湯金釗 (敦甫 勖兹)

T'ANG Chin-chao 湯金釗 (T. 敦甫, 勖茲), Dec. 17, 1772–1856, May 22, official, was a native of Hsiao-shan, Chekiang. Though his family had for generations been engaged in mercantile pursuits, he prepared himself for scholarship and government office. He took his chü-jên degree in 1794 with high honors, and his chin-shih degree in 1799. He was appointed a bachelor, and later (1801) a compiler, in the Hanlin Academy. In 1808 he served as tutor in the palace school for princes—a post he again filled in 1816, 1819–21, 1826, and 1828. As such he gained the respect of the sons of Emperor Jên-tsung, including Min-ning [q.v.] who later became Emperor. In 1808 T'ang was obliged to return home to mourn the death of his mother, but two years later he went back to Peking and in 1811 served as sub-expositor of the Hanlin Academy. After serving as commissioner of education in Hunan (1812–13) and Kiangsu (1816–19), he was appointed junior vice-president of the Board of Civil Office (1820–22) and of the Board of Revenue (1822–23). He again went home in 1823 to observe the period of mourning for the death of his father, but three years later was reinstated as senior vice-president of the Board of Revenue. In 1827 he was made president of the Censorate—a post he again filled in 1833. But soon he was promoted to president of the Board of Ceremonies. Owing to the confidence the Emperor had in him, he was on several occasions dispatched as imperial commissioner to investigate important matters in various provinces and upon his return was granted additional favors. In 1830 he was made president of the Board of Civil Office—a post he again filled in 1834 and 1838. He was several times appointed chancellor of the Hanlin Academy (1831, 1837, and 1841), examiner of the Shun-t'ien provincial examination (1807, 1835), of the Kiangnan provincial examination (1816, 1821 and 1832), and vice-examiner of the metropolitan examination (1822 and 1826). In 1838 he was made president of the Board of Revenue and Associate Grand Secretary.

About this time the demand became strong for the prohibition of opium, and T'ang, together with Ching-min 敬敏 (Prince Su Shên 肅愼親王, d. 1852), controller of the Imperial Clan Court, drafted the famous thirty-nine articles imposing heavy penalties on those who dealt in or used the drug. Before long Anglo-Chinese relations became tense and the Court was divided into two factions, one favoring peaceful measures, the other—to which Tsang belonged—advocating the use of force. The Emperor, however, did not wish to resort to force. It is said that when he was discussing with T'ang, in 1841, the situation at Canton, he wished to know whom T'ang regarded as most qualified to handle the matter. T'ang is said to have recommended Lin Tsê-hsü [q.v.]. The suggestion, however, seems not to have pleased the Emperor. At any rate, T'ang was soon thereafter accused of altering the dates of a document, and in 1841 was degraded to the post of director of the Banqueting Court. He retired in the following year (1842) and was given the button of the second rank which was later (1849) raised to the first rank. In 1854, the sixtieth anniversary of his obtaining the chü-jên degree, Emperor Wên-tsung bestowed upon him the honorary title of Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent. Two years later he died and was canonized as Wên-tuan 文端.

T'ang Chin-chao was a man of determination, and an ardent admirer of Wang Shou-jên (see under Chang Li-hsiang). He was also an accomplished calligrapher. A collection of his verse and prose, entitled 寸心知室存稿 Ts'un-hsin chih-shih ts'un-kao, 6 chüan, was compiled by himself at the age of eighty (sui) and was printed in 1851 with a preface which he himself had written. In this work a nien-p'u in 1 chüan is also included.

His second son, T'ang Hsiu 湯修, was a chü-jên of 1839. One of his granddaughters married Wêng T'ung-ho [q.v.].

[1/370/4a; 2/41/5b; 5/3/24b; 7/24/6a; 26/3/24a; Fêng Kuei-fên [q.v.], Hsien-chih t'ang kao 2/39a.]

S. K. Chang

J. C. Yang

《清史稿》卷364

湯金釗，字敦甫，浙江蕭山人。嘉慶四年進士，選庶吉士，授編修。十三年，入直上書房。金釗端謹自持，宣宗在潛邸，甚敬禮之。母憂服闋，擢侍講，督湖南學政。累遷內閣學士。二十一年，復直上書房。典江南鄉試，留學政，詔勉以訓士不患無才，務培德，經學為本，才藻次之。金釗闡揚詔旨，通誡士子。會匪以禍福煽惑鄉愚，金釗著福善辨，刊發曉諭。徐州俗悍，武生不馴者，繩之以法。遷禮部侍郎，任滿，仍直上書房。

宣宗即位，調吏部，益嚮用。時用尚書英和議，命各省查州縣陋規，明定限制。金釗疏言：「陋規皆出於民，地方官未敢公然苛索者，畏上知之治其罪也。今若明定章程，即為例所應得，勢必明目張膽，求多於例外，雖有嚴旨，不能禁矣。況名目碎雜，所在不同，檢察難得真確，轉滋紛擾。無論不當明定章程，亦不能妥立章程也。吏治貴在得人，得其人，雖取於民而民愛戴之，不害其為清；非其人，雖不取於民而民嫉讎之，何論其為清？有治人無治法，惟在督撫舉措公明，而非立法所能限制。」會中外大臣亦多言其不便，金釗疏入，上手批答曰：「朝有諍臣，使朕胸中黑白分明，無傷於政體，不勝欣悅！」予議敘。

道光元年，兼署戶部侍郎。兩江總督孫玉庭以南漕浮收不能盡去，議請八折徵收，學政姚文田、御史王家相皆奏言不可。金釗既同部臣議覆，復疏爭曰：「康熙中奉永不加賦之明詔，此大清億萬年培養國脈之至計也。前有議加耗米及公費銀者，戶部以事近加賦議駁。今准其略有浮收，不肖者益無顧忌，而浮收且多於往日，雖告以收逾八折即予嚴參，然前此逾額者何嘗不干嚴譴，卒不聞為之減少，獨於新定之額，恪遵而不敢踰，此臣之所不敢信也。在督撫奏定之後，不慮控告浮收；在州縣縱有發覺，又將巧脫其罪。是限制仍同虛設，徒為盛朝開加賦之端，臣竊惜之！」疏入，下江、浙督撫妥議，事乃寢。尋以吏部事繁，罷直上書房。典江南鄉試，道經銅山，見運河支渠為黃流淤塞，歲苦潦，回京奏請疏濬，如議行。二年，典會試，調戶部，父憂歸。六年，服闋，署禮、工二部及倉場侍郎，仍直上書房，授皇長子奕緯讀。實授戶部侍郎。七年，連擢左都御史、禮部尚書、上方倚畀，迭命赴山西、直隸、四川、湖北、福建鞫獄按事，四年之中，凡奉使五次。所至持法明慎，悉當上意。充上書房總師傅，調吏部尚書。十一年，皇長子遘疾不起，忌者因以激上怒，罷總師傅，降兵部侍郎。踰兩年，復自左都御史授工部尚書，轉吏部。連典江南、順天鄉試。十六年，陝西巡撫楊名颺被劾，命偕侍郎文慶往按，暫署巡撫；又往四川按事，名颺復與臬司互訐，得其冒工庇屬狀，劾罷。會京察，以奉使公明，予議敘。又赴張家口、太原鞫獄。十八年，以戶部尚書協辦大學士，仍調吏部。

十九年，命按事安徽、江蘇、浙江。自禁煙議起，海疆久不靖。林則徐既罷，琦善主撫，復不得要領。金釗素不附和議，與穆彰阿等意齟齬。一日召對，上從容問廣東事可付諸何人，金釗以林則徐對，上不悅。至二十一年，事且益棘，詔予則徐四品卿銜赴浙江軍營，亦未果用之。未幾，有吏部司員陳起詩規避倉差，金釗還其呈牘禁勿遞，為所訐，坐降四級調用。逾年，授光祿寺卿。以衰老乞罷，住京養疴，許以二品頂戴致仕。久之，上仍眷念，二十九年，皇太后之喪，具疏上慰，賜頭品頂戴。咸豐四年，重宴鹿鳴，加太子太保。六年，卒，詔以尚書例賜卹，諡文端。

金釗自為翰林，布衣脫粟，後常不改。當官廉察，負一時清望，雖被排擠，卒以恩禮終。子修，通政司副使。