Yengišan 尹繼善

YIN-chi-shan 尹繼善 (T. 元長, H. 望山), May 8, 1696–1771, June 4?, official, was a member of the Manchu Bordered Yellow Banner. He came from the Janggiya 章佳氏 Clan which had settled in Liaotung long before the rise of Nurhaci [q.v.]. His father, Yin-t'ai 尹泰 (d. 1738), rose from a clerkship through various posts—including those in the Hanlin Academy—to a Grand Secretary (1729–38). Yin-t'ai retired in 1713, but was recalled to office in 1723 after Emperor Shih-tsung ascended the throne. It is said that he owed his subsequent rise to prominent posts to the illustrious services of his son, Yin-chi-shan.

Yin-chi-shan became a chin-shih in 1723, was selected a bachelor of the Hanlin Academy, and later was made a compiler. By 1727 he was made first a sub-expositor, and then acting director, of a department in the Board of Revenue. Later in the same year he was sent to Canton to conduct the trial of two corrupt officials, and then was made acting provincial judge of Kwangtung. In 1728 he was ordered to Kiangsu to assist in directing Yellow River conservancy in that province, and in that same year was made acting governor of Kiangsu. Though still in his early thirties, he proved his ability as a good administrator, and in 1729 was raised to full governor. It is said that the local gentry at first regarded the young governor with distrust, but soon discovered that he was not only able but courteous and well versed in Chinese literature. In 1731 he was made acting governor-general of Kiangnan and Anhwei, and early in 1732 acted in eight or nine posts, in all of which he performed his duties well. Early in 1733 he was transferred to be governor-general of Yunnan, Kweichow, and Kwangsi. Yunnan was then afflicted with an uprising which the former governor-general, Kao Ch'i-cho (see under Ts'ai Yü-jung), had not yet suppressed. When Yin-chi-shan arrived at the capital of Yunnan he so won the confidence of Kao that the latter handed over, before leaving the service, all his plans for the campaign. Thus Yinchi-shan was enabled to accomplish a swift victory which greatly enhanced his prestige. Thereafter he set to work to develop those parts of Kweichow that were inhabited by Miao tribesmen (see under O-êr-t'ai). In 1734 he opened to navigation the river, Hsi-yang-chiang 西洋江, which connects Kuang-nan in Yunnan with Poseh (or Paise) in Kwangsi—a distance of more than 740 li. The operation of deepening and widening the stream took some six months. It became a highway for commerce and an outlet for the products of Yunnan.

Early in 1735 Kwangsi was returned to the jurisdiction of the governor-general of Kwangtung and a year later, the governor-generalship of Kweichow was established, leaving Yin-chi-shan in control of Yunnan only. In 1737 he went to Peking for an audience and begged to remain there on account of his father's advanced age. His plea accepted, he was made president of the Board of Punishments and in the following three years (1737–40), except during a few months' mourning for the death of his father in 1738, he was entrusted with many missions and filled a number of posts. From 1740 to 1742 he served as governor-general of Szechwan and Shensi. After mourning for the death of his mother (1747–48) he was appointed acting governor-general of Kiangnan and Kiangsi and was concurrently assistant director of Yellow River Conservancy in Kiangsu—being made full governor-general in 1745. In 1748 he was for about a month elevated to an assistant Grand Secretary with the concurrent post of president of the Board of Revenue. Late in the same year he was appointed a Grand Councilor and governor-general of Shensi and Kansu to look after supplies for the army dispatched under Fu-hêng [q.v.] to pacify the Chin-ch'uan rebels In 1750 he was again given jurisdiction over Szechwan. Thereafter he served as governor-general of Shensi and Kansu (1753), director-general of Yellow River Conservancy in Kiangsu (1753–57), and again governor-general of Liang-Kiang (1754–65), that is to say, of Kiangnan and Kiangsi. In 1760, while serving in this last-mentioned capacity, he memorialized on the increased efficiency that would result if Kiangnan (present Kiangsu and Anhwei) were apportioned among three financial commissioners 布政使: one in charge of the prefecture of Nanking and that part of Kiangsu north of the Yangtze River; another at Soochow in charge of the rest of Kiangsu; and a third at Anking with jurisdiction over Anhwei. The province of Kiangnan had been established in 1645. In 1661–62 the province of Anhwei was set apart under a governor at Anking and a financial commissioner for that part of Kiangnan now known as Kiangsu (a name which came into use in 1667) was stationed at Soochow. Yin-chi-shan's plan was to transfer the financial commissioner of Anhwei to Anking and to apportion Kiangsu between two financial commissioners. His plan was endorsed by the Emperor, and this system was followed during the remainder of the dynasty.

In 1764 Yin-chi-shan was made a Grand Secretary but remained as governor-general of Liang-kiang for one year more before he was recalled to Peking. In 1765, at the age of seventy sui, he began his service as Grand Secretary in Peking and was assigned to many concurrent posts, including that of chief tutor in the Palace School for Princes, and chancellor of the Hanlin Academy. He was given posthumously the title of Grand Guardian, the name, Wên-tuan 文端, and recognition in the Temple of Eminent Statesmen. Emperor Kao-tsung praised him as not only an able administrator but as one who was kind and broad-minded. The people of Kiangsu whom he ruled, intermittently for some twenty years, loved him for his justice and his friendliness.

The fourth son of Yin-chi-shan, named Ch'ing-kuei 慶桂 (T. 樹齋, 1735–1816), served from 1755 to 1813 as an official. He held, among others, the following posts: military governor of Uliasutai (1780–81, 1789–91); president of the Board of War (1784–99); Grand Secretary (1799–1813); and Grand Councilor (1771–73, 1784–93, 1799–1812). During his last years of service he was given the minor hereditary rank of Ch'i tu-yü (1802) and the title of Grand Guardian. He was canonized as Wen-k'o 文恪. Thus from Yin-t'ai to Ch'ing-kuei, each generation of this family produced a Grand Secretary.

Yin-chi-shan was given the garden, Hsün-ch'un yüan 絢春園, which had once belonged to O-êr-t'ai [q.v.] and which was located near the Yüan-ming Yüan (see under Hung-li). He married a niece of O-êr-t'ai, and was often compared to that elder statesman because of the similarity of their official careers, their abilities, and their enjoyment of imperial favor. A daughter of Yin-chi-shan married Yung-hsüan [q.v.], eighth son of Emperor Kao-tsung.

[1/313/1a; 2/18/26b; 3/21/1a; 4/27/9a; 7/16/4b; 3/l2/34a; 3/31/15a; Yin-chên [q.v.], Yung-chêng chu-p'i yü-chih, Yin-chi-shan; Yüan Mei [q.v.], 袁文箋正 Yüan-wên chien-chêng, chüan 9; Tung-hua lu, Ch'ien-lung 36:4; Wang Ch'ang [q.v.], Ch'un-jung t'ang shih chi).]

Fang Chao-ying

Zhangjia Yinjishan 章佳尹繼善 《清代人物生卒年表》定其生卒年為康熙33年~乾隆35年。 【參考《清代人物生卒年表》#2589.】

字元長 號望山 諡文端 鑲黃旗滿洲 雍正元年進士 官至文華殿大學士

《清史稿》卷307

尹繼善，字元長，章佳氏，滿洲鑲黃旗人，大學士尹泰子。雍正元年進士，改庶吉士，授編修。五年，遷侍講，尋署戶部郎中。上遣通政使留保等如廣東按布政使官達、按察使方願瑛受賕狀，以尹繼善偕。鞫實，即以尹繼善署按察使。六年，授內閣侍讀學士，協理江南河務。是秋，署江蘇巡撫，七年，真除。疏禁收漕規費，定石米費六分，半給旗丁，半給州縣，使無不足，然後裁以法。平糶盈餘，非公家之利，應存縣庫，常平倉捐穀聽民樂輸，不得隨漕勒徵。命如議行。又疏請崇明增設巡道，兼轄太倉、通州。並釐定永興、牛羊、大安諸沙分防將吏。福山增隸沙船，與京口、狼山諸汛會哨。又請移按察使駐蘇州，蘇松道駐上海。皆從之。旋署河道總督。九年，署兩江總督。十年，協辦江寧將軍，兼理兩淮鹽政。疏言：「鎮江水兵駐高資港，江寧水兵駐省會，各增置將吏。狼山復設趕繒大船，與鎮江、江寧水兵每月出巡察，庶長江數千里聲勢聯絡。」上嘉之。尹繼善請清察江蘇積欠田賦，上遣侍郎彭維新等助為料理，又命浙江總督李衞與其事。察出康熙五十一年至雍正四年都計積虧一千十一萬，上命分別吏蝕、民欠，逐年帶徵。尹繼善等並議敘。又請改三江營同知為鹽務道，並增設緝私將吏。

十一年，調雲貴廣西總督。思茅土酋刁興國為亂，總督高其倬發兵討之，擒興國，餘黨未解。尹繼善至，諮於其倬，得窾要，檄總兵楊國華、董芳督兵深入，斬其酋三，及從亂者百餘。元江、臨安悉定。分兵進攻攸樂、思茅，東道撫定攸樂三十六寨，西道攻六囤，破十五寨，降八十餘寨。疏聞，上諭曰：「剿撫名雖二事，恩威用豈兩端﹖當撫者不妨明示優容，當剿者亦宜顯施斬馘，俾知順則利，逆則害。今此攻心之師，即寓將來善後之舉，是乃仁術也。識之！」十二年，奏定新闢苗疆諸事，請移清江鎮總兵於台拱，並移設同知以下官，增兵設汛，從之。又奏雲南濬土黃河，自土黃至百色，袤七百四十餘里。得旨嘉獎。尋詔廣西仍隸廣東總督。十三年，奏定貴州安籠等營制。貴州苗復亂，尹繼善發雲南兵，並徵湖廣、廣西兵策應。遣副將紀龍剿清平，參將哈尚德收新舊黃平二城，合兵徇重安。副將周儀等復餘慶，獲苗酋羅萬象等。總兵王無黨、韓勛剿八寨，總兵譚行義剿鎮遠。又令無黨合廣西、湖南兵與行義會，破苗寨，斬千餘級，獲苗酋阿九清等，苗亂乃定。乾隆元年，貴州別設總督，命尹繼善專督雲南。二年，奏豁雲南軍丁銀萬二千二百有奇。入覲，以父尹泰老，乞留京侍養。授刑部尚書，兼管兵部。三年，丁父憂。四年，加太子少保。五年，授川陝總督。郭羅克部番復為亂，尹繼善檄諭番酋執為盜者以獻，事旋定。六年。奏陳郭羅克善後諸事，請設土目，打牲予號片，寬積案，撤戍兵，上皆許之。七年，丁母憂。

八年，署兩江總督，協理河務。疏言：「毛城鋪天然壩，高郵三壩，皆宜仍舊。」上諭令斟酌，因時制宜。九年，衞入覲，還，上命傳旨開天然壩，且曰：「衞奏河水小，壩宜開。」尹繼善覆奏，略言：「衞不問河身深淺，但問河水大小，非知河者也。河淺壩開，宣流太過。湖弱不敵黃強，為害滋甚。」上卒用尹繼善議。十年，實授兩江總督。十二年，疏言：「阜寧、高、寶諸地圩岸分年修治，務令圩外取土，挑濬成溝，量留涵洞，使旱澇有備。鳳、潁、泗三屬頻遭水患，河渠次第開濬，而田間圩塍實與為表裡，亦陸續興修。俟有成效，推行遠近。」上諭曰：「此誠務本之圖，實力為之。」

十三年，入覲，調兩廣，未行，授戶部尚書、協辦大學士、軍機處行走，兼正藍旗滿洲都統。未幾，復出署川陝總督。嗣以四川別設總督，命專督陝、甘。大學士傅恆經略金川，師經陝西，上獎尹繼善料理臺站、馬匹諸事，調度得宜。十四年，命參贊軍務，加太子太保。十五年，西藏不靖，四川總督策楞統兵入藏，命兼管川陝總督。

十六年，復調兩江。十七年，尹繼善以上江頻被水，疏請濬宿州睢河、彭家溝，泗州謝家溝，虹縣汴河上游，築宿州符離橋，靈壁新馬橋，砂礓河尾黃疃橋、翟家橋，詔如所請。羅田民馬朝柱為亂，檄總兵牧光宗捕治，並親赴天堂寨，獲朝柱家屬、徒黨，得旨嘉獎，召詣京師。十八年，復調署陝甘總督。雍正間，開哈密蔡伯什湖屯田，乾隆初，以畀回民。貝子玉素富以屢歉收請罷。尹繼善奏言：「從前開渠引水，幾費經營。回民不諳耕作，頻歲歉收。萬畝屯田，棄之可惜。請選西安兵丁子弟，或招各衞民承種。」上韙其言。

調江南河道總督。十九年，疏言：「河水挾沙而行，停滯成灘。有灘則水射對岸，即成險工。銅、沛、邳、睢、宿、虹諸地河道多灘，宜遵聖祖諭，於曲處取直，開引河，導溜歸中央，借水刷沙。河隄歲令加高，務使穩固，而青黃不接，亦寓賑於工。」詔如議行。命署兩江總督，兼江蘇巡撫。二十一年，疏請濬洪澤湖入江道，開石羊溝，引東西灣兩壩所減之水，疏芒稻閘達董家溝引河，引金灣閘壩所減之水，加寬廖家溝河口，引璧虎、鳳凰兩橋所減之水，並濬各河道上游，修天妃、青龍、白駒諸閘，從之。實授兩江總督。二十二年，疏言：「沛縣地最卑，昭陽、微山諸湖環之，濟、泗、汶、滕諸水奔注。請於荊山橋外增建閘壩，使湖水暢流入運。又沂水自山東南入駱馬湖，出盧口入運，阻荊山橋出水。當相度堵修。」上以所言中形勢，嘉之。旋與侍郎夢麟等會督疏治淮、揚、徐、海支幹各河暨高、寶各工，是冬事竟，議敘。二十五年，上命增設布政使，尹繼善請分設江寧、蘇州二布政使，而移安徽布政使駐安慶。二十七年，上南巡，命為御前大臣。二十九年，授文華殿大學士，仍留總督任。三十年，上南巡，尹繼善年七十，御書牓以賜。召入閣，兼領兵部事，充上書房總師傅。三十四年，兼翰林院掌院學士。三十六年，上東巡，命留京治事。四月，卒，贈太保，發帑五千治喪。令皇八子永璇奠醊，永璇，尹繼善婿也。賜祭葬，諡文端。

尹繼善釋褐五年，即任封疆，年纔三十餘。蒞政明敏，遇糾紛盤錯，紆徐料量，靡不妥貼。一督雲、貴，三督川、陝，四督兩江。在江南前後三十年，最久，民德之亦最深。世宗最賞李衞、鄂爾泰、田文鏡，嘗諭尹繼善，謂當學此三人。尹繼善奏曰：「李衞，臣學其勇，不學其粗。田文鏡，臣學其勤，不學其刻。鄂爾泰，宜學處多，然臣亦不學其愎。」世宗不以為忤。高宗嘗謂：「我朝百餘年來，滿洲科目中惟鄂爾泰與尹繼善為真知學者。」御製懷舊詩復及之。子慶桂，自有傳。