count Piotr Andreyevich Shuvalov

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Andreyevich_Shuvalov

Pyotr Shuvalov in 1850.Count Pyotr Andreyevich Shuvalov (граф Пётр Андреевич Шувалов) (1827 - 1889) was an influential Russian statesman and a counselor to Tsar Alexander II. Referring to his reactionary policies, his more liberal opponents sometimes called him Arakcheev II.

[edit] Biography

Pyotr Andreyevich came from the Shuvalov family which has been prominent in the Russian culture and politics since the mid-18th century. His father, Count Andrew Shuvalov, was a prominent figure at the courts of Nicholas I of Russia and Alexander II of Russia. His mother was Thekla Walentinowicz, Prince Zubov's widow and heiress. Count Paul Shuvalov was his brother. Rundāle Palace was notable family estate.

After graduating from the Corps of Pages, Pyotr Shuvalov rose through the ranks of Alexander II's retinue, making wing adjutant, major general of the retinue and adjutant general in short order. In 1857 he was put in charge of the Saint Petersburg police and went to France for training.

In 1860 Shuvalov was appointed director of the Department of General Affairs of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and in 1861 made Chief of Staff of the Special Corps of Gendarmes. He proposed that the Corps be abolished, which contributed to his reputation as a liberal and an Anglophile. His plan was rejected and he resigned in late 1861. He served elsewhere in the early 1860s and in 1864 was appointed governor-general of the Baltic region.

After Dmitry Karakozov's unsuccessful attempt to assassinate Alexander II in April 1866, Shuvalov was made Chief of Gendarmes and Executive Head of the Third Section of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery, a ministerial position at the time. He formed a group of similarly minded moderate ministers (A. P. Bobrinsky, S. A. Greig, K. I. Pahlen, Dmitriy Tolstoy) and, with the help of the Tsar's confidant Field Marshal Aleksandr Baryatinskiy, pursued a policy of moderate reform. Politically, he was simultaneously opposed to the Slavophiles and the so-called Russian Party as well as to the more liberal reformers like Minister of War Dmitry Milyutin and Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich [1]. Shuvalov was in favor of developing local self-government, but on the basis of strengthening the political position of the landed gentry. In the long run he envisioned a system of national representation with a constitution and a bicamercal parliament modeled on the earlier aristocratic English model, although he didn't spell out his parliamentary ideas until 1881, when he was safely retired [2]:

an advisory assembly can bring no benefit whatsoever. One must openly introduce a constitutional system by establishing two houses and giving them a decisive voice. If this cannot be done immediately, one must, at least, erect a foundation upon which real representative government could eventually arise.

Shuvalov continued his predecessors' reforms, although more cautiously. He reorganized Zemstvo in 1870 and overhauled the military in 1874, reducing the length of service from 15 years to 6. At the same time, he strengthened the government's censorship system and limited Zemstvo's taxation powers [3]. In 1872, he was promoted General of the Cavalry (1872, a rank equivalent to full General in other armies.

In 1873, Shuvalov was sent to London on a mission to arrange a marriage between Grand Duchess Marie Alexandrovna of Russia and the Duke of Edinburgh. The mission was a success and the two married in January 1874. Shuvalov was also supposed to reassure the British government that Alexander II had no plans to conquer the Central Asian Khanate of Khiva. Although Khiva did fall to Russian troops in 1874, he was able to blame it on the generals' excess of zeal and it didn't damage Shuvalov's reputation in London [4].

Pyotr ShuvalovIn April 1874, the Committee of Ministers approved the creation of an experimental commission with representation from Zemstvo, local gentry and cities. Although the commission was only charged with reviewing a single previously prepared bill on hiring agricultural laborers, the very notion was apparently deemed so radical that in November 1874 Shuvalov was sent into honorary exile as Ambassador to London. However, other, more mundane explanations for his downfall, e.g. boasting about his influence on the Tsar [5] or making an incautious remark about his mistress Catherine Dolgorukov[6], have also been suggested.

Shuvalov played an important role in the negotiations between Russia and Great Britain during and after the Russo-Turkish War, 1877-1878 and was instrumental in avoiding conflict between the two powers after the Treaty of San Stefano. With the conclusion of the Treaty of Berlin, 1878, Russian public opinion turned against him since he was seen as too conciliatory and too willing to yield to British and especially German demands. Although Alexander II at first resisted public pressure to fire Shuvalov, further deterioration of Russo-German relations in 1879 forced him into retirement.

[edit] Notes

^ See Richard S. Wortman. Scenarios of Power: Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy. Volume Two: From Alexander to the Abdication of Nicholas II, Princeton University Press, 2000, ISBN 0-691-02947-4 p. 114

^ See:

Peter Waldron. The End of Imperial Russia, 1855-1917, St. Martin's Press, 1997, ISBN 0-312-16537-4 p.16

Valentina G. Chernukha and Boris V. Anan'ich. "Russia Falls Back, Russia Catches Up: Three Generations of Russian Reformers" in Reform in Modern Russian History: Progress Or Cycle?, tr. and ed. Theodore Taranovski, Cambridge University Press, 1995, ISBN 0-521-45177-9 (Papers from a conference entitled "Reform in Russian and Soviet History -- Its Meaning and Function" held May 5-May 7, 1990, organized by the Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars), p.73-74

^ See Walter Moss. Alexander II and His Times: A Narrative History of Russia in the Age of Alexander II, Tolstoy, and Dostoevsky, Anthem Press, 2002, ISBN 1-898855-59-5, 295p. Part III

^ See Thomas S. Pearson. Russian Officialdom in Crisis: Autocracy and Local Self-Government, 1861-1900, Cambridge University Press, 1989, paperback edition 2004, ISBN 0-521-89446-8 p.38

^ See Adam Bruno Ulam. Prophets and Conspirators in Pre-Revolutionary Russia, Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick, NJ, 1998 (2nd expanded edition), ISBN 0-7658-0443-3 pp.173-174.

^ See Peter Julicher. Renegades, Rebels and Rogues Under the Tsars, McFarland & Company, Jefferson, NC, 2003, ISBN 0-7864-1612-2 p.188.

----------------------------------

eesti keeles:

Krahv Pjotr Andrejevitš Šuvalov "noorem" (saksa Peter Schuwalow; vene Пётр Андреевич Шувалов; 15. juuni 1827 Leipzig - 10. märts 1889 Peterburi) oli Venemaa sõjaväelane ja riigitegelane.

Pjotr Šuvalovi portree, Franz Krüger 1850

1864. aastal ülendati ta 36 aastasena kindralleitnandiks ja määrati Liivi-, Eesti- ja Kuramaa kindralkuberneriks ja ühtlasi Riia sõjaväeringkonna vägede komandöriks (25. veebruarini 1864 viimane Riia sõjakuberner). Seejärel oli ta Tema Keiserliku Majesteedi Isikliku Kantselei Kolmanda Osakonna juht (1866-1874), kindraladjutant (1871), ratsaväekindral (1872), Riiginõukogu liige (1874), saadik Londonis (1874-1879) ja Venemaa esindaja Berliini kongressil 1878.

Sisukord:

1. Perekond

2. Vaata ka

3. Viited

1. Perekond

Krahv Pjotr Šuvalovi vanemateks olid õuemarssal Andrei Šuvalov (1802-1873) ja Rundāle lossi pärijanna Thekla Walentinowicz (1801-1873).[1] Tema ema oli 1822 aastal lesestunud abielust vürst Platon Zuboviga. [2] Tema vanaisa krahv Pjotr Šuvalov (1771-1808) oli ülemõuemarssal ja Peterburi kubermangu aadlimarssal, vanavanaisa Andrei Šuvalov (1743-1789) senaator ja Püha Andrease ordeni kavaler, ning vanavanavanaisa Pjotr Šuvalov (1711-1762) kindralfeldmarssal ja Sõjakolleegiumi president.[3]

Tema õde Sofia (1829-1912) oli abielus ülemõuemeistri ja Riiginõukogu liikme Aleksandr Bobrinskiga (1821-1903), kes oli Vana-Põltsamaa mõisa omaniku krahv Aleksei Bobrinski pojapoeg, ning tema vend, krahv Pavel (Paul) Šuvalov (1830-1907) oli jalaväekindral, Venemaa saadik Berliinis ja kindralkuberner Varssavis.

Krahv Šuvalov oli abielus Püha Katariina ordudaam Jelena Ivanovna Tšertkovaga (1830-1891), kes oli keiseliku õukonna tallimeistri, Moskva lastehaigla juhi (1848-1856) Ivan Tšertkovi (1797-1865; vene Иван Дмитриевич Чертков) ja paruness Jelena Grigorjevna Stroganovaja (1800-1832) tütar, ning endine krahv Mihhail Vassiljevitš Orlov-Denissovi (1823-1863) abikaasa. Abielust sündis:

Krahv Andrei Šuvalov (1865 Rundāle loss - 1928 Nice), Keiserliku õukonna kindralmajor, abiellus Vera Gustavovna Lindquistiga (t.a. Legat).[4].

2. Vaata ka

Krahv Pavel (Paul) Šuvalov (1847-1902), kindralmajor, abiellus Eestimaa kindralkuberneri, Holstein-Becki hertsog Peter August Friedrichi (1696-1775) järeltulija vürstinna Jelizaveta Barjatinskajaga (1855-1938), kes oli kindraladjutandi ja ülemtallimeistri Vladimir Barjatinski (1817-1875) tütar.[5]

3. Viited

Genealogisches Handbuch der Öselschen Ritterschaft, Görlitz, 1935, lk.585-586 lk.694 (parandused)

Genealogisches Handbuch der baltischen Ritterschaften, Teil 2,3: Estland, Görlitz, 1930, lk.307

Šuvalovite sugupuu

Eelnev:

Parun Wilhelm Heinrich von Lieven Liivi-, Eesti- ja Kuramaa kindralkuberner

1864-1866 Järgnev:

Krahv Eduard von Baranoff

Eelnev:

Vürst Vassili Dolgorukov Kolmanda osakonna juht

1866-1874 Järgnev:

Aleksandr Potapov

Kategooriad: Šuvalovid, Venemaa kindralid, Venemaa poliitikud, Venemaa diplomaadid, Eestimaa kindralkubernerid, Liivimaa kindralkubernerid, Kuramaa kindralkubernerid, Sündinud 1827, Surnud 1889

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjotr_Andrejewitsch_Schuwalow

Pyotr Shuvalov in 1850.Count Pyotr Andreyevich Shuvalov (граф Пётр Андреевич Шувалов) (1827 - 1889) was an influential Russian statesman and a counselor to Tsar Alexander II. Referring to his reactionary policies, his more liberal opponents sometimes called him Arakcheev II.

Biography

Pyotr Andreyevich came from the Shuvalov family which has been prominent in the Russian culture and politics since the mid-18th century. His father, Count Andrew Shuvalov, was a prominent figure at the courts of Nicholas I of Russia and Alexander II of Russia. His mother was Thekla Walentinowicz, Prince Zubov's widow and heiress. Count Paul Shuvalov was his brother. Rundāle Palace was notable family estate.

After graduating from the Corps of Pages, Pyotr Shuvalov rose through the ranks of Alexander II's retinue, making wing adjutant, major general of the retinue and adjutant general in short order. In 1857 he was put in charge of the Saint Petersburg police and went to France for training.

In 1860 Shuvalov was appointed director of the Department of General Affairs of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and in 1861 made Chief of Staff of the Special Corps of Gendarmes. He proposed that the Corps be abolished, which contributed to his reputation as a liberal and an Anglophile. His plan was rejected and he resigned in late 1861. He served elsewhere in the early 1860s and in 1864 was appointed governor-general of the Baltic region.

After Dmitry Karakozov's unsuccessful attempt to assassinate Alexander II in April 1866, Shuvalov was made Chief of Gendarmes and Executive Head of the Third Section of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery, a ministerial position at the time. He formed a group of similarly minded moderate ministers (A. P. Bobrinsky, S. A. Greig, K. I. Pahlen, Dmitriy Tolstoy) and, with the help of the Tsar's confidant Field Marshal Aleksandr Baryatinskiy, pursued a policy of moderate reform. Politically, he was simultaneously opposed to the Slavophiles and the so-called Russian Party as well as to the more liberal reformers like Minister of War Dmitry Milyutin and Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich [1]. Shuvalov was in favor of developing local self-government, but on the basis of strengthening the political position of the landed gentry. In the long run he envisioned a system of national representation with a constitution and a bicamercal parliament modeled on the earlier aristocratic English model, although he didn't spell out his parliamentary ideas until 1881, when he was safely retired [2]:

an advisory assembly can bring no benefit whatsoever. One must openly introduce a constitutional system by establishing two houses and giving them a decisive voice. If this cannot be done immediately, one must, at least, erect a foundation upon which real representative government could eventually arise.

Shuvalov continued his predecessors' reforms, although more cautiously. He reorganized Zemstvo in 1870 and overhauled the military in 1874, reducing the length of service from 15 years to 6. At the same time, he strengthened the government's censorship system and limited Zemstvo's taxation powers [3]. In 1872, he was promoted General of the Cavalry (1872, a rank equivalent to full General in other armies.

In 1873, Shuvalov was sent to London on a mission to arrange a marriage between Grand Duchess Marie Alexandrovna of Russia and the Duke of Edinburgh. The mission was a success and the two married in January 1874. Shuvalov was also supposed to reassure the British government that Alexander II had no plans to conquer the Central Asian Khanate of Khiva. Although Khiva did fall to Russian troops in 1874, he was able to blame it on the generals' excess of zeal and it didn't damage Shuvalov's reputation in London [4].

Pyotr ShuvalovIn April 1874, the Committee of Ministers approved the creation of an experimental commission with representation from Zemstvo, local gentry and cities. Although the commission was only charged with reviewing a single previously prepared bill on hiring agricultural laborers, the very notion was apparently deemed so radical that in November 1874 Shuvalov was sent into honorary exile as Ambassador to London. However, other, more mundane explanations for his downfall, e.g. boasting about his influence on the Tsar [5] or making an incautious remark about his mistress Catherine Dolgorukov[6], have also been suggested.

Shuvalov played an important role in the negotiations between Russia and Great Britain during and after the Russo-Turkish War, 1877-1878 and was instrumental in avoiding conflict between the two powers after the Treaty of San Stefano. With the conclusion of the Treaty of Berlin, 1878, Russian public opinion turned against him since he was seen as too conciliatory and too willing to yield to British and especially German demands. Although Alexander II at first resisted public pressure to fire Shuvalov, further deterioration of Russo-German relations in 1879 forced him into retirement.

[edit] Notes

^ See Richard S. Wortman. Scenarios of Power: Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy. Volume Two: From Alexander to the Abdication of Nicholas II, Princeton University Press, 2000, ISBN 0-691-02947-4 p. 114

^ See:

Peter Waldron. The End of Imperial Russia, 1855-1917, St. Martin's Press, 1997, ISBN 0-312-16537-4 p.16

Valentina G. Chernukha and Boris V. Anan'ich. "Russia Falls Back, Russia Catches Up: Three Generations of Russian Reformers" in Reform in Modern Russian History: Progress Or Cycle?, tr. and ed. Theodore Taranovski, Cambridge University Press, 1995, ISBN 0-521-45177-9 (Papers from a conference entitled "Reform in Russian and Soviet History -- Its Meaning and Function" held May 5-May 7, 1990, organized by the Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars), p.73-74

^ See Walter Moss. Alexander II and His Times: A Narrative History of Russia in the Age of Alexander II, Tolstoy, and Dostoevsky, Anthem Press, 2002, ISBN 1-898855-59-5, 295p. Part III

^ See Thomas S. Pearson. Russian Officialdom in Crisis: Autocracy and Local Self-Government, 1861-1900, Cambridge University Press, 1989, paperback edition 2004, ISBN 0-521-89446-8 p.38

^ See Adam Bruno Ulam. Prophets and Conspirators in Pre-Revolutionary Russia, Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick, NJ, 1998 (2nd expanded edition), ISBN 0-7658-0443-3 pp.173-174.

^ See Peter Julicher. Renegades, Rebels and Rogues Under the Tsars, McFarland & Company, Jefferson, NC, 2003, ISBN 0-7864-1612-2 p.188.

----------------------------------

eesti keeles:

Krahv Pjotr Andrejevitš Šuvalov "noorem" (saksa Peter Schuwalow; vene Пётр Андреевич Шувалов; 15. juuni 1827 Leipzig - 10. märts 1889 Peterburi) oli Venemaa sõjaväelane ja riigitegelane.

Pjotr Šuvalovi portree, Franz Krüger 1850

1864. aastal ülendati ta 36 aastasena kindralleitnandiks ja määrati Liivi-, Eesti- ja Kuramaa kindralkuberneriks ja ühtlasi Riia sõjaväeringkonna vägede komandöriks (25. veebruarini 1864 viimane Riia sõjakuberner). Seejärel oli ta Tema Keiserliku Majesteedi Isikliku Kantselei Kolmanda Osakonna juht (1866-1874), kindraladjutant (1871), ratsaväekindral (1872), Riiginõukogu liige (1874), saadik Londonis (1874-1879) ja Venemaa esindaja Berliini kongressil 1878.

Sisukord:

1. Perekond

2. Vaata ka

3. Viited

1. Perekond

Krahv Pjotr Šuvalovi vanemateks olid õuemarssal Andrei Šuvalov (1802-1873) ja Rundāle lossi pärijanna Thekla Walentinowicz (1801-1873).[1] Tema ema oli 1822 aastal lesestunud abielust vürst Platon Zuboviga. [2] Tema vanaisa krahv Pjotr Šuvalov (1771-1808) oli ülemõuemarssal ja Peterburi kubermangu aadlimarssal, vanavanaisa Andrei Šuvalov (1743-1789) senaator ja Püha Andrease ordeni kavaler, ning vanavanavanaisa Pjotr Šuvalov (1711-1762) kindralfeldmarssal ja Sõjakolleegiumi president.[3]

Tema õde Sofia (1829-1912) oli abielus ülemõuemeistri ja Riiginõukogu liikme Aleksandr Bobrinskiga (1821-1903), kes oli Vana-Põltsamaa mõisa omaniku krahv Aleksei Bobrinski pojapoeg, ning tema vend, krahv Pavel (Paul) Šuvalov (1830-1907) oli jalaväekindral, Venemaa saadik Berliinis ja kindralkuberner Varssavis.

Krahv Šuvalov oli abielus Püha Katariina ordudaam Jelena Ivanovna Tšertkovaga (1830-1891), kes oli keiseliku õukonna tallimeistri, Moskva lastehaigla juhi (1848-1856) Ivan Tšertkovi (1797-1865; vene Иван Дмитриевич Чертков) ja paruness Jelena Grigorjevna Stroganovaja (1800-1832) tütar, ning endine krahv Mihhail Vassiljevitš Orlov-Denissovi (1823-1863) abikaasa. Abielust sündis:

Krahv Andrei Šuvalov (1865 Rundāle loss - 1928 Nice), Keiserliku õukonna kindralmajor, abiellus Vera Gustavovna Lindquistiga (t.a. Legat).[4].

2. Vaata ka

Krahv Pavel (Paul) Šuvalov (1847-1902), kindralmajor, abiellus Eestimaa kindralkuberneri, Holstein-Becki hertsog Peter August Friedrichi (1696-1775) järeltulija vürstinna Jelizaveta Barjatinskajaga (1855-1938), kes oli kindraladjutandi ja ülemtallimeistri Vladimir Barjatinski (1817-1875) tütar.[5]

3. Viited

Genealogisches Handbuch der Öselschen Ritterschaft, Görlitz, 1935, lk.585-586 lk.694 (parandused)

Genealogisches Handbuch der baltischen Ritterschaften, Teil 2,3: Estland, Görlitz, 1930, lk.307

Šuvalovite sugupuu

Eelnev:

Parun Wilhelm Heinrich von Lieven Liivi-, Eesti- ja Kuramaa kindralkuberner

1864-1866 Järgnev:

Krahv Eduard von Baranoff

Eelnev:

Vürst Vassili Dolgorukov Kolmanda osakonna juht

1866-1874 Järgnev:

Aleksandr Potapov

Kategooriad: Šuvalovid, Venemaa kindralid, Venemaa poliitikud, Venemaa diplomaadid, Eestimaa kindralkubernerid, Liivimaa kindralkubernerid, Kuramaa kindralkubernerid, Sündinud 1827, Surnud 1889

Википедия

С 24 мая 1864 года граф Шувалов был женат на вдове графине Елене Ивановне Орловой-Денисовой (1830—1922), внучке графа Г. А. Строганова и сестре войскового наказного атамана Войска Донского М. И. Черткова. В браке имели одного сына Андрея (1865—1928).

По словам П. А. Валуева, графиня Шувалова была женщина умная, бойкая и имела положительное влияние на своего мужа, единственное чего ей не доставало это образования[5]. 28 марта 1871 года была пожалована в кавалерственные дамы ордена Св. Екатерины (меньшого креста).

Вслед за своей невесткой, Елизаветой Чертковой, графиня Шувалова увлеклась проповедями лорда Редстока и стала членом Петербургской общины евангельских христиан-пашковцев[6]. Благодаря этому собрания пашковцев происходили в подвальном этаже дома Шуваловых, в комнате верующего кучера семьи, — при том, что граф в этот период служил начальником Главного Жандармского Управления, а собрания пашковцев правительством были запрещены[6]. Пользуясь своим положением, Шувалова помогала преследуемым штундистам и часто обращалась с ходатайствами об одном или о нескольких ссыльных, об облегчении наказания или даже полном освобождении сосланных за веру. И просьбы её часто увенчивались успехом[6].

В последние годы супруги жили отдельно, графиня много времени проводила в Москве. На похоронах мужа она протестовала против обрядов православной церкви над покойным и протест свой закончила тем, что уехала с похорон.

Елена Ивановна стала прототипом графини Катерины Ивановны Чарской в романе Л. Н. Толстого «Анна Каренина»