長齡 (懋亭 諡文襄)

Ch'ang-ling 長齡 (T. 修圃 H. 懋亭), Dec. 18, 1758-1838, Jan. 26, statesman, general, first Duke Wei-yung (威勇公), was a Mongol of the Sartuk clan (薩爾圖克氏). His ancestors came from the Korchin (科爾沁) tribe of Mongols and were incorporated in the Mongol Plain Blue Banner. But in 1747, owing to the exploits of his father, Nayentai (納延泰, 1694-1762), the family was raised to the more distinguished Plain White Banner. Nayentai served as president of the Court of Colonial Affairs for twenty-four years (1738-62)—longer than any other official in that post throughout the dynasty. This can perhaps be attributed to his knowledge of languages. It is significant that his two sons, like himself, entered officialdom by passing the examination for translators.

In 1773 Ch'ang-ling, the second son of Nayentai, became a student translator and two years later was appointed a clerk in the Board of Works. In 1777 he was transferred to the Court of Colonial Affairs where he served in various capacities until 1794. During this period he gained much experience by serving three times on the staff of the commanders of expeditionary forces—in 1784 to suppress the Mohammedan rebellion in Kansu (see under A-kuei), in 1787-88 against the insurgents in Taiwan (see under Ch'ai Ta-chi), and in 1791-93 against the Gurkas in Nepal (see under Fu-'ang-an). In 1794 Ch'ang-ling became a subchancellor of the Grand Secretariat. Five years later he was appointed lieutenant-general of the Gendarmerie in the West City, Peking. In the years 1800-02 he took part in the campaign against the rebels known as the White Lily Sect (see under Ê-lê-têng-pao) by first serving as commandant of a regiment of troops from northern Manchuria (1800-01) and then as provincial commander-in-chief of Hupeh (1801-02). He fought many battles in northwestern Hupeh and was rewarded in 1802 with the minor hereditary rank of Yün-ch'i-yü for annihilating some of the rebels. Abandoning the front because of illness, he returned to Peking in 1803 and was made provincial commander-in-chief of Chihli with headquarters at Ku-pei-k'ou. Then he served as governor of Anhwei (1804-05) and of Shantung (1805-07). In 1807 he was made governor-general of Shênsi and Kansu to suppress a rebellion of the natives of Kokonor, who were of Tibetan origin and known as Fan 番. At the head of 8,000 men he attacked rebellious natives and within forty days (September-October, 1807) forced their leaders to surrender. Thereafter regular troups were stationed in that region.

While he was governor of Shantung Ch'ang-ling failed to discover misappropriations of public funds by a subordinate. When the facts became known in 1808, he was discharged (1809) for negligence and banished to Ili. Late in the same year (1809) he was given the rank of a junior Imperial Bodyguard and was appointed assistant military-governor of Ili with residence at Khobdo. Transferred to Uliasutai in 1810, he gradually regained the confidence of Emperor Jên-tsung. In 1811 he was made governor of Honan and two years later was again appointed governor-general of Shênsi and Kansu. Early in 1814 he put an end to an uprising of lumbermen at Ch'i-shan, Shênsi, and was rewarded with the minor hereditary rank of Ch'i-tu-yü. But for failure to report a rebellious plot of the T'ien-li Sect (see under Na-Yen-ch'êng) while he was in Honan, he was again sentenced to banishment in Ili. As the sentence was announced before his victory in Shênsi became known, he was merely degraded. Later in 1814 he was sent for the second time to Ili where he served first as a councilor (1814-16) and then as military-governor (1816-17).

In 1817, at the age of sixty (sui), Ch'ang-ling was for the third time made governor-general of Shênsi and Kansu, and in 1821 was given by Emperor Hsüan-tsung the concurrent rank of an Assistant Grand Secretary. Early in 1822 he returned to Peking for an audience but was sent back to Kansu when another rebellion of the natives of Kokonor broke out. From May to July he fought against the insurgents, finally annihilating them between Kokonor and the Yellow River. After the victory he was made a Grand Secretary, reaching Peking late in 1822. Early in 1823 he was made concurrently a Grand Councilor. But he was not to enjoy tranquillity in Peking long. Early in 1825 he went to Yunnan as governor-general of that province and of Kweichow, and late in that year was again made military-governor of Ili. He took over his post in Ili in March 1826, being then 69 sui.

At this time the borders of Chinese Turkestan were being disturbed by Jehangir (張格爾, d. 1828, age 39 sui), a descendant of the Hodjas who had ruled in Turkestan. Jehangir's grandfather, Burhan-al-Din (see under Chao-hui), was ejected from Kashgar in 1758 and was murdered, leaving a son, Sarim Sak 薩林薩克, who took refuge in Khokand. Jehangir, the second son of Sarim Sak, was dissatisfied with life in exile, and owing to his ancestry, was able to get support from fellow-Mohammedans in plotting the recovery of Kashgar. At the end of the Chia-ch'ing period the assistant military-governor of Kashgar was a Manchu of loose character who was hated by the people. Seizing an opportunity, Jehangir collected several hundred Buruts and crossed the border. He was soon driven out, but maintained his headquarters near by in order to harass the border patrol. Though the Manchu governor was removed and punished, dissention among the Mohammedans, who were incited by Jehangir, continued. In 1825 Emperor Hsüan-tsung attempted to effect reforms in that region and appointed Ch'ing-hsiang 慶祥 (d. 1826, posthumous name 壯直, the Duke I-lieh 義烈公, and a Mongol of the Tubet clan 圖伯特) as assistant military-governor at Kashgar, and Ch'ang-ling as military-governor at Ili. In July 1826, four months after Ch'ang-ling reached Ili, Jehangir led his men across the border and within a month took four cities in Chinese Turkestan—Kashgar, Yingeshar, Yarkand and Khotan. Ch'ing-hsiang committed suicide and many of the garrison were killed. But Ch'ang-ling sent reinforcements in time to Aksu and to Ush, thus halting the spread of Jehangir's influence. Aksu became the base for a large army, and Ch'ang-ling was made commander with the rank of General Yang-wei (揚威將軍). Taking with him about twenty thousand men, Ch'ang-ling began to advance early in March 1827, his chief assistants being Ulungga 武隆阿 (d. 1831?), and Yang Yü-ch'un [q.v.]. After a number of victories he entered Kashgar on March 28. In a short time all the other cities were recovered. But the emperor, irritated at Jehangir's escape, was not satisfied and had Ch'ang-ling reprimanded. When an army sent in pursuit of Jehangir clashed with the Khokand army and was defeated, the emperor ordered the withdrawal of the main troops, leaving 8,000 men at Kashgar under the newly appointed assistant-commander, Yang Fang [q.v.]. When Ch'ang-ling advocated the appointment of one of the Hodjas as ruler of Kashgar, the emperor was greatly displeased and sent Na-Yen-ch'êng [q.v.] to take his command. While the latter was on the journey to assume his post, Ch'ang-ling and Yang Fang captured Jehangir by the following ruse. They circulated false rumors to the effect that Kashgar was undefended and could easily be taken. Jehangir fell into the trap and crossed the border again. Though he withdrew when he saw danger it was too late, for Yang Fang had already observed him. After a pursuit lasting several days Jehangir was taken alive on February 14, 1828. When the news reached Peking Ch'ang-ling was rewarded with a dukedom of the second class, with the designation, Wei-yung 威勇公, and with rights of perpetual inheritance. He was ordered to return to Peking to celebrate the victory of which Emperor Hsüan-tsung was determined to make the most. In imitation of his grandfather, the emperor ordered that portraits of forty of the generals and high officials be hung in the Tzû-kuang-ko (see under Chao-hui). When in June Jehangir was delivered to Peking, he was "presented"—before being quartered —to the Imperial Ancestral Temple at a ceremony known as hsien-fu 獻俘. Such a ceremony had taken place twice before: in 1724 after the capture of the rebel leaders of Kokonor (see under Nien Kêng-yao) and in 1776 with the leaders of the Chin-ch'uan rebels (see under A-kuei). A ceremony known as shou-fu 收俘, or "receiving captives" by the emperor, was also performed —earlier observances of it being at the reception of Galdan's son in 1697 (see under Galdan), of Lobdzan Dandzin in 1755 (see under Nien Kêng-yao), of Davatsi in 1756 (see under Amursana), of the Kokonor rebels, and of the Chin-ch'uan aborigines. After 1828 neither of these ceremonies was again observed, for thereafter the government suffered many defeats, and whatever victories it had were too inglorious to warrant a display of power. In fact it is questionable whether Emperor Hsüan-tsung was justified in reviving them in the case of Ch'ang-ling whose victory amounted only to the suppression of a minor rebellion. Incidentally, Ch'ang-ling was the last official of the dynasty to be raised to a dukedom.

As soon as Jehangir was captured Ch'ang-ling was ordered to return to Peking, leaving the settlement of affairs at Kashgar to Na-Yen-ch'êng. He reached Peking in July 1828 and continued to serve as Grand Secretary and as Grand Councilor, but was given concurrently several other high ranks. On his seventy-first birthday, late that year, he was showered with many unusual gifts. However, in 1830 the Khokandians, who were debarred from trade for giving protection to other members of Jehangir's family, attacked Kashgar and Yarkand. Ch'ang-ling was again sent as General Yang-wei to punish the invaders. Before he arrived at Aksu (early in 1831) the Khokandians had already retreated from the border. After investigating their complaints an agreement was reached with them by which trade was resumed and tax on merchandise was remitted in return for a doubtful promise of keeping the Hodjas in check. In later years the Hodjas caused two minor disturbances—in 1846 (see under I-shan) and in 1857—and a serious one lasting more than fourteen years in 1864-78 (see under Tso Tsung-t'ang).

While settling the Mohammedan affairs in 1831 Ch'ang-ling was given the high honorary title of Grand Tutor. He returned to Peking in 1832. Three years later he received a complete set of eight engravings depicting the memorable scenes of his campaign in Chinese Turkestan, entitled 平定回疆戰圖 P'ing-ting Hui-chiang chan-t'u. The official history of the campaign, entitled P'ing-ting Hui-chiang chiao-ch'in ni-i fang-lüeh (剿擒逆裔方略) 80 + 6 chüan, was completed in 1830 but was not printed until years later. In 1837, on his eightieth birthday, his dukedom was raised to the first class. He died on the following Chinese New Year's Day and was given many posthumous honors, including the name, Wên-hsiang 文襄 and commemoration in the Temple of Eminent Statesmen. He left an account of his life, entitled 長文襄公年譜 Ch'ang Wên-hsiang kung nien-p'u, 4 chüan, which was printed in 1841 by his son, Kuei-lun 桂輪. The family studio bore the name, Kuei-ts'ung t'ang 桂叢堂.

Ch'ang-ling's only brother, Hui-ling 惠齡 (1743-1804, posthumous name, Ch'in-hsiang 勤襄), was governor-general of Szechwan where he took part in the campaign against the Gurkas (see under Fu-'ang-an). Later he fought against the White Lily Sect in Hupeh. His last post was governor-general of Shênsi and Kansu (1801-04), and after his death he was given the hereditary rank of a baron of the second class. Owing to the fact that his son and heir, Kuei-pin 桂斌, was killed in 1826 at Khotan when the insurgents under Jehangir took

[Ch'ang Wên-hsiang kung nien-p'u; 1/373/la; 2/36/la; 7/22/29a; 11/42;48b; 1/351/2b; Tung-hua-lu, Tao-kuang; 新疆圖志 Hsin-chiang t'u-chih (1923).]

FANG CHAO-YING

Saertuke Changling 薩爾圖克長齡 《清代人物生卒年表》定其生卒年為乾隆23年~道光18年。 【參考《清代人物生卒年表》#2222.】

《清史稿》卷367

長齡，字懋亭，薩爾圖克氏，蒙古正白旗人，尚書納延泰子，惠齡之弟也。乾隆中，由繙譯生員補工部筆帖式，充軍機章京，擢理藩院主事。從征甘肅、臺灣、廓爾喀，累擢內閣學士，兼副都統。嘉慶四年，授右翼總兵。五年，赴湖北剿教匪，為領隊大臣，數敗高天升、馬學禮於川、楚交界，授宜昌鎮總兵。又敗徐天德、苟文明等。六年，擢湖北提督，署總督。七年，敗樊人傑、曾芝秀等，予雲騎尉世職。以病回京，歷左翼總兵，出為古北口提督。九年，授安徽巡撫，擒蒙城教匪余連。十年，調山東。十二年，擢陝甘總督，討平西寧叛番。十三年，坐在山東供應欽差侍郎廣興動用庫帑，褫職，戍伊犂。尋予藍翎侍衛，充科布多參贊大臣。十六年，授河南巡撫。十八年，復授陝甘總督，剿擒南山匪首萬五等，晉騎都尉世職。二十一年，予都統銜，充伊犂參贊大臣，命察治回匪圖爾邁善獄，劾罷將軍松筠，遂代之。二十二年，復授陝甘總督。道光元年，加太子少保，協辦大學士，留總督任。二年，署直隸總督。會青海野番滋事，命回陝甘，遣總兵穆爾泰、馬騰龍討平之，賜雙眼花翎，拜文華殿大學士，管理藩院事，召還京。尋以青海奏凱後，野番復渡河劫掠，奪雙眼花翎。三年，授軍機大臣，管理戶部三庫，充總諳達。四年，出為雲貴總督，五年，調陝甘，改授伊犂將軍。

初，回疆自乾隆中戡定後，歲徵貢稅頗約。旋懲於烏什之亂，由辦事大臣縱肆激變，益慎選邊臣，回民賴以休息。久之，法漸弛，蒞其任者，往往苛索伯克，伯克又斂之回民。嘉慶末，參贊大臣斌靜尤淫虐，失眾心。張格爾者，回酋大和卓木博羅尼都之孫也。博羅尼都當乾隆中以叛誅，至是張格爾因眾怨糾安集延、布魯特寇邊。道光二年，逮治斌靜，代以永芹，亦未能撫馭。四年秋、五年夏兩次犯邊，領隊大臣巴彥圖敗績，遂益猖獗。

六年六月，張格爾大舉入卡，陷喀什噶爾、英吉沙爾、葉爾羌、和闐四城，命陝甘總督楊遇春駐哈密，督兵進剿。長齡 疏言：「逆酋已踞巢穴，全局蠢動。喀城距阿克蘇二千里，四面回村，中多戈壁，非伊犂、烏魯木齊六千援兵所能克。請速發大兵四萬，以萬五千分護糧臺，以二萬五千進戰。」詔授長齡揚威將軍，遇春及山東巡撫武隆阿為參贊，率諸軍討之。十月，師抵阿克蘇。時提督達凌阿等已敗賊渾巴什河，張格爾以眾三千踞柯爾坪，令提督楊芳襲破之。大雪封山，兵止未進，疏言：「前奉旨兵分二路，正兵由中路臺站、奇兵由烏什草地，繞出喀城，斷其竄遁。惟烏什卡倫外直抵巴爾昌，山溝險狹，戈壁數百里，所經布魯特部落，半為賊煽，未可孤軍深入。且留防阿克蘇、烏什、庫車兵八千餘，其延、綏、四川兵尚未到。進剿之步騎止二萬二千，兩路相距二十餘站，聲息不通。喀城賊眾不下數十萬，非全軍直搗，反正為奇，難期無失。喀城邊外凡十卡，皆接外夷，恐賊敗遁，已諭黑回約眾邀截。」七年二月，師至巴爾楚軍臺，為喀、葉二城分道處，復留兵三千以防繞襲。進次大河拐，賊屯洋阿爾巴特，夜來犯營，卻之。遂由中路進，殲賊萬餘，擒五千。越三日，張格爾拒戰於沙布都爾，多樹葦，決水成沮洳，賊數萬臨渠橫列。乃令步卒越渠鏖鬥，騎兵繞左右橫截入陣，賊潰，追踰渾水河，擒斬萬計。又越二日，進剿阿瓦巴特，分三路掩殺，俘斬二萬有奇。追至洋達瑪河，距喀城僅十餘里，賊悉眾十餘萬背城阻河而陣，亙二十餘里，選死士夜擾其營。會大風霾，用楊遇春策，遣索倫千騎繞趨下游牽賊勢，大兵驟渡上游蹙之，賊陣亂，乃大奔，乘勝抵喀什噶爾，克之。時三月朔日也。張格爾已先遁，獲其姪與甥，及安集延酋推立汗、薩木汗。分兵令遇春下英吉沙爾、葉爾羌，芳下和闐，於是四城皆復。上以元惡漏網，嚴詔詰責，限速捕獲。六月，遇春、芳率兵八千出塞窮追，遇春屯色勒庫，芳屯阿賴，諭各部落擒獻。浩罕遣諜誘官軍入伏，鏖戰幾殆，僅得出險。詔斥諸將老師糜餉，留兵八千，餘命遇春率兵入關，芳代為參贊。當大軍之出，密詔詢將軍、參贊：事平後，西四城可否仿土司分封。至是，長齡疏言：「愚回崇信和卓，猶西番崇信達賴，即使張逆就擒，尚有兄弟之子在浩罕，終留後患。八千留防之兵難制百萬犬羊之眾。博羅尼都之子阿布都哈里尚羈在京師，惟有赦歸，令總轄西四城，可以服內夷、制外患。」武隆阿亦以為言。上切責其請釋逆裔之謬，並革職留任，命那彥成為欽差大臣，代長齡籌善後。

張格爾傳食諸部落，日窮蹙。長齡等遣黑回誘之，率步騎五百，欲乘歲除襲喀城。芳嚴兵以待，賊覺而奔，追至喀爾鐵蓋山，擊斬殆盡。張格爾僅餘三十人，棄騎登山，副將胡超、都司段永福等擒之。八年正月，捷聞，上大悅，錫封長齡 二等威勇公，世襲罔替，賜寶石頂、四團龍補服、紫韁，授御前大臣。諸將封賞有差。五月，檻送張格爾於京師，上御午門受俘，磔於市。晉長齡太保，賜三眼花翎，圖形紫光閣。尋回京，命親王大臣迎勞，行抱見禮於勤政殿。授閱兵大臣，管理藩院及戶部三庫，正大光明殿賜凱宴，賜銀幣，授領侍衛內大臣。恩禮優渥，並用乾隆朝故事，時稱盛焉。

十年秋，浩罕以內地安集延被驅逐，貲產皆鈔沒，積怨憤，遂挾張格爾之兄玉素普及其黨博巴克等復入邊，圍喀什噶爾、英吉沙爾二城，且犯葉爾羌。復命長齡為揚威將軍，往督師。會葉爾羌辦事大臣璧昌連破賊，長齡令參贊哈哴阿、提督胡超分路進援喀、英二城，賊聞風解圍遁出塞。於是偕伊犂將軍玉麟合疏陳善後事，略曰：「此次入寇，與張格爾不同，不過烏合夷眾，挾驅逐鈔沒之憾，虜掠取償，無志於土地人民。各白回畏賊騷掠，助順守禦，亦非上年甘心從逆之比。此時戰緩而守急。惟兵未至而賊已先逃，兵久駐而賊無一獲，戰守俱無長策。諸臣條奏增兵廣屯，以省徵調，言之似易，行之實難，即收效亦在數十年之後。若仿土司以西四城付阿奇木伯克，回性懦弱，非浩罕敵；苟無官兵守禦，賊至必如入無人之境。臣等再四籌商，統兵之人宜立不敗之地，斯能制人而不為人制，惟有移參贊大臣於葉爾羌，其地本回疆都會，距喀什噶爾六站，在不遠不近之間。再移和闐領隊大臣備調遣。喀什噶爾留換防總兵一，與英吉沙爾領隊為犄角。巴爾楚克駐守總兵一，為樹窩子咽喉鎖鑰。六城相距均不過數百里。於西四城額兵六千之外，留伊犂騎兵三千，陝甘綠營兵四千，量分駐守，而以重兵隨參贊居中調度。新兵糧餉，請於各省綠營兵額內裁百分之二，歲省三十餘萬，以為回疆兵餉。俟屯田有效，即以回疆兵食守回疆，仍撤回內地餉額。」又疏請招民開墾西四城閒地以供兵糈。又請添設同知二、巡檢五，由陝、甘選勤能之員任之。並下廷議，往復再三，罷設文員，減滿、漢兵二千五百名，新增餉需不過十萬兩，各城額徵糧科可敷供支，乃允行。以璧昌為參贊大臣，各城聽節制。其辦事、領隊各大臣，命長齡等保奏任用。浩罕懼大軍出討，乞援俄羅斯，俄人拒之，乃遣頭人詣軍求通商。長齡責縛獻賊目，釋還兵民，來報願還俘虜，復乞免稅，並給還所沒貲財。上方欲示以寬大，且謂獻犯亦不足信，一切允之。浩罕喜過望，進表納貢通商如故，邊境乃安。

長齡駐回疆凡兩載，十二年，回京，晉太傅，管理兵部，調戶部，賜四開褉袍。十七年，以病乞休，上親視其疾，溫詔慰留。以八十壽，晉一等公爵。次年，卒，上震悼，親奠，賜金治喪，入祀賢良祠、伊犂名宦祠，諡文襄。十九年，命每次謁陵後，賜奠其墓。子桂輪，襲公爵，官至烏里雅蘇臺、杭州將軍，諡恪慎。孫麟興，襲爵，亦官烏里雅蘇臺將軍。