership of Uthman, the empire expanded into Fars in 650 (present-day Iran), some areas of Khorasan (present-day Afghanistan) in 651 and the conquest of Armenia was begun in the 640s

Umar, on his deathbed formed a committee of six people to choose the next Caliph from amongst themselves. This committee was:

Ali Uthman ibn Affan Abdur Rahman bin Awf Sad ibn Abi Waqqas Al-Zubayr Talhah Umar asked that, after his death, the committee reach a final decision within three days, and the next Caliph should take the oath of office on the fourth day. If Talhah joined the committee within this period, he was to take part in the deliberations, but if he did not return to Medina within this period, the other members of the committee could proceed with the decision. Abdur Rahman bin Awf withdrew his eligibility to be appointed as Caliph in order to act as a moderator and began his task by interviewing every member of the committee separately. He asked them for whom they would cast their vote. When Ali was asked, he didn't reply. When Uthman was asked, he voted for Ali, Zubayr said for Ali or Uthman. and Saad said for Uthman

The Umayyad family had first come to power under the third caliph, Uthman ibn Affan (r. 644–656), but the Umayyad regime was founded by Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan, long-time governor of Syria, after the end of the First Muslim Civil War in 661 CE/41 AH

Uthman (Umayyad) ibn 'Affan al-Qurayshi*, Caliph Born: Between Circa 574 and 593 In: Medina Died: June 17 656 (at age ‎~82‏) In: Murdered

Nayla (Christian woman) ibn 'Affan (born bint Farasa) His wife

Ruqayyah (Ruqaiyah) ibn 'Affan (born bint Muhammad Banu Hashim) His wife

A'isha (Ayesha) ibn Hakam (born bint Uthman ibn Affan) His daughter

Affan ibn Umayyah* (aka ibn Wa'il) His father

Urwa ibn Umayyah* (aka ibn Wa'il) (born bint Abu Mu'ayt (Kariz))

Biography 'Uthman ibn 'Affan (born c.580, son of 'Affan), 3rd KHALIFA [successor] OF DAMASCUS (644-56), married 1. Nayla bint Farasa (born c.605, a Christian woman); then 2. Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad; then 3. Ruquyyah bint Muhammad (Umm Kulthum's sister); then 4. --- (a Jewish woman). His nepotism incensed the Hashemites, who were Muhammad's immediate family, and he was deposed (656). He died 17th July 656.

• Place of Burial:Immediate Family:
• ʻUthmān ʻAffān
• Also Known As: ""Al-Ghani" ("the Generous")", ""Thun-Nurayn" / "Zunnorain" ("Possessor of Two Lights")", "عثمان بن عفان"
• Birthdate: 577
• Birthplace: Taif, Makkah Province, Saudi Arabia
• Death: Died June 17, 656 in Medina, Saudi Arabia
• Cause of death: Assassination by rebels
• Medina, Saudi Arabia
• Son of ʻAffān bin Abu al-ʻAs and Urwa binte Kariz
• Husband of Umm 'Amr binte Jandab; Fatimah binte al-Walid;Nayla binte Farasa; Ruqayyah bint Muhammad; Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad; Zainab bint Muhammad and Ramlah binte Shaibah « less
• Father of Aban bin ʻUthmān; 'Amr bin ʻUthmān; Khalid bin ʻUthmān; 'Umar bin ʻUthmān; Maryam binte ʻUthmān; Walid bin ʻUthmān; Said bin ʻUthmān; Umm Said binte ʻUthmān; 'Aisha binte ʻUthmān and 'Abdullah bin ʻUthmān « less
• Brother of Amna binte ʻAffān
• Half brother of Walid bin 'Uqbah; Khalid bin 'Uqbah; 'Amr bin 'Uqbah and Umm Kulthoom binte 'Uqbah
• Occupation: Third Caliph of Rashidun Empire, 3ʻ, Guide de l'Islam, Calife, de Damas
• , 3rd Rightly Guided Caliph of Islam
• b. circa 593, d. 17 June 656
• Father 'Affan ibn Abûl 'Âs1 b. circa 573

     'Uthman ibn 'Affan al-Qurayshi, 3rd Rightly Guided Caliph of Islam was born into the rich and powerful Umayyad clan of Mecca.2 He centralized the administration of the caliphate and established an official version of the Qur'an.2 Of the Umayyad. He was born circa 593. He was the son of 'Affan ibn Abûl 'Âs.1 'Uthman ibn 'Affan al-Qurayshi, 3rd Rightly Guided Caliph of Islam married Ruqaiyah bint Muhammad Banu Hâshim, daughter of Muhammad ibn 'Abd Allâh al-Mustafa (pbuh&hf), The Prophet and Khadîjah bint Khuwaylid banu As'sad al-Qurayshiyya, circa 613; Her 2nd (divorcee).3 'Uthman ibn 'Affan al-Qurayshi, 3rd Rightly Guided Caliph of Islam married Umm Kalthum bint Muhammad ibn 'Abd Allâh Banu Hâshim, daughter of Muhammad ibn 'Abd Allâh al-Mustafa (pbuh&hf), The Prophet and Khadîjah bint Khuwaylid banu As'sad al-Qurayshiyya, circa 629; His 2nd (widower). Her 2nd (divorcee).3 The second marriage was to another one of the Prophet's daughters followed the death of Ruqayya. Because he had the high privilege of having two daughters of the Prophet as wives Uthman was known as "The Possessor of the Two Lights." 3rd Rightly Guided Caliph of Islâm between 644 and 656.4 'Uthman ibn 'Affan al-Qurayshi, 3rd Rightly Guided Caliph of Islam was a witness where Marwân I ibn al-Hakam al-Qurayshi, 4th Umayyad Caliph a loyal follower of the Caliph 'Uthman bin 'Affan.5 'Uthman ibn 'Affan al-Qurayshi, 3rd Rightly Guided Caliph of Islam was a witness where 'Â'isha umm Mu'minin bint Abu Bakr al-Makkiyya played an important role in fomenting opposition that led to the murder of 'Uthman, the 3rd Caliph, in 656.6 'Uthman ibn 'Affan al-Qurayshi, 3rd Rightly Guided Caliph of Islam was a witness where Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr al-Makkiyya involved in the assassination of the third Caliph, Uthman on 17 June 656 at Medina, Arabia.7 'Uthman ibn 'Affan al-Qurayshi, 3rd Rightly Guided Caliph of Islam died on 17 June 656 at 18th Zul al-Hijjah, A.H. 35, Medina, Arabia. After a long siege, the rebels, urged by 'A'isha, the widow of Muhammed, broke into Uthman's house and murdered him. When the first assassin's sword struck Uthman, he was reciting the verse, "Verily, God sufficeth thee; He is the All-Hearing, the All-Knowing." His death marked the beginning of open religious and political conflicts within the Islamic community.2 He was the predecessor of 'Alî al-Murtadha ibn Abû Tâlib, 1st Holy Imam of Islam; 4th Rightly Guided Caliph of Islâm.8,1,4 . He was admitted to paradise.4 Family 1 Ruqaiyah bint Muhammad Banu Hâshim b. circa 598, d. 623 Children	 'Abd Allâh ibn 'Uthman Banu 'Abd Shams b. c 615 Aisha bint 'Uthman ibn 'Affan+ b. c 617 Family 2 Umm Kalthum bint Muhammad ibn 'Abd Allâh Banu Hâshim b. circa 603, d. 630 Citations [S653] PoH, online http://www.friesian.com/ [S862] Various EB CD 2001, 'Uthman ibn 'Affan. [S469] Al-Islam.com, online http://www.al-islam.com/, The Prophet's daughters. [S956] Comparitive Index to Islam, online http://answering-islam.org/Index/index.html, 'UTHMAN IBN 'AFFAN. [S469] Al-Islam.com, online http://www.al-islam.com/ [S862] Various EB CD 2001, Camel, Battle of the (Islamic hist.) . [S956] Comparitive Index to Islam, online http://answering-islam.org/Index/index.html, ABU BAKR . [S172] Various Encyclopaedea Britannica.

Uthman ibn Affan (Arabic: عثمان بن عفان‎, strict transliteration: ʻUthmān ibn ʻAffān) (577 – 17 June 656) was a companion of theIslamic prophet Muhammad, and the third of the Sunni Rashidun or "Rightly Guided Caliphs". Born into a prominent Meccan clan of the Quraysh tribe, he played a major role in early Islamic history, succeeding Umar ibn al-Khattab as caliph at age 65. He was also the prophet's son-in-law, being married to the prophet’s Adopted daughters Ruqayyah.

The name of Uthman with Islamic calligraphy. Under the leadership of Uthman, the empire expanded into Fars in 650 (present-day Iran), some areas of Khorasan (present-dayAfghanistan) in 651 and the conquest of Armenia was begun in the 640s.[3]

Early life

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2013) Uthman was born in Ta’if. He was born into the wealthy Umayyad (Banu Umayya) clan of the Quraysh tribe of Mecca, seven years after Muhammad. Uthman's father, Affan, died young while travelling abroad but left a large inheritance to Uthman. Uthman followed the same profession as his father, and his business flourished, making him one of the richest men among the Qurayshi tribe.[4] His mother was Awra who was daughter of Umme Hakim bint Abdul Mutallib. The later was twin sister of Abdullah, father of Muhammad and therefore his first cousin. She also passed away before AD 610.[5]

Conversion to Islam Bismillahir Rahmanir Rahim Part of a series on

Sunni Islam BeliefsFive PillarsRightly-Guided CaliphsSchools of LawSchools of theologyMovementsHoly sitesHadith collections Selimiye Camii ve Mavi Gökyüzü.jpg MonotheismProphethood / MessengershipHoly booksAngelsJudgement DayPredestination Declaration of FaithPrayerCharityFastingPilgrimage Abu BakrUmar ibn al-KhattabUthman ibn AffanAli ibn Abi Talib HanafiMalikiShafi'iHanbaliẒāhirī Extinct

Awza'iLaythiThawriJariri MaturidiAsh'ariAthari Wahhabi movementSalafi movementAhl al-HadithIslamic modernismBarelviDeobandi Jerusalem in IslamMeccaMedina Kutub al-SittahSahih al-BukhariSahih MuslimAl-Sunan al-SughraSunan Abu DawoodSunan al-TirmidhiSunan ibn Majah vte On returning from a business trip to Syria in 611, Uthman found out that Muhammad had declared his mission. After a discussion with his friend Abu Bakr, Uthman decided to convert to Islam, and Abu Bakr took him to Muhammad to whom he declared his faith. Uthman thus became the one of the earliest converts to Islam, following Ali, Zayd, Abu Bakr and few others. His conversion to Islam angered his clan, the Banu Ummayyah, who strongly opposed Muhammad's teachings.[6]

Migration to Abyssinia Uthman and his wife Ruqayya migrated to Abyssinia (modern Ethiopia) in 614–615, along with 11 men and 11 women, all Muslims. As Uthman already had some business contacts in Abyssinia, he continued to practise his profession as a trader. He worked hard and his business soon flourished. After two years the news had spread among the Muslims in Abyssinia that the Quraysh of Mecca had accepted Islam, and that persuaded Uthman, Ruqayya and some other Muslims to return. However when they reached Mecca it transpired that the news about the Quraysh's acceptance of Islam was false. Some of the Muslims who had come from Abyssinia returned but Uthman and Ruqayya decided to stay. In Mecca Uthman had to start his business afresh, but the contacts that he had already established in Abyssinia worked in his favour and his business prospered once again.[7]

Migration to Medina In 622, Uthman and his wife, Ruqayya, migrated to Medina. They were amongst the third batch of Muslims who migrated to Medina. On arrival in Medina, Uthman stayed with Abu Talha ibn Thabit of the Banu Najjar. After a short while, Uthman purchased a house of his own and moved there. Being one of the richest merchants of Mecca, and having amassed a considerable fortune, Uthman did not need any financial help from his Ansari brothers, as he brought all his wealth with him to Medina. In Medina, the Muslims were generally farmers and were not very interested in trade, and thus most of the trading that took place in the town was handled by theJews. Thus, there was considerable space for the Muslims in promoting trade and Uthman took advantage of this position, soon establishing himself as a trader in Medina. He worked hard and honestly, and his business flourished, soon becoming one of the richest men in Medina.[8]

Life in Medina When Ali married Fatimah, Uthman bought Ali's armor for five hundred dirhams. Four hundred was set aside as a dowry for Fatimah, leaving a hundred for all other expenses. Later Uthman presented the armor back to Ali as a wedding present.[9][10]

Battles Main article: List of expeditions of Muhammad During the Nakhla Raid ordered by Muhammad, his brother Nawfal bin Abdullah ibn al-Mughirah was captured and taken prisoner byAbd-Allah ibn Jahsh[11]

According to the Muslim scholar Ibn Kathir, Muhammad refused to accept ransom for Nawfal bin Abdullah ibn al-Mughirah (Uthman's brother) and another captive, until he was sure his companions were safe, he also threatened to kill the captives. Muhammad said: "For we fear for their safety with you. If you kill them, we will kill your people", Ibn Kathir cites Ibn Ishaqs 7th century biography of Muhammad as the primary source for this quote.[11] The Muslim scholar Muhammad Husayn Haykal also mentions this and said the verse which permitted Muslims to fight in the months which were considered sacred by the Arab pagans (i.e. 1st, 7th, 11th and 12th months of the Islamic calendar) had "brought the Muslims relief", and that then Muhammad had accepted his share of the booty.[12]The 2 companions in question were Sad bin Abu Waqqas and Utbah bin Ghazwan who had lost their camels and gotten lost, Muhammad feared the Quraysh my find them and kill them.[11]

Furthermore during the Invasion of Hamra al-Asad a Meccan spy Muawiyah bin Al Mugheerah, the cousin of Uthman ibn Affan, had been captured. According to the Muslim scholar Safiur Rahman Mubarakpuri, Uthman gave him shelter after getting permission from Muhammad, and Muhammad told him if he was caught again after 3 days he would be executed. So Muawiyah was given a grace period of three days and arranged a camel and provisions for his return journey to Mecca. Uthman departed with Muhammad for Hamra-al-Asad, and Muawiyah overstayed his grace. Though he fled by the time the army returned, Muhammad ordered his pursuit and execution. The orders were carried out.[13][14]

Muhammad's last years In 632 the year Muhammad died, Uthman participated in The Farewell Pilgrimage along with him.[4] In 632 .

Caliph Abu Bakr's era (632–634) Uthman had a very close relationship with Abu Bakr, as it was due to him that Uthman had converted to Islam. When Abu Bakr was selected as the Caliph, Uthman was the second person, first being Umar to offer his allegiance to the prophet. During the Ridda wars (Wars of Apostasy), Uthman remained at Medina, acting as Abu Bakr's adviser. On his deathbed, Abu Bakr dictated his will to Uthman, saying that his successor was to be Umar.[15]

Election of Uthman

Uthman ibn Affan (Arabic: عثمان بن عفان) (c. 574 – June 17, 656) was the third Caliph of the Ummah, and is regarded by the Sunni Muslims as one of the Four Righteously Guided Caliphs. He reigned from 644 until 656.

Family tree paternal grandfather: Abu al-'As ibn Umayyah

father: Affan ibn Abu al-As maternal grandfather: Kariz

mother: Urwa bint Karizhimself: Uthman ibn Affanwife(?): Umm'Amr bint Jandabson: Amr ibn Uthmanson: Khalid ibn Uthmanson: Aban ibn Uthman[1]son: Umar ibn UthmanMaryam bint Uthmanwife(?): Fatimah bint al-Walidson: Walid ibn Uthmanson: Said ibn Uthmandaughter: Umm Said bint Uthmanwife: Nayla bint Farasason: Amr ibn Uthmandaughter: Aisha (or Aminah or Amina) bint Uthman – married Marwan Iwife Ruqayyah bint Muhammadson: Abd-Allah ibn Uthmanwife Umm Kulthum binte Muhammadstepfather: Uqba ibn Abu Mu'aythalf-brother: Walid ibn Uqba[2]half-brother: Khalid ibn Uqbahalf-brother: Amr ibn Uqbahalf-sister: Umm Kulthum bint Uqba – married Zayd ibn Harithah, Zubayr ibn al-Awam, Abd-al-Rahman ibn Awf[2] and Amr ibn al-A'as See also Succession to Muhammad, the four Rashidun – and the Sunnah Abu Bakr – Family tree Umar – Family tree Uthman – Family tree Ali – Family tree References

Salaam Knowledge

A Restatement of the History of Islam and Muslims on Al-islam.org [1]

پیش از علی بن ابی طالب پس از عمر

عثمان بن عفان (زاده ۵۷۶ و درگذشته ۶۵۶ میلادی) سومین خلیفه مسلمانان پس از درگذشت محمد، پیامبر اسلام بود. او از سال ۲۳ تا ۳۵ هجری قمری مصادف با ۶۴۴ تا ۶۵۶ میلادی بر سرزمین‌های اسلامی و فتوحات جدید خود زمامداری نمود. عثمان از تیره مکی و ثروتمند ابوالعاص (نام پدربزرگش) از خاندان بنی امیه بود. او دعوت محمد را پذیرفت و مسلمان شد. عثمان در شمار مهاجران به حبشه بود، اما به زودی به مکه بازگشت و به مدینه مهاجرت کرد. وی در مدینه به ترتیب با دو دختر محمد ام کلثوم و رقیه ازدواج نمود و لذا به ذوالنورین مشهور گشت. در زمان ابوبکر وی از افراد نزدیک به او بوده و کاتب وی به شمار می‌آمد. در دوره عمر نیز از نفوذ قابل توجهی برخوردار بود. در زمان او بسیاری از سرزمین‌های خاورمیانه امروزی مانند قفقاز، خراسان، کرمان، قبرس و قسمتهایی از شمال آفریقا فتح شد. عثمان ۴۹ روز آخر عمر خود را در محاصره مخالفین و معترضین خود بود که نهایتاً به قتل او انجامید. عثمان همچنین نسخه‌ای رسمی از قرآن را جمع‌آوری و به ثبت رسانید. پس از قتل عثمان اختلافات گروه‌های مسلمانان و سرزمین‌های متحده اسلامی (مثل شام، عراق، حجاز و مصر) بیشتر شد، این ناسازگاری‌های سیاسی و دینی منجر به درگیری‌هایی موسوم به فتنه اول و دوم گردید.

عثمان خانواده توانگری داشت و خود بازرگانی دارا بود. هنگامی که محمد اندرزگویی و دعوت به اسلام را در مکه آغاز کرد، عثمان سریعاً دشمنی و کینه‌جویی قبیله بنی امیه را علیه محمد برانگیخت اما حدود ۵ سال بعد کیش خود را به اسلام تغییر داد. عثمان پس از دوستی با محمد در میان مسلمانان از لحاظ اجتماعی و اقتصادی از افراد سطح بالا به شمار می‌رفت. او در مقایسه با دیگر صحابی فعالیت کمتری از خود بروز می‌داد و کمتر در فعالیت‌های مسلمانان شرکت می‌کرد. عثمان به ندرت پیشنهادهای نوآورانه ارائه می‌داد ولی با این وجود در نخستین سال‌های تاریخ اسلام وی شخصی مطیع و منفعل و نظراتش با تصمیمات جمعی مسلمانان همسو بود. در دوران زمامداری نیز عثمان سیاست‌های خلیفه پیش از خود (عمر) را ادامه داد هر چند از لحاظ شخصیتی اقدامات و خط مشی او به اقتدار و زورمندی عمر نمی‌رسید.

پس از قتل عمر در سال ۶۴۴ میلادی، عثمان به عنوان جانشین او انتخاب شد.

Uthman bin Affan (tué en 35 AH) est le troisième calife des califes Rashidun parmi les sunnites et l'un des compagnons du Saint Prophète (PSL). Uthman est venu au califat selon le conseil nommé par Umar ibn al-Khattab avant sa mort pour élire un calife, et de 23 AH (ou 24 AH) jusqu'à son assassinat en 35 AH. A gouverné. Il a été tué par des insurgés à Médine à la suite d'une révolte contre son gouvernement.

https://fa.wikishia.net/view/%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%...