德楞泰 (惇堂 諡壯果)

TÊ-lêng-t'ai 德楞泰 (T. 惇堂), Dec. 2, 1745–1809, Apr. 23, general, Duke Chi-yung (繼勇公), was a Mongol of the Plain Blue Banner. His family came from the Umit 伍彌特 Clan of Chahar. He was born in Peking. In 1749, when he was five sui, his family was chosen to join the newly-created Light Division (健銳營) and therefore moved to the division barracks near Hsiang-shan 香山, northwest of Peking. He began to study Manchu and Chinese when he was seven sui. In 1770, as a private, he was appointed a teacher in the division school. In 1773, after the campaign against the Chin-ch'uan rebels had a severe setback at Mu-kuo-mu (see under A-kuei), two thousand soldiers were sent from Peking to Szechwan as reinforcements—among them Tê-lêng-t'ai. For his bravery he was raised to a lieutenant (1774) and was given several certificates of distinguished service. After the victory in 1776 he escorted the commander-in-chief, A-kuei [q.v.], back to Peking. Later he took part in the suppression of the Muslim uprising in Kansu (1784), and of the insurrection in Taiwan (1787–88). For his exploits in Taiwan he obtained the title, Chi-yung Baturu 繼勇巴圖魯, and promotion to a colonel. In 1791, as commander of the left wing of the Light Division, he went under Hai-lan-ch'a [q.v.] to Tibet to fight the Gurkas (see under Fu-k'ang-an), and fought bravely across the Himalaya Mountains until the Gurkas were subdued in 1792. For his special bravery he was appointed deputy lieutenant-general of a Banner, and his portrait was placed in the Tzŭ-kuang-ko (see under Chao-hui). Upon his return to Peking in 1793, he was made commander of the Light Division.

In 1795 Tê-lêng-t'ai was sent to Hunan to assist Fu-k'ang-an [q.v.] in suppressing the rebellion of Miao tribesmen of Hunan and Kweichow. He and Ê-lê-têng-pao [q.v.], who had been together in most of the campaigns after 1773, fought bravely side by side. When the commanders, Fu-k'ang-an and Ho-lin [q.v.], both died in quick succession in the summer and early fall of 1796, the two generals ably carried on the campaign until the new commander, Ming-liang [q.v.], arrived in November of that year. After the leader of the Miao rebels was captured, early in 1797, Tê-lêng-t'ai was given the hereditary rank of a viscount.

By March 1797 the Miao rebellion was suppressed and Tê-lêng-t'ai was ordered to accompany Ming-liang in leading six thousand men to Szechwan to combat the rebellion of the Pai-lien chiao (see under Ê-lê-têng-pao). At that time he held the post of lieutenant-general of a Banner. He fought for several months near Tung-hsiang in northeastern Szechwan and took several rebel strongholds. When the Hupeh rebels under Yao Chih-fu 姚之富 (d. 1798) joined the Szechwan bands about July 1797, Tê-lêng-t'ai was successful in chasing Yao back to Hupeh along the Yangtze River and preventing the bands from escaping to Honan or Szechwan. But the rebels roamed the borders of Hupeh and Shensi and early in 1798, for failing to follow closely the main band, Tê-lêng-t'ai was deprived of many decorations and of his hereditary rank. With great effort he succeeded in annihilating the main Hupeh band under Yao at Yün-hsi, yet he was blamed for failing to watch carefully for other bands who were then moving from Shensi to Szechwan. He was deprived of all his official ranks except the title of a deputy lieutenant-general.

While pursuing the rebels to Szechwan Tê-lêng-t'ai fought for several months at Ying-shan where, late in 1798 with the help of Ê-lê-têng-pao, he took a mountain stronghold and annihilated a Szechwan band under Lo Ch'i-ch'ing 羅其清 (d. 1798). Early in 1799 he won another victory and was given the minor hereditary rank of Ch'ing-ch'ê tu-yü. By this time Emperor Jên-tsung had disposed of the corrupt minister, Ho-shên [q.v.], and began to direct the campaign himself. Lê-pao [q.v.] was made commander-in-chief of the armies of five provinces and Tê-lêng-t'ai was entrusted to deal primarily with the largest band in Szechwan—the one under Hsü T'ien-tê 徐天德 (d. 1801). He pursued the rebel to southern Shensi, then back to eastern Szechwan and to western Hupeh. In the meantime Lê-pao was arrested and Ê-lê-têng-pao was made commander-in-chief of the forces of five provinces. In October 1799 Tê-lêng-t'ai annihilated another large band in Hupeh and captured its leader, Kao Chün-tê 高均德 (d. 1799), in Hsi-hsiang, Shensi. For this he was made a second-class baron and assistant commander-in-chief under Ê-lê-têng-pao. While fighting in Shensi, early in 1800, he was ordered to go to Szechwan immediately, because several rebel bands had crossed the Chia-ling River (嘉陵江), threatening western Szechwan and Chengtu. At Chiangyu he dealt a crushing blow to the invading rebels (March 1800), thus forcing them back to eastern Szechwan. For this victory he was made a first-class viscount and Tartar General of Chengtu. In one or two months he cleared western Szechwan of all the bands. The people were so grateful to him that stone monuments recording his victories, and temples with his image molded in clay, were erected at many places while he was still alive.

During 1800 Tê-lêng-t'ai concentrated on the rebels in Szechwan, and annihilated many small bands. For having permitted a large band to escape north into Shensi he was reduced to a baron (January 1801), but within a few days was restored to a third-class viscount because he reported a victory. He followed the rebels into Shensi and, for another victory in February, was again made a first-class viscount. In June 1801 he crushed the bands under Hsü T'ien-tê who was drowned while in flight near Hsi-hsiang, Shensi. Late in 1801, when he annihilated another large band, he was made a second-class earl with the designation, Chi-yung. In the middle of 1802, when the last main band of rebels was crushed in western Hupeh, he was made a third-class marquis, and in January 1803, when Hupeh and Szechwan were almost stabilized, his rank was raised to a first-class marquis. His son, Su-ch'ung-a 蘇冲阿 (1771–1829), was given the title of a deputy lieutenant-general and was sent to Szechwan to visit his father and Ê-lê-têng-pao. When the small bands in Hupeh, Szechwan, and Shensi were also crushed, Tê-lêng-t'ai was summoned to an audience. On September 24, 1803, he met the Emperor at Jehol and was accorded various honors. A month later he was sent back as Tartar General at Chengtu.

At this time the remaining rebel bands concentrated in the forested mountainous region of southern Shensi, and were moving southwest into Szechwan. After more than half a year of fighting, the bands returned to that area, and for failing to crush them, Tê-lêng-t'ai was reduced to a second-class marquis. Soon, however, he and his subordinates, Yang Yü-ch'un and Yang Fang [qq.v.], succeeded in clearing the forested areas, and his rank was restored to him. After Ê-lê-têng-pao died (1805), Tê-lêng-t'ai was recalled to Peking and was made a chamberlain of the Imperial Bodyguard. In August 1806 he was appointed Imperial Commissioner to settle a mutiny of government troops in southern Shensi (see under Yang Fang). For being too lenient to the mutineers he was severely reprimanded, and was degraded to Tartar General of Sian. In February 1809 he became very ill with asthma. The Emperor consoled him by giving him the rank of a third class duke, but he died two months later. He was given the posthumous name, Chuang-kuo 壯果. His memory was celebrated in the Temple of Zealots of the Dynasty in Peking and a special temple was erected to his honor in Chengtu.

As in the case of Ê-lê-têng-pao, the son of Tê-lêng-t'ai (i.e. Su-ch'ung-a) was allowed to inherit the reduced rank of a first class marquis. After Su-ch'ung-a died (1829), the rank was inherited by his elder son, Wo-shih-no 倭什訥 (d. 1852). The younger son of Su-ch'ung-a, named Hua-sha-na (see under Kuei-liang), was a chin-shih of 1832 and a member of the Hanlin Academy. He rose to be president of the Board of Civil Appointments (1854–59). Hua-sha-na and Kuei-liang were the two commissioners sent to Tientsin in 1858 to negotiate treaties of peace with the British, French, American, and Russian envoys (see under Kuei-liang). Hua-sha-na edited a biography of his grandfather, entitled 德壯果公年譜 Tê Chuang-kuo kung nien-p'u, 32 chüan, printed in 1857, with a portrait of Te-lêng-t'ai. The great number of dated documents which this work contains makes it one of the best sources for the Pai-lien-chiao Rebellion.

[1/350/10a; 2/29/44b; 3/303/9a; Tê Chuang-kuo kung nien-p'u.]

Fang Chao-ying

Wumite Delengtai 伍彌特德楞泰 【參考資料: MQWW PoetID #315.】 《清代人物生卒年表》定其生卒年為乾隆10年~嘉慶14年。 【參考《清代人物生卒年表》#24507.】

字惇堂 謚壯果 正黃旗蒙古

原任太子太保 領侍衛 內大臣 鑲黃旗都統 總理兵部事務 成都西安等處將軍 三等繼勇公

《清史稿》卷316

德楞泰，字惇堂，伍彌特氏，正黃旗蒙古人。乾隆中，以前鋒、藍翎長從征金川、石峰堡、臺灣，皆有功，累遷參領，賜號繼勇巴圖魯。五十七年，從福康安征廓爾喀，冒雨涉險，攻克熱索橋賊寨。加副都統銜，圖形紫光閣。尋授副都統，遷護軍統領。

六十年，率巴圖魯侍衛從福康安征湖南苗，與額勒登保並為軍鋒。福康安既解松桃、永綏圍，高宗悅，將待以不次之賞，於是德楞泰建議深入苗地為犂庭埽穴計。苗酋吳半生踞大烏草河以抗，大兵連克沿河諸寨，渡河抵盛華哨。苗於山半立木城，堅甚，斷其汲路，火攻克之，又克古丈坪，進攻摩手寨，由間道出寨後，奪據石城，遂偕額勒登保擒半生，授內大臣。進攻鴨保寨，克木城、石卡三十餘，又克天星寨木城七，石卡五，擒賊目吳八月。

嘉慶元年，福康安、和琳相繼卒於軍，先克乾州，又從將軍明亮克平隴，擢御前侍衛，署領侍衛內大臣。克險隘養牛塘山梁，賊首石柳鄧就殲，苗疆略定，錫封二等子爵，賜雙眼花翎。二年，命偕明亮移軍四川剿教匪。時賊首徐天德、王三槐踞重石子、香爐坪，南曰分水嶺，北曰火石嶺，賊卡林立，進戰，奪嶺，三槐撲營受創逸。五月，破重石子，明亮亦破香爐坪，追殲教首孫士鳳。會襄陽賊齊王氏、姚之富、樊人傑等竄入四川，與徐、王二匪合屯開縣南天洞，擊破之，賊分走雲陽、萬縣。雲陽教首高名貴欲與天德合，以計擒之，盡殲其眾於陳家山。七月，齊王氏等由奉節、巫山東走湖北，與明亮繞出宜昌迎剿，賊南趨，留明亮屯宜昌；自赴荊州解遠安圍。八月，賊犯荊門、宜城，往援之，會總督景安以索倫勁騎至，合剿大捷，二城得全。賊欲北竄河南，扼要隘，斬賊目袁萬相等，截回湖北，賜紫韁。九月，殲賊於房縣、竹谿、竹山，賊走陝西平利，圖入川東，敗之樹河口。賊北走紫陽，又合白號高均德，西走漢中。十一月，賊窺渡漢江，令副都統烏爾圖納遜突擊於江濱，竄入川境。

三年正月，均德復擾陝西褒城，與明亮夾擊，連敗之於洋縣、城固、洵陽。齊王氏、姚之富方竄廣元寧羌山中，乘虛由石泉渡漢，與均德合，東走漢陰。詔斥明亮戰不力，褫其職；嘉德楞泰每戰在前，責速剿。三月，與明亮追齊、姚二匪，由山陽至鄖西，日行百七十里，連破之於石河、甘溝，鄉勇遏其前，賊無去路，踞三岔河左右，兩山盡銳，圍攻悉殲之。齊王氏、姚之富投崖死，傳首三省。均德由鎮安竄雒南，敗之兩岔河，餘賊與李全、張天倫合。五月，又敗之五郎廟，均德走寧羌、廣元，合龍紹周、冉文儔踞渠縣大神山，有眾二萬。詔斥縱賊，奪爵職，留副都統銜。七月，偕惠齡、恆瑞攻克大神山，賊竄營山，蹙之黃渡河。均德中鎗，逸入箕山坪，與羅其清合。箕山圍徑百餘里，三面陡絕，惟東南有路可通。徐天德、王登廷、樊人傑踞鳳凰寺，阻糧道，與為犄角。八月，克鳳凰寺，賊奔箕山，負固不下。十月，分三路進攻，克之。其清退踞大鵬寨，額勒登保自閬中來會剿。十一月，賊被攻急，乘夜雨撲營。德楞泰偵知之，潛伏賊寨南門，梯而登，火其寨；額勒登保等亦襲破西門，殲其清父從國；合兵窮追，擒其清於巴州方山坪，復花翎。冉文儔竄踞東鄉麻壩，乘除夕大破之於通江。

四年元旦，生擒文儔，盡殲其眾，予一等輕車都尉。經略勒保疏陳諸將惟額勒登保、德楞泰尤知兵，得士心，詔德楞泰專剿徐天德。天德與冷天祿竄涪州，冒難民入鶴田寨，擊走之，又敗之於開縣。三月，天德自大寧北趨，追及於太平；又遇龍紹周、唐大信等，迭擊之，賊不得犯陝境。既而天德入大寧老林，與紹周、大信及樊人傑、龔建、卜三聘、張天倫、辛聰等合，牽綴大軍。天德、建竄太平山箐，令賽沖阿分兵擊之；自擊人傑、紹周、大信、天倫於安康、紫陽，連破之，驅入川東，遂犯湖北。七月，線號龔文玉亦自夔州至，分兵追剿，擒文玉、三聘於竹谿，加予騎都尉世職。八月，命額勒登保為經略，德楞泰為參贊，赴興山截擊天德，逼回川東；躡追天倫及聰等入陝。十月，高均德改名郝以智，率賊萬，踞高家營，欲由白河窺渡漢。紹周及冉天元竄放馬場，欲趨紫陽。率賽沖阿、溫春回援，先破放馬場，進攻高家營，擒均德，檻送京師，晉封二等男爵。十一月，進兵川北，殲白號張金魁於通江，擒其黨符曰明等於廣元。十二月，追鮮大川、苟文明至川東，賊瞷大兵俱在川境，遂先後竄陝、甘。五年正月，偕額勒登保分路抵秦州，而冉天元糾合徐萬富、汪瀛、陳得俸、張子聰、雷世旺眾五萬，遽乘間渡嘉陵江，分擾南部、西充、魁倫不能制，詔促德楞泰回援。二月，天元踞江油新店子，乃由間道進剿。賊分四路迎戰，銳甚，賽沖阿、溫春深入被圍；自馳援，夾擊竟日，殺傷相當，擒得俸，斬冉天恆，皆悍賊也。轉戰連奪險隘。三月，天元屯馬蹄岡，伏萬人火石埡後。德楞泰令賽沖阿攻包家溝，阿哈保攻火石埡，溫春攻龍子觀，自率大隊趨馬蹄岡，過賊伏數重始覺。俄伏起，八路來攻，人持束竹、溼絮禦箭銃，鏖鬥三晝夜，賊更番迭進，數路皆挫敗。德楞泰率親兵數十，下馬據山巔，誓必死。天元督眾登山，直取德楞泰，德楞泰單騎衝賊中堅，將士隨之，大呼奮擊，天元馬中矢蹶，擒之，賊遂瓦解。鄉勇亦自山後至，逐北二十餘里，擒斬無算。天元雄黠冠川賊，專用伏以陷官軍，至是五日四戰，致死決勝負，血戰破之，群賊奪氣，詔晉三等子。是月，復大破賊於劍州，又破張子聰、雷世旺於蓬溪，斬世旺，晉二等子，授成都將軍。

魁倫以失守潼河逮問，起勒保代為總督，與德楞泰合兵剿賊。四月，賊分擾遂寧、安岳，逼中江，欲趨成都。與勒保夾擊，連破之，邀擊於嘉陵江口，俘斬溺斃者數千；餘賊渡江，為達州鄉勇所敗，擒汪瀛：潼河兩岸肅清。自此德楞泰威震川中，諸將往往假其旗幟，賊望見輒走。閏四月，追賊至達州、新寧，殲劉君聘、苟文富；而白號苟文明、鮮大川、樊人傑等復由陝入川。五月，移師川北，賊走營山、渠縣，六月，敗之恩陽河；又與勒保合擊，殲苟文禮於岳池。七月，大川為民寨誘斬，文明遁。八月，追剿白號賊於東鄉，殲湯思舉，餘賊與趙麻花、王珊合。九月，與勒保夾擊於雲陽，麻花、珊先後斃。十月，湖北黃、白、藍、線四號賊合犯夔、巫。龍紹周由太平、通江北竄，兵至賊去，兵去賊至；樊人傑、冉學勝、王士虎遂由川入陝；徐天德由陝入楚。詔斥德楞泰堵剿不力，降一等男。十二月，李彬、楊開第、齊國謨合窺嘉陵江。與勒保合擊，連敗之於渠縣安仁溪、儀隴觀音河，斃開第、國謨，晉三等子。

六年正月，白號高天升自洵陽偷渡漢江，圖竄河南，追及於山陽乾溝，破之，追殲之於野豬坪，復一等子。二月，擊龍紹周於興安，逼入川境，連敗之於大寧長壩、二郎壩。紹周竄湖北竹山、房縣，復敗之，走太平，復雙眼花翎。四月，徐天德、樊人傑合曾芝秀、陳朝觀竄陝西白河，分擾民寨。遣兵直攻其巢，擒朝觀。五月，大破賊於西鄉，天德竄紫陽。率賽沖阿、溫春蹙之仁和新灘。大雨水漲，天德溺斃。紹周乘虛闌入房縣、竹谿，截擊之，復回太平，擒其黨陳文明。八月，追至巫山、巴東，擒王鵬、李天棟。九月，紹周遁平利，令賽沖阿等追殲之，晉封二等繼勇伯，仍用巴圖魯舊號也。十二月，苟文明西擾寧羌，與額勒登保夾擊。賊竄川北，大敗之於通江，走開縣，遣兵追之。自率輕騎赴大寧，斷其入楚之路。七年正月，文明復入陝北，竄老林，至秋，乃為陝軍所殲。川東零匪猶四擾，詔德楞泰 仍專辦川賊。二月，破線號餘匪於奉節，又破白號張長青於雲陽。時樊人傑及崔宗和、胡明遠、戴仕傑、蒲天寶等麇聚湖北境。四月，率精兵間道抵東湖，繞出賊前，夾攻雞公山賊巢。天寶別屯當陽河，五月，冒雨進擊，天寶負創走，又敗之於穆家溝，分兵留剿；自移師東趨，直取人傑，冒雨入馬鹿坪山中，出賊不意，痛殲之。人傑竄竹山，投水死。人傑倡亂最久，諸賊聽指揮，與冉天元埒，至是伏誅，晉三等侯。七月，天寶乘間奪踞興山、房縣交界鮑家山，死守抗拒。以大軍綴其前，令總兵色爾袞、蒲尚佐率精兵出深箐攻賊巢，截其去路，擒斬殆盡。天寶遁，至竹谿墜崖死。

時巴東、興山尚有餘匪，皆百戰之餘，悉官軍號令及老林路逕，屢合圍，輒乘霧溜崖突竄。分軍遇之則不利，大隊趨之則兔脫，所餘無幾，而三省不能解嚴。與額勒登保、吳熊光會於竹谿議搜剿，額勒登保專任陝境，德楞泰專任楚境，先後殲戴仕傑、趙鑑、崔連洛、崔宗和、陳仕學、熊翠諸賊，迨十一月，捕斬略盡，優詔，晉封一等侯，加太子太保，命其子蘇沖阿齎珍賚至軍宣慰。八年，駐巫山、大寧，捕逸匪曾芝秀、冉璠、張士虎、趙聰等，先後擒殲。至冬事竣，入覲熱河行在，帝大悅，御製詩賜之，恩賚優渥。尋以陝西南山餘孽擾及川境，命回鎮成都。遣將招降，數為賊害，坐降二等侯。九年，偕額勒登保窮搜老林，斬首逆苟文潤，餘匪悉平，復一等侯。十年，召授領侍衛內大臣，充方略館總裁，總理行營事務，管理兵部。

十一年，寧陝鎮新兵陳達順、陳先倫等作亂，命馳往剿治。叛將蒲大芳等乞降，縛獻達順等，磔之。大芳等遣戍回疆。議以降眾歸伍，詔斥寬縱，奪職。尋授西安將軍。十三年，剿定瓦石坪叛匪。十四年，晉三等公。尋卒，柩至京師，帝親奠，御製詩輓之，諡壯果。詔四川建立專祠，入祀京師昭忠祠。德楞泰英勇超倫，戰必身先陷陣，名與額勒登保相亞。馬蹄岡之戰，轉敗為勝，時稱奇績。既卒，奉詔褒卹，特舉是役保障川西數十萬生靈，厥功最偉。在軍俘獲，必詳訊省釋，未嘗妄殺良民婦女，保全甚眾，蜀民尤感頌焉。

子蘇沖阿，一品廕生，授侍衛。每德楞泰戰勝，輒擢其官，累遷至盛京副都統，署黑龍江將軍，襲一等侯。孫倭什訥，杭州將軍；曾孫希元，吉林將軍：並嗣爵。次孫花沙納，官至吏部尚書，自有傳。