Brig. Gen. J. Johnston Pettigrew (CSA)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Johnston_Pettigrew

Gen. James Johnston Pettigrew (July 4, 1828 – July 17, 1863) was an author, lawyer, linguist, diplomat, and a Confederate general in the American Civil War. He was a major leader in the disastrous Pickett's Charge and was killed a few days after the Battle of Gettysburg during the Confederate retreat to Virginia.

Gen. Pettigrew's mother and the mother of Union General John Gibbon were first cousins, making Gibbon and Pettigrew second cousins. At the end of the council of war on the night of July 2, 1863, Union army commander Maj. Gen. George G. Meade took Gen. John Gibbon aside and predicted, "If Lee attacks tomorrow, it will be on your front." Gibbon's division did bear the brunt of fighting during the defense against Pickett's Charge on July 3, when Gibbon was again wounded.

Early years Johnston Pettigrew was born to Ebenezer and Ann Sheppard Pettigrew in Tyrell County, North Carolina. His father was of a wealthy family of French Huguenot background[1] His mother and the mother of Union general John Gibbon were first cousins, making Gibbon and Pettigrew second cousins. Pettigrew entered the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill at the age of 15. He excelled in mathematics and classical languages, and was a member of the Philanthropic Society. He also led his class in fencing and boxing. He earned praise for his achievements from President James K. Polk, who appointed him an assistant professor at the United States Naval Observatory. He then studied law in Baltimore and joined the firm of his uncle in Charleston, South Carolina, followed by a trip to Germany to study civil law. He traveled around Europe for seven years, where he learned to speak and write French, German, Italian, and Spanish, and to read Greek, Hebrew, and Arabic. He wrote a travel book, Notes on Spain and the Spaniards, and spent time in the diplomatic service.

Returning to the U.S., Pettigrew was elected to the South Carolina legislature in 1856. Despite his gift of foreign languages and civil knowledge, Pettigrew leaned toward the military as a way to serve his country and his state. In December 1860, he was serving as an aide to the governor of South Carolina and the following April participated in the negotiations between the governor's office, South Carolina military authorities, and the Union commander of Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor.

Civil War When war was declared, Pettigrew joined the Hampton Legion, a force raised in South Carolina by Wade Hampton, as a private, although he quickly accepted a commission as colonel of the 1st South Carolina Rifles. He returned to North Carolina to command the 12th (later renamed the 22nd) North Carolina Infantry. Both Jefferson Davis and Gen. Joseph E. Johnston urged him to accept higher command, but he declined because of his lack of military experience. However, as the need for qualified officers in the Confederate States Army became acute, the new colonel was soon ordered to Virginia to accept a promotion to brigadier general on February 26, 1862.

When a young relative requested a "safe place" on Pettigrew's staff, he replied, "I assure you that the most unsafe place in the Brigade is about me. By all means let him get rid of this idea of a safe place, which he will regret after time. The post of danger is certainly the post of honor." He was true to his word.

Peninsula Campaign During the Peninsula Campaign in the summer of 1862, Pettigrew was severely wounded at the Battle of Seven Pines. He was hit by a Minié ball that damaged his throat, windpipe, and shoulder. Pettigrew nearly bled to death, and while lying wounded, he received another bullet wound in the arm and was bayoneted in the right leg. Believing his wounds mortal, Pettigrew didn't permit any of his men to leave the ranks to carry him to the rear. Left for dead on the field, he recovered consciousness as a Union prisoner of war.[2] Exchanged two months later, the general recovered from his wounds, spent the fall commanding a brigade in Maj. Gen. Daniel Harvey Hill's division around Richmond, and the winter commanding a brigade in North Carolina and southern Virginia. He returned to his North Carolina brigade just in time to begin the Gettysburg Campaign in June 1863.

Gettysburg Campaign The Confederate War Department had assigned Pettigrew's Brigade to Gen. Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia, and Pettigrew traveled to Fredericksburg, Virginia, to rejoin that army in late May. Pettigrew's Brigade was one of the strongest in Maj. Gen. Henry Heth's Division of Lt. Gen. A.P. Hill's Third Corps. Freshly uniformed and armed with rifles from state military depots, his regiments presented a fine military appearance during the march through Maryland and Pennsylvania. Some of his regimental officers were also members of the North Carolina planter "aristocracy," including Colonel Collett Leventhorpe leading the 11th North Carolina Infantry and twenty-one-year-old Harry Burgwyn at the head of the 26th North Carolina Regiment, the largest Confederate regiment at Gettysburg. Not having been in serious combat for nearly a year, his brigade mustered a strength over 2,500 officers and men.[3]

Pettigrew's Brigade tangled with the Iron Brigade on July 1, 1863, at the McPherson and Herbst farms to the west of Gettysburg, where all four of his regiments suffered devastating losses—over 40 percent—but were successful in driving the Union forces off of McPherson's Ridge.[3] General Pettigrew assumed command of the division after the wounding of Gen. Heth that afternoon, and attempted to reorganize the battered division during the next day's battle as they lay behind Seminary Ridge.

Pickett's Charge On July 3, Lee selected Pettigrew's division to march at the left of Maj. Gen. George Pickett's in the famous infantry assault now known as Pickett's Charge (although some recent historians have used the name "Pickett-Pettigrew-Trimble Assault" to describe it because Pickett led only one third of men in the attack). This was an error on Lee's part. He did not consult with Pettigrew to find out the terrible condition of the division.

As the division advanced, it received murderous fire. Pettigrew's horse was shot out from under him, and he continued on foot. Reaching within 100 yards of the stone wall on Cemetery Ridge partially held by his cousin John Gibbon, he was severely wounded in the left hand by canister fire. Despite the great pain he was in, Pettigrew remained with his soldiers until it was obvious that the attack had failed. Holding his bloody hand, the despondent officer walked toward Seminary Ridge and encountered General Lee. Pettigrew attempted to speak, but Lee, seeing the horrible wound, spoke first: "General, I am sorry to see you are wounded; go to the rear." With a painful salute, Pettigrew said nothing but continued to the rear.

Falling Waters and death General Pettigrew continued to command the division during the retreat to the Potomac River until Heth recovered. Stopped by the flooded Potomac River at Falling Waters, West Virginia, Pettigrew's brigade was deployed in a dense skirmish line on the Maryland side protecting the road to the river crossing. Union cavalry probed the southern defenses throughout the night as Lee's army crossed the pontoon bridges into West Virginia. On the morning of July 14, Pettigrew's brigade was one of the last Confederate units still north of the Potomac River, when the Union troopers closed in. On foot and in the front line, Pettigrew was directing his soldiers when he was shot by a Union cavalryman from the Michigan Brigade at close range, the bullet striking him in the abdomen. He was immediately carried to the rear and across the Potomac, having refused to be left in federal hands. He died three days later near Bunker Hill, West Virginia. His brigade, which lost an estimated 56% casualties, had been ruined as an effective combat organization.[4]

Legacy The loss of Pettigrew emotionally devastated his family and there was an official day of mourning held for him in North Carolina. His death also affected Lee who remarked, "The army has lost a brave soldier and the Confederacy an accomplished officer."[5] General Pettigrew's body was returned to North Carolina and interred at his family estate, "Bonarva," which is now part of Pettigrew State Park in Washington and Tyrrell Counties.

General James Johnston Pettigrew Camp #1401 of the Sons of Confederate Veterans in Lenoir, North Carolina, was named for the fallen officer.

In World War II the United States liberty ship SS James J. Pettigrew was named in his honor.

In popular media Pettigrew was portrayed by actor George Lazenby in the 1993 film Gettysburg.

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James Johnston Pettigrew
(From the Confederate Military History) and other Biographies:
Brigadier-General James Johnston Pettigrew was born on the shores of Lake Scuppernong, in Tyrrell county, N. C., July 4, 1828, at "Bonarva," the home of his father, Ebenezer Pettigrew, representative in Congress. The family was founded in America by James, youngest son of James Pettigrew, an officer of King William's army, rewarded by a grant of land for gallantry at the battle of the Boyne. Charles, son of the founder, was chosen the first bishop of North Carolina.

Young Pettigrew was graduated at the State university in 1847, with such distinction that President Polk, who attended the commencement, accompanied by Commodore Maury, offered the young student one of the assistant professor ships in the observatory at Washington. He held this position until 1848, when he began study for the profession of law, which he completed under his distinguished relative, James L. Pettigrew, of South Carolina. After traveling in Europe two years he entered upon the practice of his profession at Charleston, and in 1856 was elected to the South Carolina legislature. In 1859 he again visited Europe and sought to enter the Sardinian service during the Italian war, but was prevented by the early close of that struggle.
Returning, he took an active part in the military organization of Charleston, and became colonel of the First regiment of rifles of that city. During the early operations in Charleston harbor, he was in command at Castle Pinckney, and later on Morris island. On account of some disagreement about the admission of his regiment to the Confederate service, he went to Richmond and enlisted in the Hampton legion, but in May, 1861, received a commission as colonel of the Twenty-second North Carolina infantry. With this regiment he was engaged in constructing and guarding batteries at Evansport, on the Potomac, until the spring of 1862.

He was then, without solicitation and over his objections, promoted brigadier-general, and assigned to a brigade which he led to the peninsula. At the battle of Seven Pines, July 1st, in which his brigade lost heavily, he was severely wounded in the shoulder, and while lying unconscious on the field was captured. He was confined as a prisoner two months, during which he asked that his rank might be reduced so that he could be more easily exchanged. But without this sacrifice he returned to the service,and while yet an invalid was assigned to command at Petersburg, and a new brigade of North Carolinians was formed for him. He operated with much skill and gallantry in North Carolina in the fall of 1862 and spring of 1863, defended Richmond against Stoneman's raid, and then accompanied Lee to Pennsylvania, his brigade forming a part of Heth's division, A. P. Hill's corps. 

The conduct of his men on the first day of the battle of Gettysburg was magnificent, and their loss was terrible. General Heth being wounded, Pettigrew took command of the shattered division, and on the third day led it in the immortal charge against the Federal position on Cemetery hill. A remnant of his brave men gained the Federal lines, but were crushed back by sheer weight of lead and iron. At Gettysburg his brigade suffered the greatest loss in killed and wounded of any brigade in the army, over 1,100 out of a total of 3,000. Though painfully wounded in the hand, Pettigrew kept the field, and was on duty during the painful retreat which followed. On the morning of July 14th, Heth's division reached the Potomac at Falling Waters, and while Pettigrew was receiving orders from Heth to remain there in command of the rear guard, a body of about forty Federal cavalrymen, who had been allowed to approach under the error that they were Confederates, dashed recklessly into the Confederate troops, demanding surrender. General Pettigrew's horse took fright and threw him to the ground.

Rising he drew his pistol, and was about to take part in the skirmish, when he was shot and mortally wounded. He was borne tenderly across the river and to a hospitable home at Bunker Hill, Va., where he yielded his life with Christian resignation, July 17, 1863.

James Johnston Pettigrew
(1828-1863)

       Lacking combat experience, J. Johnston Pettigrew was loath to accept a brigadier generalship and actually sent the commission back to the Confederate War Department. The North Carolinian had taught at the Washington Naval Observatory and studied law in the United States and Germany. Practicing in Charleston, he was involved in the militia and became an officer.

His military assignments included: colonel, 1st South Carolina Rifles (November 1860); private, Hampton (S.C.) Legion (1861); colonel, 12th North Carolina Volunteers July 11, 1861); colonel, 22nd North Carolina (designation change on November 14, 186 1); brigadier general, CSA (February 26, 1862); commanding French's (old) Brigade, Aquia District, Department of Northern Virginia(March 12-mid April 1862); commanding brigade, Whiting's-G.W. Smith's Division, same department (April-May 31, 1862); commanding Martin's (old) Brigade, Department of North Carolina (September 1862 February and April 1-May, 1863); commanding brigade, Hill's Command, Department of Virginia and North Carolina (February-April 1, 1863); commanding brigade, Heth's Division, 3rd Corps, Army of Northern Virginia (May 30-July 1 and July-July 14, 1863); and commanding the division July 1-mid July 1863)
.

       After commanding his rifles at Fort Sumter, he went to Virginia as a private but was appointed to the colonelcy of the North Carolina regiment before 1st Bull Run. He served that winter in the Fredericksburg area and the next spring moved to the Peninsula. After the Yorktown siege he was wounded and captured at Seven Pines. Exchanged in late August 1862, he commanded a brigade in southern Virginia and North Carolina until May 1863 when it was ordered to Lee's army. At Gettysburg he succeeded the wounded Herb in charge of the division and led it in Pickett's Charge two days later. During the retreat he was mortally wounded on July 14 at Falling Waters while commanding his brigade. Carried back to Virginia, he died three days later. (Freeman, Douglas S., Lee's Lieutenants).

James Johnston Pettigrew (July 4, 1828 – July 17, 1863) was an American author, lawyer, and soldier. He served in the army of the Confederate States of America, fighting in the 1862 Peninsula Campaign and played a prominent role in the Battle of Gettysburg. Despite starting the Gettysburg Campaign commanding a brigade, Pettigrew took over command of his division after the division's original commander Henry Heth was wounded. In this role, Pettigrew was one of three division commanders in the disastrous assault known as Pickett's Charge on the final day of Gettysburg. He was badly wounded during the assault and was later mortally wounded during a Union attack while the Confederates retreated to Virginia near Falling Waters, West Virginia, dying several days later.

Johnston Pettigrew was born at his family's estate "Bonarva" in Tyrrell County, North Carolina on July 4, 1828. His father was from a wealthy family of French Huguenot background. One of Pettigrew's cousins, John Gibbon, would later become a major general for the Union during the War of Northern Agression. Pettigrew enrolled at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill at the age of 15. Pettigrew is reported to have performed well in his studies, as well as in boxing and fencing. He earned praise for his achievements from President James K. Polk, who appointed him an assistant professor at the United States Naval Observatory. Pettigrew studied law, traveled to Europe, and eventually moved to Charleston, South Carolina, where he worked in the legal field with his uncle, James Louis Petigru. He was also an author, writing a book about the culture of Spain titled Notes on Spain and the Spaniards in the Summer of 1859, With a Glance at Sardinia.

Returning to the United States, Pettigrew was elected to the South Carolina House of Representatives in 1856. Despite his education and legal experience, Pettigrew leaned toward the military as a way to serve his country and his state. In December 1860, he was serving as an aide to the governor of South Carolina and the following April participated in the negotiations between the governor's office, the South Carolina military authorities, and the Union commander of Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor.

War of Northern Agression
When war began, Pettigrew joined the Hampton Legion, a force raised in South Carolina by Wade Hampton, as a private, although he quickly accepted a commission as colonel of the 1st South Carolina Rifle Militia Regiment. Pettigrew was later assigned to command the 12th (later renamed the 22nd) North Carolina Infantry. Confederate President Jefferson Davis urged him to accept higher command, but he declined because of his lack of military experience. Despite this inexperience, Pettigrew was promoted to brigadier general by Jefferson Davis during the lead-up to the Peninsula Campaign.

Peninsula Campaign
During the Peninsula Campaign in the summer of 1862, Pettigrew was severely wounded at the Battle of Seven Pines. He was hit by a Minié ball that damaged his throat, windpipe, and shoulder. Pettigrew nearly bled to death, and while lying wounded, he received another bullet wound in the arm and was bayoneted in the right leg. Pettigrew was left for dead on the field, as his wounds were believed to be mortal. However, he recovered consciousness as a Union prisoner of war. Exchanged two months later, the general recovered from his wounds, spent the fall commanding a brigade in Maj. Gen. Daniel Harvey Hill's division around Richmond, and in the winter commanded a brigade in North Carolina and southern Virginia. He returned to his North Carolina brigade just in time to begin the Gettysburg Campaign in June 1863.
Gettysburg Campaign

Bronze plaque commemorating the site of Pettigrew's death near Bunker Hill, West Virginia
The Confederate War Department had assigned Pettigrew's Brigade to Gen. Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia, and Pettigrew traveled northward to join Lee's army. Pettigrew's brigade, along with the brigades of James Jay Archer, John M. Brockenbrough, and Joseph R. Davis, was assigned to Major General Henry Heth's division of Lt. Gen. A. P. Hill's Third Corps. Both Heth's division and Hill's corps were new organizations, having been created as part of Lee's reorganization following the death of Stonewall Jackson. Pettigrew's Brigade was the strongest in Heth's division. Freshly uniformed and armed with rifles from state military depots, his regiments presented a fine military appearance during the march through Maryland and Pennsylvania. Some of his regimental officers were also members of the North Carolina planter "aristocracy", including Colonel Collett Leventhorpe leading the 11th North Carolina Infantry and twenty-one-year-old Harry Burgwyn at the head of the 26th North Carolina Regiment, the largest Confederate regiment at Gettysburg. Not having been in serious combat for nearly a year, his brigade mustered a strength over 2,500 officers and men.

Pettigrew's Brigade tangled with the Iron Brigade on July 1, 1863, at the McPherson and Herbst farms to the west of Gettysburg, where all four of his regiments suffered devastating losses—over 40 percent—but were successful in driving the Union forces off of McPherson's Ridge.[13] That afternoon, General Heth suffered a head wound that kept him out of action, and Pettigrew took over command of the battered division.
On July 3, 1863, Gen. Lee selected Pettigrew's division to march at the left of Maj. Gen. George Pickett's in the famous infantry assault popularly known as Pickett's Charge (sometimes called the "Pickett-Pettigrew-Trimble Assault", as Pickett's division was not the only one to participate in the charge). Pettigrew's old brigade, now commanded by James K. Marshall, had been roughly handled on the first day of the battle, and was not in good condition for the charge.
Pettigrew's division ran into a heavy fire from Union general Alexander Hays' division, which was posted on Cemetery Ridge. Birkett Fry, now commanding James Archer's brigade was wounded, Marshall was killed. Pettigrew's division suffered heavy casualties and were unable to break Hays' line. The division was driven off, and Pettigrew had his horse shot out from under him, requiring him to lead his division on foot. Pettigrew also suffered a painful arm wound.

During the Confederate retreat from Gettysburg, Pettigrew remained in command until Heth recovered. Stopped by the flooded Potomac River at Falling Waters, West Virginia, Pettigrew's brigade (temporarily combined with Archer's former brigade) was deployed as a rear guard unit. Union cavalry probed the southern defenses throughout the night as Lee's army crossed the pontoon bridges into West Virginia. On the morning of July 14, 1863, Pettigrew's brigade was one of the last Confederate units still north of the Potomac River when the Union attacked his position. On foot and in the front line, Pettigrew was directing his soldiers when he was shot by a Union cavalryman from the Michigan Brigade at close range, the bullet striking him in the abdomen. He was immediately carried to the rear and across the Potomac, having refused to be left in federal hands. He died three days later at Edgewood Manor plantation near Bunker Hill, West Virginia. His brigade, which lost an estimated 56% casualties, had been ruined as an effective combat organization.
Legacy

Tyrrell County Confederate Monument noting the death of General J. Johnston Pettigrew
An official day of mourning was held for him in North Carolina. His death also affected Lee, who remarked: "The army has lost a brave soldier and the Confederacy an accomplished officer." General Pettigrew's body was returned to North Carolina and interred at his family estate, "Bonarva", which is now part of Pettigrew State Park in Washington and Tyrrell Counties.

General James Johnston Pettigrew Camp #1401 of the Sons of Confederate Veterans in Lenoir, North Carolina, was named for the fallen officer.

In World War II, the United States liberty ship SS James J. Pettigrew was named in his honor.
In 1912, a building on the campus of the University of North Carolina was named for Pettigrew.

From Find a Grave:
War of Northern Agression Confederate Brigadier General. The son of Ebenezer and Ann Shepard Pettigrew, he began life in Tyrrell County North Carolina at "Bonarva", the family's prosperous plantation on the shore of present day Lake Phelps. Born James Johnston Pettigrew, he was known throughout his life by family and friends as "Johnston". From his formative years, his mental capacities were described as a "gift from god" and well-advanced of other boys his age. Contemporaries predicted that he would "become an extraordinary man."

Indeed, at the age of 15 years old, he enrolled in the University of North Carolina and would graduate at the front his class in 1847. Upon graduation, he accepted an offer from Matthew Fontaine Maury to become an Astronomer at the National Observatory. From the time he resigned this position to the outbreak of war in 1861, he traveled the world learning some five languages; authored the book "Notes on Spain and the Spaniards in the Summer of 1859, with a Glance at Sardinia"; became a South Carolina Statehouse Legislator and a distinguished leading attorney in Charleston.

With South Carolina leaning toward secession from the Union in 1860, he became Colonel of the 1st Regiment of Rifles of South Carolina, regardless of the fact that he had no military experience. Soon thereafter, SC Governor Francis Pickens appointed him a military aide. The negotiations with Major Robert Anderson after that officer had moved his forces to Fort Sumter and the forceful possession of Castle Pinckney would become his first services to what would become the new Confederacy. He declined the appointment of Adjutant General of South Carolina and commissions of Major and Captain in the "Hampton Legion" and eventually entered the ranks as a Private.
His desire to serve his native state of North Carolina was realized on July 11, 1861 when he received word that he was elected Colonel of the 22nd North Carolina Infantry Regiment (he had declined an offer to become a General in the SC forces in lieu of this). Likewise, in February 1862, he once again would decline a promotion to Brigadier General because he had not led soldiers into battle and was "not conscious of having earned so flattering a position". Soon thereafter however, he accepted the commission after he was urged to reconsider his refusal for it. His first action would be at the battle of Seven Pines, Virginia on May 31, 1862. During the battle's fierce chaos, a minnie ball struck him in the throat passing through his shoulder severing a blood artery. He resigned himself that it was mortal and refused to go to the rear. He eventually passed out from the loss of blood and would have died if not for the actions of a Georgian Colonel. Retreating Confederates saw him motionless and reported that he had been killed which led to him being officially listed as killed in action. In reality, he fell into federal hands the day after and remained a prisoner until being exchanged in August, 1862.
During the Confederate's 1863 offensive campaign, his brigade made first contact with federal cavalry on June 30, 1863 outside of a small town in Pennsylvania. Unbeknownst him, the encounter would be the prelude to the bloodiest conflict of the war, the battle of Gettysburg. His Brigade suffered a great deal in the dislodgement of the federals on McPherson's Ridge on July 1, 1863. With the wounding of his Division commander, General Henry Heth, Pettigrew as senior brigadier was placed in command. On July 3, 1863, he gave the order "forward" and personally led his division's attack on the federals' center on Cemetery Ridge. The ill advised assault, known in history as "Pickett's Charge", was made over open ground and under withering enemy fire. Pleading his men forward, the attack reached within feet of the stone wall before the survivors of the charge were repulsed and forced to staggered back to their lines. Defeated, he was one of the last to leave the field and upon returning to the Confederate lines; Robert E. Lee told him "General Pettigrew, it is all my fault". He was assigned to the rearguard of the Confederate Army as it made the trek back to Virginia. At Falling Waters, Maryland on July 14, 1863, he and a group of officers were standing in the front yard of a farmhouse when they were surprised by a small force of Federal cavalrymen. Taking aim at a blue horseman, his revolver misfired, giving his intended target a chance to fire.

Pettigrew was shot in the stomach. Confederate surgeons told him that the wound appeared to be mortal and his only chance at survival were to be left behind for the impending federal army to care for him. Not wanting to become captured again, he disregarded these concerns and was transferred to present day Bunker Hill, Virginia. In the early morning hours of July 17, 1863, his life ended after telling a staff officer; "It's time to be going". His body was returned to North Carolina where it lay in state at the capital in Raleigh. Upon reading his last will and testament and learning his wishes were to be buried in the Pettigrew Family Cemetery at "Bonarva", his remains were removed from a Raleigh cemetery and re-interred there in November 1865.

Bio by: Stonewall
Family Members
Parents
Ebenezer Pettigrew
1783–1848
Ann Blount Shepard Pettigrew
1795–1830
Siblings:
Charles Lockhart Pettigrew
1816–1873
William Biddle Pettigrew
1817–1817
William Shepard Pettigrew
1818–1900
John Shepard Pettigrew
1820–1821
James Pettigrew
1822–1833
Henry Ebenezer Pettigrew
1824–1831
Mary Blount Pettigrew Browne
1826–1887
Ann Blount Shepard Pettigrew McKay
1830–1864

Inscription
BRIS. GEN. JAS. J. PETTIGREW,
of the Confederate States Army.
Son of Ebenezer & Anne B. Pettigrew.
Born at Bonarva, July 4, 1828.
Died July 15, 1863, at Bunker
Hill, (the residence of Mr. Boyd), near
Martinsburg, Va. from wounds
received near Falling Water on
the Potomac River, while acting
with his command as rear guard
to General Lee's Army of North

• Virginia.