Agnes Elizabeth Meyer

Agnes Elizabeth Ernst Meyer was an American journalist, a philanthropist, a civil rights activist, and an art patron. Throughout her life, Meyer was engaged with intellectuals, artists, and writers from around the world. Meyer's marriage to the financier Eugene Meyer provided her with wealth and status that enabled her to influence national policy, such as social welfare programs. Meyer lobbied for the creation of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare and for the United States government to provide federal aid to states for education. President Lyndon Johnson credited Meyer for building public support for the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, which for the first time directed federal assistance towards school districts that served children from low-income families. She advocated for equal employment and educational opportunities, regardless of race. Meyer's investigative journalism showed the inequities of racial segregation in schools in the metropolitan Washington, D.C. area.

The purchase of The Washington Post in 1933 gave Meyer and her family the capacity to affect American opinion for several generations. Daughter Katharine Graham led the newspaper during the coverage of Watergate Investigation that eventually led to the resignation of President Richard Nixon and earned the paper a Pulitzer Prize. During Senator Joseph McCarthy's anti-Communist campaign in the 1950s, Meyer delivered speeches that characterized the campaign as a threat to academic freedom.

Meyer was an active patron and supporter of the arts, who with her husband contributed paintings by Paul Cézanne and Edouard Manet, sculptures by Constantin Brancusi, and watercolors by John Marin.to the United States National Gallery of Art.

Agnes Elizabeth Ernst was born on January 2, 1887, in New York City to Frederic and Lucy Ernst, who were first-generation German Lutheran immigrants. She grew up in the Pelham Heights neighborhood in The Bronx attending Morris High School. As an adolescent, she clashed with her father about her ambitions. Ernst attended Barnard College over the objections of her father, and had her schooling provided through a scholarship and paid through part-time jobs. She worked as a freelance journalist at The New York Sun, she met and began cultivating lifelong friendships with intellectuals. She, along with Katharine Rhoades and Marion Beckett were known as "the Three Graces" of the Alfred Stieglitz art circle.

Ernst met her future husband Eugene Meyer, who was 11 years her senior, in an art gallery while she was a student at Barnard College. Ernst graduated from Barnard College in 1907. Ernst continued her studies at the Sorbonne in Paris for a year. Shortly after graduating from Barnard College, Meyer was hired by the New York Sun as one of the newspaper's first woman journalists.

From 1915–1916, she created and published the literary art magazine, 291 with Alfred Stieglitz, Marius de Zayas, and Paul Haviland. Its second issue featured a full-page printed version of Mental Reactions, the earliest example of visual poetry in America, in which Meyer's poem is cut into individually trimmed blocks of pasted-down text and strewn across the page. In 1933, Eugene Meyer purchased the Washington Post to which Meyer frequently contributed articles about the problems of veterans, migrant workers, students in overcrowded schools, and African Americans. After World War II, Meyer wrote Out of These Roots: The Autobiography of an American Woman.

During Senator Joseph McCarthy's anti-Communist campaign in the 1950s, Meyer delivered speeches that characterized the campaign as a threat to academic freedom. She spoke at the convention of the American Association of School Administrators in Atlantic City, New Jersey, calling his behavior an affront to the dignity of a free people. Speaking at the Barnard Forum, Meyer argued that "security is not an aim in itself," that without freedom it "reduces life to that of the prison."

Meyer's investigative journalism showed the inequities of racial segregation in the Metropolitan area Washington DC schools. United States President Lyndon Johnson credited Meyer for building public support for the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, which for the first time directed federal assistance towards school districts that served children from low-income families.

Meyer lobbied for integration of public schools and an end to racial discrimination in employment. Meyer advocated for the creation of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare and the United States government providing federal aid to states for education. Lyndon B. Johnson credited her with having the most influence over his education policies.

On November 17, 1956, Agnes E. Meyer addressed the National Council of Negro Women in Washington D.C.

Throughout the 1960s she continued to dedicate her time to improving public education through the creation and financial support of several not-for profit organizations.

In 1944, with her husband she created the Eugene and Agnes E. Meyer Foundation to provide funding for civic activities, particularly those related to improving public education.

In 1958, Meyer with her husband co-founded the Agnes and Eugene Meyer Fund to provide support for professors of her Alma mater, Barnard College and provided funding to the New School for Social Research. The next year, she founded the Urban Service Corps a program to offer mentoring to school children in Washington D.C. In 1960. Meyer founded the National Committee for the Support of the Public Schools and was the chairwoman until her death.

Meyer met Charles Lang Freer, the Detroit industrialist and collector in 1913 at a Chinese painting exhibition. Over the years, together they studied and collected Chinese and other Asian art. When Freer died before the Freer Gallery of Art was completed, Meyer and her husband took over making the final decisions. During the 1993 renovation to the Gallery, the Eugene and Agnes E. Meyer Auditorium was remodeled and dedicated to them.

The Meyer's family contributed painting by Paul Cézanne and Edouard Manet, sculptures by Constantin Brancus, and watercolors by John Marin to the United States National Gallery of Art.

She returned to the United States from Paris in 1910 and married Eugene in a small Lutheran wedding. At that time, Eugene was established in his career as an investment banker and was financially well off.

Meyer and Eugene had five children together. Their oldest daughter Florence Meyer (1911–1962) was a photographer and married to actor Oskar Homolka. Elizabeth Meyer Lorentz (1913–2001) was an author who was married to Pare Lorentz. Eugene "Bill" Meyer III (1915–1982) was a physician and medical professor. Katharine Graham (1917–2001) was the publisher of The Washington Post. Ruth Meyer (1921–2007) married William A. Epstein.

In 1917, the Meyers relocated to Washington, D.C. For the next sixteen years Eugene had a series of positions within the federal government. Eugene and Agnes Meyer lived in Meridian Park section of Washington. The Meyer family first leased, in 1929, and then bought, in 1934, property on Crescent Place. The property, now known as the White-Meyer House, is on the National Register.

In 1919 the Meyers built a mansion on the Seven Springs Farm in Westchester County, New York. The house had over 60 rooms, two wings for servants, 15 bedrooms, and three pools, including an indoor pool cased in white marble from Italy. The estate overlooks Byram Lake, and is at the point where the towns of North Castle, New Castle and Bedford meet.

Meyer was chairwoman of the Westchester County Recreation Commission for eighteen years (1923–1941).

Meyer had a twenty-year-long friendship with Thomas Mann. She helped to create an active social life for him during his exile to the United States, by introducing him into elite social circles in New York and Washington, DC. In 1938, she secured a position as lecturer in the humanities for him at Princeton University.

At the age of 83, Meyer died of cancer at Seven Springs Farm.

While living, Meyer was honored by receiving 14 honorary degrees, and awards from the Women's National Press Club, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), AFL-CIO, and National Conference of Christians and Jews. After Meyer's death, the Eugene and Agnes E. Meyer Foundation donated Seven Springs Estate to Yale University. Later it was incorporated as a nonprofit conference center. In 1984 the property went to Rockefeller University, which continued to use it as a conference center.

The Washington Post established the Agnes Meyer Outstanding Teacher Award in 1983 to recognize exceptional teachers. More than 500 teachers in the Metropolitan Washington area have received this honor in her name.

The Library of Congress holds the Agnes Elizabeth Ernst Meyer Papers which includes her diaries, correspondence with family, friends, and her career as an author and social activist, her speeches, and an unpublished manuscript for a memoir.