Albert Emil Johannes Hermann von der Goltz

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Graf_von_der_Goltz

Albert Graf von der Goltz was born in the family estate of Heinrichsfelde, in the District of Wirsitz (Kreis Wirsitz), West Prussia[2] (today the area belongs to Poland) in 1893.[4][5] His father was Heinrich Ernst Albrecht Graf von der Goltz (1855–1923), descendant of an old noble family and a prominent member of the local society, and his mother was Else von Borkowski (1861–1951). Albert Graf von der Goltz had an older sister, Elisabeth Emmy Wanda Harriet Gräfin von der Goltz (1889–1978). It seems that the family estate (or Gut Czaycze), firstly mentioned in 1427,[6] which Albert inherited after his father's death, was a typical Prussian estate, with two old manor houses (the older of which was burn down in 1922).[6] With 251 inhabitants per 1885 census, the family estate hosted, among others, a distillery and a brickyard,[7][8]

Albert Graf von der Goltz entered army service in 1913, at the age of 20. As a noble, he was accepted into the 2nd Dragoon Regiment (full name: 1. Brandenburgische Dragoner-Regiment Nr. 2) an elite formation created in 1689.[9] After all, the husband of his sister, Alexander (Axel) Graf von Schlieffen (1882–1918) was an officer in the regiment, something that apparently secured the Goltz's entrance as a Fahnenjunker. In this regiment, he received his commission to Leutnant in 1914, when World War I broke out. He fought with distinction in the war, earning both classes (2nd and 1st) of the Iron Cross for his merit.[5] Alexander Graf von Schlieffen, honorary knight of the Johanittenorden, was killed in battle as a Rittmeister of the reserves near Gouzeaucourt on 19 September 1918.[10]

After the capitulation of Germany, Goltz, who apparently did not pursue a military career, was discharged from the army, got married in 1919 and returned to the family estate.[11] In adherence to the Versailles Treaty, the former German Empire lost, among others, parts of Prussia to Poland. Heinrichsfelde was on the Polish side of the border, six miles from the new German territory. During the interwar years, Goltz struggled to preserve the German presence in the area. He set a personal example, by having six children with his wife from 1920 to 1928. Thus, the number of the German families increased steadily. In addition, his estate hosted a school for both Polish and German children.[12] He was described as a reliable first-line combatant of the Germans in Poland.[13]

Eventually, he was elected chairman of the local chapter of the Nazi-orientated JdP (Jungdeutsche Partei in Polen, Young German Party in Poland). As the anti-German demonstrations and pressure against local cultural life in Pomerania and elsewhere were increasing, von der Goltz strongly protested against the arbitrary shutting of the local Diakonissenstation[Notes 2] and the confiscation of its assets by the Polish authorities. As a result, on 17 February 1939, his estate in Czajcze was assaulted by approximately 250 Poles, and von der Goltz himself was physically threatened from the intruders. The police force arrived to restore order only after the dissolution of the demonstration.[11] The friction between Poles and Germans in the region continued throughout 1939, fueled by the threats of Poland's invasion by Nazi Germany. In August 1939, after Goltz was drawn back into active service, leaving Heinrichsfelde, tension reached its peak. Rumors circulating among the population had it that Goltz intended to lead a Freikorps unit across the border.[12] In a provocative act that received some extent of publicity after the end of the war, some ethnic Germans set a part of the estate on fire, blaming the Poles for the incident. Goltz himself was unaware of this, until one of his daughters confessed it during the war.[14] World War II

In August 1939, Goltz was called to the Wehrmacht with the rank of a Hauptmann der Reserve ("der Reserve" is often abbreviated to "d.R.") to the 9th Infantry Regiment (9. Infanterie-Regiment), then part of the 23rd Infantry Division.[4] The division crossed the German-Polish border in the area of Sępólno Krajeńskie and the Regiment fought in Klonowo, while later it was transported to East Prussia and reached the city of Białystok. During the Battle of France, the Regiment invaded Luxembourg and Belgium, took part in the bitter fighting in Charleville-Mézières and in the Aisne Canal. After the capitulation of France it was tasked with security duties.[15] During those campaigns, von der Goltz was awarded the Clasp to both classes (2nd and 1st) of his World War I Iron Crosses.[5]

In October 1940[16] he was transferred, along with the 3rd Battalion of the Regiment, to the newly formed 415th Infantry Regiment of the 123rd Infantry Division in Brandenburg and later that year, he took command of its 1st Battalion.[17] Around April 1941, the division was moved to East Prussia so to participate in Operation Barbarossa.[18] He fought in Demyansk during the heavy winter of 1941/42.[18] For his successful leadership and his gallantry he was decorated with the renowned Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 7 May 1942.[4]

On 15 October 1942 the 415th Infantry Regiment was converted to 415th Grenadier Regiment and von der Goltz assumed the command.[19] The regiment continued to fight in the area of Demyansk and Kholm.[18] In early 1943 followed his promotion to Oberstleutnant der Reserve and in August of the same year, he was transferred to the 3rd Mountain Division of the German Sixth Army. There, he was named commander of the 138 Mountain Infantry Regiment (30 August 1943 - 6 September 1943),[20] after, of the 144 Mountain Infantry Regiment (7 September 1943 – 12 September 1943)[21] before being finally transferred to the 138 Mountain Infantry Regiment (from 12 September 1943 until his death).[20] For his distinguished performance during the battles around Volnovakha (August – September 1943) and the defensive battle south of Zaporizhia (September 1943) - for the latter he earned a reference in the Wehrmachtbericht -, he was awarded 316th[22] the Oak Leaves (Eichenlaub) on the Knight's Cross on 2 November 1943. Almost a month after the award (1 December 1943), he was promoted to Oberst der Reserve.[4]

Albert Graf von der Goltz officially received the Oak Leaves from Adolf Hitler in the ceremony held in the Wolf's Lair in Rastenburg, on 30 January 1944, along with Oberstleutnant Karl Koetz (374th Oak Leaves Recipient), Major Josef-Georg Mulzer (367th), Rittmeister Andreas Thorey (349th) and Leutnant d.R. Heinrich Boigk (370th).[23] Death

In March 1944 the German Sixth Army was threatened with encirclement by Soviet troops. The 138th and 144th Mountain Infantry Regiments of the 3rd Mountain Division were ordered to hold a bridgehead at the Inhulets River against Soviet counterattacks until the German forces could evacuate the area.[24] The second most successful Austro-German sniper of the war and (possibly) co-recipient of the Knight's Cross, Josef Allerberger, witnessed the Count's injury (and subsequent death) and recalls the incident in his memoirs.[25]

On 14 March[4] or (less likely[Notes 3]) 15,[22] 1944, the units' main forces, including a convoy with several vehicles, were assembled near the Bug river,[4] awaiting further orders to cross it. Allerberger, walking along with officers, including von der Goltz, claimed that "we considered ourselves safe from enemy attacks, due to the large numbers of soldiers stationed in the area." The commanders of the regiment, along with other commanding officers, were discussing the organization of the area's defences under "cold rainfall".[26] Suddenly, the command post was attacked by Soviet T-34 tanks. One of the tanks opened fire with its machine gun, injuring the Count's horse, while a German SPG (self-propelled gun) was moving into a firing position. Instead of finding cover, like the other members of his team did, von der Goltz desperately tried to save his horse. Another Soviet tank fired a large caliber shell, causing some nearby vehicles to explode. Shrapnel from the explosion killed the horse and von der Goltz was seen being thrown to the ground "like he had been punched by an invisible fist".[22] The SPG destroyed the tank and soon the attack was forced back.[26] Von der Goltz managed to stand up, only to faint moments later, after realizing "silently though in terror"[22] that his right arm had been ripped from his shoulder.[22] He was immediately transported to Odessa, where he died in a Lazarett from gangrene[22] on 16 March 1944.[4] Personal life

Albert Graf von der Goltz was married to Freiin (Baroness) Isabelle Marie Luise "Isa" Knigge (1895–1986) on 23 January 1919 in Grünau. They resided in Heinrichfelde. The couple had six children; five daughters and a son:[3]

   Gisela Elisabeth Clara Clementine Gräfin von der Goltz (b. 13 March 1920)

   Ingeborg Emilie Adele Irene Gräfin von der Goltz (b. 17 March 1921)

   Isa Maria Emma Helene Gräfin von der Goltz (7 February 1922 – 15 May 2007)

   Renate Elisabeth Hedwig Mara Gräfin von der Goltz (b. 14 February 1923)

   Heinrich Wilhelm Theodor Moritz Walter Graf von der Goltz (b. 2 August 1926)

   Helga Luise Hildegard Helene Ursula Gesa Gräfin von der Goltz (b. 29 October 1928)

Graf and Grafin von der Goltz were guests at the 1937 wedding of Juliana of the Netherlands with Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld.[27]

Isabelle von der Goltz distinguished herself as a compassionate person not only during the war but in the following years as well. She worked as assistant sister in several hospitals and organized the evacuation of Heinrichsfelde and the flight of the German population to Mecklenburg after the demise of her husband. Isa von der Goltz, along with her 22-year-old daughter Renate, a Red Cross sister, managed to lead the approximately 300 men and women convoy to the safety of the village of Güldenstein in Harmsdorf (Schleswig-Holstein). The fact that the von der Goltz family had friendly relations with other German nobles of Silesia helped provide temporary accommodation and shelter in their estates to the refugees during the march to the west.[28] The family itself settled in northern Germany, as Czajcze was ultimately incorporated into post-war Poland. She died in 1986.[3]

Her daughter, Isa, also took part in the organization of the flight. During the war years she worked in military hospitals and after the unconditional surrender of Germany she underwent nurse training at Flensburg, after which she volunteered for humanistic service for two years (1954–1956) during the Korean War. Later, she studied in the United States of America and went on - among others - to direct the Elsa-Brandström-Haus in Blankenese, while for 18 years (1980–1998) held the position of the President of the Red Crosse's branch in Hamburg (DRK-Kreisverband Altona). In recognition of her activities, she was awarded one of the highest decorations of the International Red Cross, the Florence Nightingale Medal and the 1996 Hamburger Bürgerpreis.[29] She died in the morning of 17 May 2007, at the age of 85. Dirk Reimers, the president of the Red Cross department in Hamburg, remarked that "...her memory will remain in our mind as a great example".[30] Awards

(Note: The question mark next to an award implies unknown date of award)

   Honorary knight of the Johanittenorden

   Commander of the House Order of the Wendish Crown

   Iron Cross of 1914, 1st and 2nd Class (?)[5]

   Honour Cross of the World War 1914/1918 (193?)[5]

   Clasp to the Iron Cross

       2nd Class (19 May 1940)[31]

       1st Class (28 June 1940)[31]

   Eastern Front Medal (ca. 1941/42)[5]

   Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves

       Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 7 May 1942 as Major der Reserve and commander of I./Infanterie-Regiment 415[2][32]

       316th Oak Leaves on 2 November 1943 as Oberstleutnant der Reserve and leader of Gebirgsjäger-Regiment 144[2][32]

   Wound Badge in Gold (1944?) (possibly posthumously)[Notes 4][5]

   Mentioned in the Wehrmachtbericht on 3 October 1943[5]

Reference in the Wehrmachtbericht Date Original German Wehrmachtbericht wording Direct English translation 3 October 1943 Bei den Abwehrkämpfen südostwärts Saporoshje zeichneten sich das Jägerregiment 138 unter Führung des Oberstleutnants Graf von der Goltz, eine unter Führung von Major von Gaza stehende Panzergruppe sowie die Sturmgeschützabteilung 243 und die Heeres-Panzerjägerabteilung 721 besonders aus.[33] The Jägerregiment 138 under the leadership of Oberstleutnant Graf von der Goltz, a Panzer group under the command of Major von Gaza as well as Sturmgeschützabteilung 243 and the Heeres-Panzerjägerabteilung 721 distinguished themselves in the defensive battles southeast of Zaporizhia. Notes