Hrothisteus, Chief of the Visigoths

Suggested as a possible son of Geberich but no evidence.

During the 4th century the Visigoths coexisted peacefully with the Romans, farming and trading agricultural products and slaves for luxury goods. The Visigoths adopted many elements of Roman culture. Some of them became literate in Latin. In the middle of the century substantial numbers of the Visigoths accepted Arianism, a variety of Christianity that denied the Trinity.

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http://people.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/jordgeti.html

link contains text of The Origin and Deeds of the Goths, by Jordannes, translated by Charles Mierow

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Aorico fue un caudillo visigodo, fundador de la dinastía baltinga. Nacido sobre el 290 y muerto en 354, fue padre de los caudillos Atanarico y Rocesthes, que fueron padres a su vez de los reyes Ataúlfo y Alarico I, respectivamente.

in: Wikipedia: la enciclopedia libre <http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aorico>

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Aorico de los Visigodos nació en la Dacia, al norte del Danubio, lugar de asentamiento de los visigodos, hacia el año de 290. Murió en 354. Tuvo por hijos a Atanarico II de los visigodos (c.318) y a Rocestes de los visigodos (320).

in: Reyes Visigodos <http://www.rodin.org.mx/patrologia/agu/visigodos.html>

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Aoric King of the Visigoths was born ABT 0320 in Peuce, Germany.

Child of Aoric King of the Visigoths is:

+ 2 i. Athanarich King of the Visigoths was born ABT 0344 in Peuce, Germany.

Descendant Register, Generation No. 2

2. Athanarich King of the Visigoths (Aoric King of the Visigoths1) was born ABT 0344 in Peuce, Germany. He married Gaatha of the Visigoths. She was born ABT 0350.

Child of Athanarich King of the Visigoths and Gaatha of the Visigoths is:

+ 3 i. Alaric I King of the Visigoths was born 0370 in Peuce, Germany, and died 0412 in Cosenza, Italy .

Descendant Register, Generation No. 3

3. Alaric I King of the Visigoths (Athanarich King of the Visigoths2, Aoric King of the Visigoths1) was born 0370 in Peuce, Germany, and died 0412 in Cosenza, Italy . He married Galla Placidia, daughter of Flavius Theodosius Roman Emperor and Galla Valentia. She was born ABT 0370 in Cauca, Spain , and died 27 Nov 0450 in Rome, Italy.

Children of Alaric I King of the Visigoths and Galla Placidia are:

+ 4 i. Basina of the Thuringians was born ABT 0397 in Thuringen, Germany . She married Clodion " Le Chevelu" King of Franks, son of Pharamond King of the Franks and Argotta Queen of Franks. He was born ABT 0395 in Nordrhein-Westphalia, Germany , and died 0449 in Cambray, France . + 5 ii. Theodoric I King of Ostragoths was born ABT 0390 in Thuringen, Germany , and died 0451 in Barcelons, Spain

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigoths

Visigoths From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Visigoths (Latin: Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, or Wisi) were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East Germanic tribe; the Ostrogoths being the other. Together these tribes were among the barbarians who disturbed the late Roman Empire during the Migration Period. The romanized Visigoths first emerged as a distinct people during the fourth century, initially in the Balkans, where they participated in several wars with Rome. A Visigothic army under Alaric I eventually moved into Italy and famously sacked Rome in 410.

Eventually the Visigoths were settled in southern Gaul as foederati of the Romans, the reasons for which are still subjects for debate among scholars. They soon fell out with their hosts and established their own kingdom with its capital at Toulouse. They slowly extended their authority into Hispania, displacing the Vandals and Alans. Their rule in Gaul was cut short in 507 at the Battle of Vouillé, when they were defeated by the Franks under Clovis I. Thereafter the only territory north of the Pyrenees that the Visigoths held was Septimania and their kingdom was limited to Hispania, which came completely under the control of their small governing elite, at the expense of the Byzantine province of Spania and the Suebic Kingdom of Galicia.

In or around 589, the Visigoths, under Reccared I, formerly Arians, converted to the Nicene faith as the ethnic distinction (ancestry, language, religion, tribal dress, etc.) between the increasingly Romanized Visigoths and their Hispano-Roman subjects gradually disappeared.[1] Liber Iudiciorum (completed in 654) abolished the old tradition of having different laws for Romans and for Visigoths; all the subjects of the kingdom would stop being romani and gothi to become hispani. The century that followed was dominated by the Councils of Toledo and the episcopacy. Historical sources for the seventh century are relatively sparse. In 711 or 712 the Visigoths, including their king and many of their leading men, were killed in the Battle of Guadalete by a force of invading Arabs and Berbers. The kingdom quickly collapsed thereafter, a phenomenon which has led to much debate among scholars concerning its causes. Gothic identity survived the fall of the kingdom, however, especially in the Kingdom of Asturias and the Marca Hispanica.

Of what remains of the Visigoths in Spain and Portugal there are several churches and an increasing number of archaeological finds, but most notably a large number of Spanish, Portuguese, and other Romance language given names and surnames. The Visigoths were the only people to found new cities in western Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire and before the rise of the Carolingians. Until the Late Middle Ages, the greatest Visigothic legacy, which is no longer in use, was their law code, the Liber iudiciorum, which formed the basis for legal procedure in most of Christian Iberia for centuries after their kingdom's demise.

Nomenclature: Vesi, Ostrogothi, Tervingi, Greuthungi

Contemporaneous references to the Gothic tribes use the terms "Vesi" (Latin for Visigoths), "Ostrogothi", "Thervingi", and "Greuthungi." Most scholars have concluded that the terms "Vesi" and "Tervingi" were both used to refer to one particular tribe, while the terms "Ostrogothi" and "Greuthungi" were used to refer to another. Herwig Wolfram points out that while primary sources occasionally list all four names (as in, for example, Gruthungi, Austrogothi, Tervingi, Visi),[5] whenever they mention two different tribes, they always refer either to "the Vesi and the Ostrogothi" or to "the Tervingi and the Greuthungi", and they never pair them up in any other combination.[6] This conclusion is supported by Jordanes,[7] who identified the Visigoth (Vesi) kings from Alaric I to Alaric II as the heirs of the 4th century Tervingian king Athanaric, and the Ostrogoth kings from Theoderic the Great to Theodahad as the heirs of the Greuthungi king Ermanaric. In addition, the Notitia Dignitatum equates the Vesi with the Tervingi in a reference to the years 388–391.[5]

The earliest sources for each of the four names are roughly contemporaneous. The first recorded reference to "the Tervingi" is in a eulogy of the emperor Maximian (285–305), delivered in or shortly after 291 (perhaps at Trier on 20 April 292)[8] and traditionally ascribed to Claudius Mamertinus.[9] It says that the "Tervingi, another division of the Goths" (Tervingi pars alia Gothorum), joined with the Taifali to attack the Vandals and Gepidae. (The term "Vandals" may have been a mistaken reference to the "Victohali", since around 360 the historian Eutropius reports that Dacia was currently inhabited by Taifali, Victohali, and Tervingi.)[10] The first recorded reference to "the Greuthungi" is by Ammianus Marcellinus, writing no earlier than 392 and perhaps later than 395, recounting the words of a Tervingian chieftain who is attested as early as 376.[5] The first known use of the term "Ostrogoths" is in a document dated September 392 from Milan.[5] (Claudian mentions that they, together with the Gruthungi, inhabit Phrygia.)[11] Gutthiuda,[12] the country of Visigoths

Wolfram notes that "Vesi" and "Ostrogothi" were terms each tribe used to boastfully describe itself and argues that "Tervingi" and "Greuthungi" were geographical identifiers each tribe used to describe the other.[6] This would explain why the latter terms dropped out of use shortly after 400, when the Goths were displaced by the Hunnic invasions.[5] As an example of this geographical naming practice, Wolfram cites an account by Zosimus of a group of people living north of the Danube who called themselves "the Scythians" but were called "the Greutungi" by members of a different tribe living north of the Ister.[13] Wolfram believes that the people Zosimus describes were those Tervingi who had remained behind after the Hunnic conquest.[13] For the most part, all of the terms discriminating between different Gothic tribes gradually disappeared after they moved into the Roman Empire.[6] The last indication that the Goths whose king reigned at Toulouse thought of themselves as "Vesi" is found in a panegyric on Avitus by Sidonius Apollinaris dated 1 January 456.[6]

Most recent scholars (notably Peter Heather) have concluded that Visigothic group identity emerged only within the Roman Empire.[14] Roger Collins believes that the Visigothic identity emerged from the Gothic War of 376–382 when a collection of Tervingi, Greuthungi, and other "barbarian" contingents banded together in multiethnic foederati (Wolfram's "federate armies") under Alaric I in the eastern Balkans, since they had become a multiethnic group and could no longer claim to be exclusively Tervingian.[15]

The term "Visigoth" was an invention of the 6th century. Cassiodorus, a Roman in the service of Theoderic the Great, invented the term "Visigothi" to match that of "Ostrogothi", terms he thought of as signifying "western Goths" and "eastern Goths" respectively.[6] The western–eastern division was a simplification (and a literary device) of 6th century historians; political realities were more complex.[16] Further, Cassiodorus used the term "Goths" to refer only to the Ostrogoths, whom he served, and reserved the geographical term "Visigoths" for the Gallo-Spanish Goths. This usage, however, was adopted by the Visigoths themselves in their communications with the Byzantine Empire and was still in use in the 7th century.[16]

Other names for other Gothic divisions abounded. A "Germanic" Byzantine or Italian author referred to one of the two peoples as the Valagothi, meaning "Roman Goths", and in 469 the Visigoths were called the "Alaric Goths".[16]

Etymology of Tervingi and Vesi/Visigothi

The name Tervingi may mean "forest people".[6] This is supported by evidence that geographic descriptors were commonly used to distinguish people living north of the Black Sea both before and after Gothic settlement there, by evidence of forest-related names among the Tervingi, and by the lack of evidence for an earlier date for the name pair Tervingi–Greuthungi than the late 3rd century.[17] That the name Tervingi has pre-Pontic, possibly Scandinavian, origins still has support today.[17]

The Visigoths are called Wesi or Wisi by Trebellius Pollio, Claudian, and Sidonius Apollinaris.[18] The word is Gothic for "good", implying the "good or worthy people",[6] related to Gothic iusiza "better" and a reflex of Indo-European *wesu "good", akin to Welsh gwiw "excellent", Greek eus "good", Sanskrit vásu-ş "id.".[19] Jordanes relates the tribe's name to a river, though this is most likely a folk etymology or legend like his similar story about the Greuthung name.[17] The name Visigothi is an invention of Cassiodorus, who combined Visi and Gothi under the misapprehension that it meant "west Goths".

History

War with Rome (376–382)

The Goths remained in Dacia until 376, when one of their leaders, Fritigern, appealed to the Roman emperor Valens to be allowed to settle with his people on the south bank of the Danube. Here, they hoped to find refuge from the Huns. Valens permitted this, as he saw in them "a splendid recruiting ground for his army."[20] However, a famine broke out and Rome was unwilling to supply them with either the food they were promised or the land; open revolt ensued leading to 6 years of plundering and destruction throughout the Balkans, the death of a Roman Emperor and the destruction of an entire Roman army.

The Battle of Adrianople in 378 was the decisive moment of the war. The Roman forces were slaughtered and the Emperor Valens was killed during the fighting. Adrianople shocked the Roman world and eventually forced the Romans to negotiate with and settle the tribe within the empire's boundaries, a development with far reaching consequences for the eventual fall of Rome.

reign of Alaric I

The new emperor, Theodosius I, made peace with the rebels, and this peace held essentially unbroken until Theodosius died in 395. In that year, the Visigoths' most famous king, Alaric I, took the throne, while Theodosius was succeeded by his incapable sons: Arcadius in the east and Honorius in the west.

Over the next 15 years, an uneasy peace was broken by occasional conflicts between Alaric and the powerful Germanic generals who commanded the Roman armies in the east and west, wielding the real power of the empire. Finally, after the western general Stilicho was executed by Honorius in 408 and the Roman legions massacred the families of 30,000 barbarian soldiers serving in the Roman army, Alaric declared war. After two defeats in Northern Italy and a siege of Rome ended by a negotiated pay-off, Alaric was cheated by another Roman faction. He resolved to cut the city off by capturing its port. On August 24, 410, however, Alaric's troops entered Rome through the Salarian Gate, to plunder its riches in the sack of Rome. While Rome was no longer the official capital of the Western Roman Empire (it had been moved to Ravenna for strategic reasons), its fall severely shook the empire's foundations.

Visigothic Kingdom

The Visigothic Kingdom was a Western European power in the 5th to 7th centuries, created in Gaul when the Romans lost their control of their empire. In response to the invasion of Roman Hispania of 409 by the Vandals, Alans and Suevi, Honorius, the emperor in the West, enlisted the aid of the Visigoths to regain control of the territory. In 418, Honorius rewarded his Visigothic federates by giving them land in Gallia Aquitania on which to settle. This was probably done under hospitalitas, the rules for billeting army soldiers.[16][17] The settlement formed the nucleus of the future Visigothic kingdom that would eventually expand across the Pyrenees and onto the Iberian peninsula.

The Visigoths' second great king, Euric, unified the various quarreling factions among the Visigoths and, in 475, forced the Roman government to grant them full independence. At his death, the Visigoths were the most powerful of the successor states to the Western Roman Empire.

The Visigoths also became the dominant power in the Iberian Peninsula, quickly crushing the Alans and forcing the Vandals into north Africa. By 500, the Visigothic Kingdom, centred at Toulouse, controlled Aquitania and Gallia Narbonensis and most of Hispania with the exception of the Suevic kingdom in the northwest and small areas controlled by the Basques and Cantabrians. However, in 507, the Franks under Clovis I defeated the Visigoths in the Vouillé and wrested control of Aquitaine. King Alaric II was killed in battle.

After Alaric's death, Visigothic nobles spirited his heir, the child-king Amalaric, first to Narbonne, which was the last Gothic outpost in Gaul, and further across the Pyrenees into Hispania. The center of Visigothic rule shifted first to Barcelona, then inland and south to Toledo. From 511 to 526, the Visigoths were ruled by Theoderic the Great of the Ostrogoths as de jure regent for the young Amalaric.

In 554, Granada and southernmost Hispania Baetica were lost to representatives of the Byzantine Empire (to form the province of Spania) who had been invited in to help settle a Visigothic dynastic struggle, but who stayed on, as a hoped-for spearhead to a "Reconquest" of the far west envisaged by emperor Justinian I. Visigothic Hispania and its regional divisions in 700, prior to the Muslim conquest.

The last Arian Visigothic king, Liuvigild, conquered most of the northern regions (Cantabria) in 574, the Suevic kingdom in 585, and regained part of the southern areas lost to the Byzantines, which King Suintila reconquered completely in 624. The kingdom survived until 711, when King Roderic (Rodrigo) was killed while opposing an invasion from the south by the Umayyad Muslims in the Battle of Guadalete on July 19. This marked the beginning of the Muslim conquest of Hispania in which most of the peninsula came under Islamic rule by 718.

A Visigothic nobleman, Pelayo, is credited with beginning the Christian Reconquista of Iberia in 718, when he defeated the Umayyads in battle and established the Kingdom of Asturias in the northern part of the peninsula. Other Visigoths who refused to adopt the Muslim faith or live under their rule, fled north to the kingdom of the Franks, and Visigoths played key roles in the empire of Charlemagne a few generations later. In the early years of the Emirate of Córdoba, a group of Visigoths who remained under Muslim dominance constituted the personal bodyguard of the Emir, the Al-Haras.[23]

During their long reign in Spain, the Visigoths were responsible for the only new cities founded in Western Europe between the 5th and 8th centuries. It is certain (through contemporary Spanish accounts) that they founded four: Reccopolis, Victoriacum (modern Vitoria-Gasteiz, though perhaps Iruña-Veleia), Luceo, and Olite. There is also a possible fifth city ascribed to them by a later Arabic source: Baiyara (perhaps modern Montoro). All of these cities were founded for military purposes and three of them in celebration of victory.

Visigothic Law

The Visigothic Code of Law (forum judicum), which had been part of aristocratic oral tradition, was set in writing in the early 7th century— and survives in two separate codices preserved at the Escorial. It goes into more detail than a modern constitution commonly does and reveals a great deal about Visigothic social structure.

One of the greatest contributions of the Visigoths to family law was their protection of the property rights of married women, which was continued by Spanish law and ultimately evolved into the community property system now in force in part of the United States.

Visigothic religion

Prior to the Middle Ages, the Visigoths, as well as other Germanic peoples, followed what is now referred to as Germanic paganism. While the Germanic peoples were slowly converted to Christianity by varying means, many elements of the pre-Christian culture and indigenous beliefs remained firmly in place after the conversion process, particularly in the more rural and distant regions.

The Visigoths, Ostrogoths, and Vandals were Christianized while they were still outside the bounds of the Roman Empire; however, they converted to Arianism rather than to the Nicean ("Catholic") version followed by most Romans, who considered them heretics. The Visigothic leadership maintained its Arianism up until at least the reign of King Liuvigild.

There was a religious gulf between the Visigoths, who had for a long time adhered to Arianism, and their Catholic subjects in Hispania. The Iberian Visigoths continued to be Arians until 589. There were also deep sectarian splits among the Catholic population of the peninsula. The ascetic Priscillian of Avila was martyred by the Catholic usurper Magnus Maximus in 385, who was trying to prove his correct religious credentials against heretics, before the Visigothic period, and the persecution continued in subsequent generations as "Priscillianist" heretics were rooted out. At the very beginning of Leo I's pontificate, in the years 444–447, Turribius, bishop of Astorga in León, sent to Rome a memorandum warning that Priscillianism was by no means dead, reporting that it numbered even bishops among its supporters, and asking the aid of the Roman See. The distance was insurmountable in the 5th century.[24] Nevertheless, Leo intervened, by forwarding a set of propositions that each bishop was required to sign: all did. But if Priscillianist bishops hesitated to be barred from their sees, a passionately concerned segment of Christian communities in Iberia were disaffected from the more orthodox hierarchy and welcomed the tolerant Arian Visigoths. The Visigoths scorned to interfere among Catholics but were interested in decorum and public order.[25]

When the Visigoths took over Spain, Jews constituted a large and very ancient proportion of the population. Many were farmers, but they worked in a wide range of occupations, and were a major component of the urbanized population of the larger towns particularly of eastern Spain. During the period in which the Visigoths adhered to Arianism, the situation of the Jews seems to have remained relatively good. Previous Roman and Byzantine law determined their status, and it already sharply discriminated against them, but royal jurisdiction was in any case quite limited: local lords and populations related to Jews as they saw fit. We read of rabbis being asked by non-Jews to bless their fields, for example.[26] "Some Jews held ranking posts in the government or the army; others were recruited and organized for garrison service; still others continued to hold senatorial rank."[27] In general, then, they were well respected and well treated.

However, this changed with the conversion of King Reccared to Catholicism in 589. One chief purpose of this conversion was to unify the realm under the Church, and one of the key complaints of the Church had long been that Jews had too much status, prosperity and influence. Local nobles relied on their Jewish and non-Jewish sectors of the population to enhance the local economy and the noble's independent power. Visigothic political structure had traditionally given extensive powers to local nobles (who even elected their kings), so the king was in many ways merely 'the first amongst equals,' and central authority was weak. The status of the Jews therefore impacted both symbolically and politically on local aristocrats. Almost immediately, therefore, King Reccared convened the first Council of Toledo to "regulate" relations between Christians and Jews. The discriminatory laws passed at this Council seem not to have been well nor universally enforced, however, as indicated by several more Councils of Toledo that were held in subsequent years that repeated these laws, and extended their stringency. These entered canon law and became legal precedents in other parts of Europe as well. The culmination of this process occurred under King Sisibut, in 613, with a decree ordering the forced conversion of all Jews in Spain. However, even this apparently achieved only partial success: similar decrees were repeated with increasing irritation and effect by later kings, as central power was consolidated. These laws either decreed the forcible baptism of the Jews or forbade circumcision, Jewish rites and observance of the Sabbath and festivals. Throughout the 7th century, Jews were flogged, executed, had their property confiscated, were subjected to ruinous taxes, forbidden to trade and, at times, dragged to the baptismal font. Many were obliged to accept Christianity but continued privately to observe the Jewish religion and practices.[28] The decree of 613 set off a century of torment for Spanish Jewry, which was only ended by the Muslim conquest.[29]

The political aspects of the imposition of Church power cannot be ignored in these matters. With the conversion of the Visigothic kings to Chalcedonian Christianity, the bishops increased in power, until, at the Fourth Council of Toledo in 633 AD, they took upon themselves the right that the nobles had previously had to select a king from among the royal family. This was the same synod that declared that all Jews must be baptised.

In the eighth through 11th centuries the muwallad clan of the Banū Qāsī claimed descent from the Visigothic Count Cassius.

Terving kings

These kings and leaders, with the exception of Fritigern, and the possible exception of Alavivus, were pagans.

• Athanaric (369–381)
• Rothesteus, sub-king
• Winguric, sub-king
• Alavivus (c. 376), rebel against Valens
• Fritigern (c. 376–c. 380), rebel against Athanaric and Valens

Balti dynasty

These kings were Arianist (followers of the theological teaching of Arius). They tended to succeed their fathers or close relatives on the throne and thus constitute a dynasty.

• Alaric I (395–410)
• Athaulf (410–415)
• Sigeric (415)
• Wallia (415–419)
• Theodoric I (419–451)
• Thorismund (451–453)
• Theodoric II (453–466)
• Euric (466–484)
• Alaric II (484–507)
• Gesalec (507–511)
• Theodoric the Great (511–526), regent
• Amalaric (526–531)

Non-Balti kings

The Visigothic monarchy took on a completely elective character with the fall of the Balti, but the monarchy remained Arian until Reccared converted in 587. Only a few sons succeeded their fathers to the throne in this period.

• Theudis (531–548)
• Theudigisel (548–549)
• Agila I (549–554)
• Athanagild (554–568)
• Liuva I (568–572), only ruled in Narbonensis from 569
• Liuvigild (569–586), ruled only south of the Pyrenees until 572
• Hermenegild (580–585), sub-king in Baetica
• Reccared I (580–601), son, sub-king in Narbonensis until 586, first Catholic king
• Segga (586–587), rebel
• Liuva II (601–603), son
• Witteric (603–610)
• Gundemar (610–612)
• Sisebut (612–621)
• Reccared II (621), son
• Suintila (621–631)
• Reccimer (626–631), son and associate
• Sisenand (631–636)
• Iudila (632–633), rebel
• Chintila (636–640)
• Tulga (640–641)
• Chindasuinth (641–653)
• Recceswinth (649–672), son, initially co-king
• Froia (653), rebel
• Wamba (672–680)
• Hilderic (672), rebel
• Paul (672–673), rebel
• Erwig (680–687)
• Egica (687–702)
• Suniefred (693), rebel
• Wittiza (694–710), son, initially co-king or sub-king in Gallaecia
• Roderic (710–711), only in Lusitania and Carthaginiensis
• Agila II (711–714), only in Tarraconensis and Narbonensis
• Oppas (712), perhaps in opposition to Roderic and Agila II
• Ardo (714–721), only in Narbonensis

Notes

[1] The first R is held at the Musée de Cluny, Paris. [2] "Pair of Eagle Fibula". Walters Art Museum. [3] Heather, 52–57, 300–301. [4] Dietrich Claude, in Walter Pohl (ed.) Strategies of Distinction: Construction of Ethnic Communities, 300-800 (Transformation of the Roman World, vol. 2), 1998 ISBN ISBN 90-04-10846-7 (p.119-120: dress and funerary customs cease to be distinguishing features in 570/580) [5] Wolfram, 24. [6] Wolfram, 25. [7] Heather, 52–57, 300–301. [8] Guizot, I, 357. [9] Genethl. Max. 17, 1. [10] Vékony, 156, citing Eutropius, Brev., 8, 2, 2. [11] Wolfram, 387 n52. [12] E. A. Thompson, The Visigoths in the time of Ulfila, Duckworth, 2008, p. 9 [13] Wolfram, 387 n57. [14] Heather, 52–57, 130–178, 302–309. [15] Collins, Visigothic Spain, 22–24. [16] Wolfram, 26. [17] Wolfram, 387–388 n58. [18] Stevenson, 36, note 15. [19] W. H. Stevenson [20] Fuller, J.F.C., Armament & History, 55. Da Capo Press edition 1998. [21] Heather, 1996 [22] Sivan, 1987 [23] Baxter Wolf, Kenneth (8 May 2014). Christian Martyrs in Muslim Spain. Cambridge University Press. pp. 14–15. ISBN 1107634814. Retrieved 30 December 2014. [24] Somewhat later, Pope Simplicius (reigned 468–483) appointed as papal vicar Zeno, the Catholic bishop of Seville, so that the prerogatives of the papal see could be exercised for a more tightly disciplined administration. [25] At least one high-ranking Visigoth, Zerezindo, dux of Baetica, was a Catholic in the mid-6th century. [26] Heinrich Graetz, History of the Jews, Vol. 3 (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1956 reprint [1894]), p. 44. [27] Jane S. Gerber, The Jews of Spain: A History of the Sephardic Experience (New York: Free Press, 1992), p. 9. [28] S. Katz, The Jews in the Visigothic Kingdoms of Spain and Gaul, (Cambridge 1937). Cited in Paul Johnson (writer), A History of the Jews, p. 177 [29] Cf. the extensive accounts of Visigothic Jewish history by Heinrich Graetz, History of the Jews, Vol. 3 (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1956 reprint [1894]), pp. 43-52 (on Sisibut, pp. 47-49); Salo W. Baron, A Social and Religious History of the Jews, Vol. 3 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1957), pp. 33-46 (on Sisibut pp. 37-38); N. Roth, Jews, Visigoths and Muslims in Medieval Spain: Cooperation and Conflict (Leiden: Brill, 1994), pp. 7-40; Ram Ben-Shalom, "Medieval Jewry in Christendom,"in M. Goodman, J. Cohen and D. Sorkin, The Oxford Handbook of Jewish Studies (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 156.

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   Garcia Moreno, Luis A. "Spanish Gothic consciousness among the Mozarabs in al-Andalus (VIII-Xth centuries)." In The Visigoths. Studies in Culture and Society, ed. Alberto Ferreiro, 303-323. Leiden-Boston-Köln: Brill, 1999.

   Glick, Thomas F. Islamic and Christian Spain in the Early Middle Ages: Comparative Perspectives on Social and Cultural Formation. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979.

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http://gw.geneanet.org/nobily?lang=fr;pz=elisabeth+therese+marie+he...

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Aorico fue un caudillo visigodo, fundador de la dinastía baltinga. Nacido sobre el 290 y muerto en 354, fue padre de los caudillos Atanarico y Rocesthes, que fueron padres a su vez de los reyes Ataúlfo y Alarico I, respectivamente.

in: Wikipedia: la enciclopedia libre <http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aorico>

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Aorico de los Visigodos nació en la Dacia, al norte del Danubio, lugar de asentamiento de los visigodos, hacia el año de 290. Murió en 354. Tuvo por hijos a Atanarico II de los visigodos (c.318) y a Rocestes de los visigodos (320).

in: Reyes Visigodos <http://www.rodin.org.mx/patrologia/agu/visigodos.html>

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Aoric King of the Visigoths was born ABT 0320 in Peuce, Germany.

Child of Aoric King of the Visigoths is: + 2 i. Athanarich King of the Visigoths was born ABT 0344 in Peuce, Germany.

Descendant Register, Generation No. 2

2. Athanarich King of the Visigoths (Aoric King of the Visigoths1) was born ABT 0344 in Peuce, Germany. He married Gaatha of the Visigoths. She was born ABT 0350.

Child of Athanarich King of the Visigoths and Gaatha of the Visigoths is: + 3 i. Alaric I King of the Visigoths was born 0370 in Peuce, Germany, and died 0412 in Cosenza, Italy .

Descendant Register, Generation No. 3

3. Alaric I King of the Visigoths (Athanarich King of the Visigoths2, Aoric King of the Visigoths1) was born 0370 in Peuce, Germany, and died 0412 in Cosenza, Italy . He married Galla Placidia, daughter of Flavius Theodosius Roman Emperor and Galla Valentia. She was born ABT 0370 in Cauca, Spain , and died 27 Nov 0450 in Rome, Italy.

Children of Alaric I King of the Visigoths and Galla Placidia are: + 4 i. Basina of the Thuringians was born ABT 0397 in Thuringen, Germany . She married Clodion " Le Chevelu" King of Franks, son of Pharamond King of the Franks and Argotta Queen of Franks. He was born ABT 0395 in Nordrhein-Westphalia, Germany , and died 0449 in Cambray, France . + 5 ii. Theodoric I King of Ostragoths was born ABT 0390 in Thuringen, Germany , and died 0451 in Barcelons, Spain

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Aoric of the VISIGOTHS son of -- Geberich WESTGOTEN (? - 349+) or: poss. Ariaric (Geberich's cousin) Wife/Partner: ? Children:

• Rocesthes (Badengaud BALTHUS)
• Hrotildis
• Athanarich (King) of the WEST GOTHS

Aoric Of The VISIGOTHS Male Abt 320 - 354 no parents or spouse stated children given as:

• 1. Athanaric King Of The VISIGOTHS, b. Abt 344, Toledo, Visigothic Empire Of Spain Find all individuals with events at this location, d. 381, Byzantium (Istanbul, Turkey) Find all individuals with events at this location
• 2. Rocesthes Of The VISIGOTHS, b. Abt 348, d. 399

Early Goths

>Aoric Balt (abt 290 - 354), is the first reliably known Delaforce ancestor. He was the father of Athanaric II (abt 318 - 381), who lead the Visigoths out of Dacia (Romania) & into the Roman Empire in 376 as federates. However, the bad treatment they received at the hands of Roman officials lead to an uprising two years later. On 9/8/378 & under the command of Fritigern, who's name means 'ardent for peace', they crushed the Eastern Roman army at Adrianople, killing the Emperor Valens. These armies were still largely infantry. The notion that Gothic medieval knights on horseback defeated the Roman infantry is nothing but a romantic Victorian illusion, although the arrival of the Gothic cavalry in the middle of the battle in time to surround the Romans was the turning point. Cavalry were essential for skirmishing and pursuit and both sides used them for these purposes. However, provisioning cavalry is quite difficult, involving vast quantities of hay. It was only after this battle & having digested its lessons, that the Goths took to the horse in a big way. The new Emperor, Theodosius the Great was the last competent one to rule in the West. He suppressed the Goth revolt but had to use them as his army to reunify the empire, for which historians have given him much stick. He seems also to have been a Delaforce ancestor, see Galla Placida below.

Aoric's other son, Rocesthes (abt 340 - 399) was the father of Alaric I of whom, much more below. Athanaric had two children, Athaulf (abt 355 - 415) & a daughter, who married Alaric, the son of Rocesthes.

OSTROGOTHS, VISIGOTHS AND TOXANDRIE

Aoric De Visigoths (b. 294, d. 354) - Genealogy . com

• Aoric De Visigoths was born 294 in Spain190, and died 354 .She married Aoric De Wisigothie on 314 in Spain .
• More About Aoric De Visigoths:
• Date born 2: 290, Spain.
• More About Aoric De Visigoths and Aoric De Wisigothie:
• Marriage: 314, Spain.
• Children of Aoric De Visigoths and Aoric De Wisigothie are:
• +Athanaric De Wisigothie, b. 318, Toledo, Spain, d. 381
• Rocesthes De Wisigothie, b. 320, Spain190, d. 399

Possible Profiles on GENI

Aoric Koning van de Visigoten
Birth: 315 Death: 370 (55) Immediate Family: Son of Ariaric Koning van de Visigoten Father of Rocestes van de Visigoten Added by: Melissa (Missi) Kate Faulkner on July 22, 2015 Managed by: Melissa (Missi) Kate Faulkner

A Profile for wife not connected to any other.

[NN, wife of Aoric De Visigoths, wife of Aoric De Visigoths] Birth: circa 294 Spain Added by: Guillermo Eduardo Ferrero Montilla on December 6, 2008 Managed by: Ernesto Álvarez Uriondo and 7 others