Arnold Zweig

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Zweig

Arnold Zweig (10 November 1887 – 26 November 1968) was a German writer and anti-war and antifascist activist. He is best known for his six-part cycle on World War I.

Contents [show] Life and work[edit] Zweig was born in Glogau, Prussian Silesia (today Głogów, Poland), the son of a Jewish saddler. (He is not related to Stefan Zweig). After attending a gymnasium in Kattowitz (Katowice), he made extensive studies in history, philosophy and literature at several universities – Breslau (Wrocław), Munich, Berlin, Göttingen, Rostock and Tübingen. He was especially influenced by Friedrich Nietzsche's philosophy. His first literary works, Novellen um Claudia (1913) and Ritualmord in Ungarn, gained him wider recognition.

Zweig volunteered for the German army in World War I and saw action as a private in France, Hungary and Serbia. He was stationed in the Western Front at the time when Judenzählung (the Jewish census) was administered in the German army. Shaken by the experience, he wrote in his letter dated February 15, 1917 to Martin Buber: "The Judenzählung was a reflection of unheard sadness for Germany's sin and our agony... If there was no antisemitism in the army, the unbearable call to duty would be almost easy." He began to revise his views on the war and to realize that it pitted Jews against Jews.[1] Later he described his experiences in the short story Judenzählung vor Verdun. The war changed Zweig from a Prussian patriot to an eager pacifist.

By the end of the war he was assigned to the Press department of the German Army Headquarters in Kaunas and there he was first introduced to the East European Jewish organizations.

In a quite literal effort to put a face to the hated 'Ostjude' (Eastern European Jew), due to their Orthodox, economically depressed, "unenlightened", "un-German" ways, Zweig published with the artist Hermann Struck Das ostjüdische Antlitz (The Face of East European Jewry) in 1920. This was a blatant effort to at least gain sympathy among German-speaking Jews for the plight of their eastern European brethren. With the help of many simple sketches of faces, Zweig supplied interpretations and meaning behind them.

After World War I he was an active socialistic Zionist in Germany. After Hitler's attempted coup in 1923 Zweig went to Berlin and worked as an editor of a newspaper, the Jüdische Rundschau.

In the 1920s, Zweig became attracted to the psychoanalytical theories of Sigmund Freud and underwent Freudian therapy himself. In March 1927 Zweig wrote to Freud asking permission to dedicate his new book to Freud. In the letter Zweig told Freud: "I personally owe to your psychological therapy the restoration of my whole personality, the discovery that I was suffering from a neurosis and finally the curing of this neurosis by your method of treatment."

Freud returned this ardent letter with a warm letter of his own, and the Freud-Zweig correspondence continued for a dozen years - momentous years in Germany's history. This correspondence is extensive and interesting enough to have been published in book form.

In 1927 Zweig published the anti-war novel The Case of Sergeant Grischa, which made him an international literary figure. From 1929 he was a contributing journalist of anti-Nazi newspaper Die Weltbühne (World Stage). That year, Zweig would attend one of Hitler's speeches. He told his wife that the man was a Charlie Chaplin without the talent.[2] Zweig would later witness the burning of his books by the Nazis. He remarked that the crowd "would have stared as happily into the flames if live humans were burning."[3] He decided to leave Germany that night.

Exile in Palestine[edit] When the Nazis took power in Germany in 1933, Zweig was one of many Jews who immediately went into voluntary exile. Zweig went first to Czechoslovakia, then Switzerland and France. After spending some time with Thomas Mann, Lion Feuchtwanger, Anna Seghers and Bertolt Brecht in France, he set out for Palestine, then under British rule (Mandatory Palestine).

In Haifa, Palestine, he published a German-language newspaper, the Orient.[4] In Palestine, Zweig became close to a group of German-speaking immigrants who felt distant from Zionism and viewed themselves as refugees or exiles from Europe, where they planned to return. This group included Max Brod, Else Lasker-Schüler and Wolfgang Hildesheimer.[5] During his years in Palestine, Zweig became disillusioned with Zionism and turned to socialism.

In Haifa, Zweig underwent psychoanalysis with Ilya Schalit.[6] His novels De Vriendt Goes Home and A Costly Dream are partly set in Mandatory Palestine and describe, among other things, the encounter between Zionism, socialism and psychoanalysis. In De Vriendt Goes Home, a young Zionist, recently immigrated to Palestine from Eastern Europe, kills the Dutch Jew De Vriendt who, on the basis of a more orthodox religious sentiment, was seeking an understanding with the local Arab population. During his stay in Palestine, Zweig may have been the main link between Freud and the local psychoanalytic community.[7]

His 1947 book The Axe of Wandsbek concerned the Altona Bloody Sunday (Altonaer Blutsonntag) riot, an SA march on 17 July 1932 that turned violent and led to 18 people being shot dead,[8] with four Communists including Bruno Tesch subsequently being beheaded for their alleged involvement.[9]

Return to Germany[edit] In 1948, after a formal invitation from the East German authorities, Zweig decided to return to the Soviet occupation zone in Germany (which became East Germany in 1949). In East Germany he was in many ways involved in the communist system. He was a member of parliament, delegate to the World Peace Council Congresses and the cultural advisory board of the communist party. He was President of the German Academy of the Arts from 1950 to 1953.

He was rewarded with many prizes and medals by the regime. The USSR awarded him the Lenin Peace Prize (1958) for his anti-war novels.

After 1962, due to poor health, Zweig virtually withdrew from the political and artistic fields. Arnold Zweig died in East Berlin on 26 November 1968.

Bibliography[edit] Novellen um Claudia, 1912. Das ostjüdische Antlitz [The Face of East European Jewry], Illustrated by Hermann Struck (2nd ed.), Univ of California Press, 2004 [1920]. Playthings of Time Der große Krieg der weißen Männer [The Great War of the White Men] - a cycle in six parts Der Streit um den Sergeanten Grischa [The Case of Sergeant Grischa], 1927. Junge Frau von 1914 [Young Woman of 1914], 1931. Erziehung vor Verdun [Education before Verdun], 1935. Einsetzung eines Königs [Crowning of a King], 1937. Die Feuerpause, 1954. Die Zeit ist reif [The Time is Ripe], 1957. De Vriendt kehrt heim [De Vriendt Goes Home], 1932. Spinoza [The Living thoughts of Spinoza], 1939. Das Beil von Wandsbek [The Axe of Wandsbek], 1948 [1943 in Hebrew, 1947 in German, 1947 in English]. Freud, Ernst L, ed. (1987), The Letters of Sigmund Freud and Arnold Zweig, New York University Press. Traum ist Teuer [A Costly Dream], Aufbau Verlag, 1962. Film adaptations[edit] Das Beil von Wandsbek (1951) (The Axe of Wandsbek), directed by Falk Harnack, produced in East Germany Das Beil von Wandsbek (1982), a West German TV film documentary directed by Horst Königstein and Heinrich Breloer The Case of Sergeant Grischa 1930, US film directed by: Herbert Brenon. This film is presumed lost, as no negative or print material is known to have survived. Der Streit um den Sergeanten Grischa, 1968, directed by: Helmut Schiemann as a TV film in two parts for the East German broadcaster Deutscher Fernsehfunk Junge Frau von 1914, 1970, East German film directed by Egon Günther Erziehung vor Verdun, 1973, East German film directed by Egon Günther

ארנולד צְוַויְיג

' (בגרמנית: Arnold Zweig;‏ 10 בנובמבר 1887 – 26 בנובמבר 1968) היה סופר יהודי גרמני.

תוכן עניינים 1 קורות חיים 2 מספריו 3 ספריו בעברית 4 לקריאה נוספת 5 קישורים חיצוניים 6 הערות שוליים קורות חיים צווייג נולד בעיר גלוגאו (Glogau; כיום Głogów) שבשלזיה, בשטח שהיה אז חלק מגרמניה וכיום הוא חלק מפולין. את לימודיו התיכוניים עשה בעיר קטוביץ. הוא למד היסטוריה, פילוסופיה וספרות במספר אוניברסיטאות, בערים ברסלאו, מינכן, ברלין ועוד. בתקופה זו הושפע מן הפילוסופיה של ניטשה.

ארנולד צווייג נטה לסוציאליזם ולציונות[1][2], ובהיותו פטריוט גרמני התנדב לשירות בצבא הגרמני הקיסרי במלחמת העולם הראשונה. הוא השתתף בלחימה בצרפת, בהונגריה ובסרביה. בשנת 1917 הוצב במחלקת העיתונות של מפקדת הפיקוד העליון, ה"אובר אוסט" בקובנה. שם נתקל לראשונה ביהודים ממזרח אירופה. חוויות המלחמה הפכה אותו לפציפיסט ונתנה לו חומר גלם לכמה וכמה ספרים.

עם תום המלחמה השתקע בבוואריה, לחוף אגם שטרנברג, ועסק בכתיבת מאמרים ומחזות והביע את עמדותיו כלפי היהדות. הוא התיידד עם ליון פויכטוונגר ועם זיגמונד פרויד. בעקבות פוטש של היטלר במרתף הבירה ב-1923 עזב את בוואריה ועבר לברלין. באפריל 1933, עם עליית הנאצים לשלטון בגרמניה, הוצא צווייג מאגודת הסופרים הגרמנים[3]. במאי 1933 ספריו נשרפו במסגרת שריפת הספרים בגרמניה הנאצית[4]. בתחילת 1934 החרימו השלטונות הנאצים את רכושו בגרמניה[5] והוציאו נגדו צו מעצר[6]. צווייג עלה לארץ ישראל, התיישב בחיפה, והצטרף ככותב ועורך לעיתון בשפה הגרמנית בשם "האוריינט" (Orient) שמייסדו והעורך הראשי היה וולפגנג יורגראו. כן היה פעיל בעניינים ציבוריים והיה חבר בוועד להקמת בית הבימה[7].

ב-1948, בעקבות הזמנה רשמית מהשלטונות הקומוניסטיים, עבר לאזור הכיבוש הסובייטי בגרמניה, שהפך מאוחר יותר לגרמניה המזרחית, שם הוא פיתח קריירה כסופר מפורסם וחביב המשטר, ואף היה חבר הפרלמנט. בין השנים 1950–1953 כיהן כנשיא האקדמיה לאמנות של מזרח גרמניה. בשנת 1958 היה בין מקבלי פרס לנין לשלום. ב-1962 פרש מפעילות ציבורית עקב בריאות לקויה, וב-1968 נפטר במזרח ברלין. הוא נטמן בבית הקברות דורותיאנשטאדט בברלין.

מספריו 1911 משפחת קלופפר - רומן על סופר יהודי גרמני החי בארץ ישראל. 1912 אביגיל ונבל - מחזה על נושא תנ"כי. 1913 Claudia קלאודיה - נובלה. 1915 Ritualmord in Ungarn עלילת הדם בהונגריה מחזה (טרגדיה) שזכה לגרסה נוספת מאת צווייג ב-1918 בשם שליחותו של סמאל ועוסק במשפט Tisza Eszlar טיסה-אסלאר (הפרשה מתוארת בעלילת דם). 1920 פני יהדות מזרח אירופה. 1925 לסינג, קלייסט, ביכנר (מסה). 1926 ראי הקיסר הגדול - תורגם והופיע בעברית בהוצאת זב"מ. 1926 Caliban oder Politik und Leidenschaft קאליבאן. 1927 Der Streit um den Sergeanten Grischa הריב של הסמל גרישה - תורגם והופיע בעברית בהוצאת זב"מ. נמכר בגרמניה במעל 300,000 עותקים[8] 1928 יהודים על הבמה הגרמנית. 1929 מוצא העתיד. 1931 Junge Frau von 1914 אישה צעירה משנת 1914. 1932 De Vriendt kehrt heim דה פרינדט חוזר הביתה - רומן העוסק בחייו והירצחו של יעקב ישראל דה האן. 1934 Bilanz der deutschen Judenheit מאזן היהדות הגרמנית. 1935 Erziehung vor Verdun חינוך לפני ורדן. 1937 Einsetzung eines Königs 1938 ימים ששקעו. 1947 Das Beil von Wandsbek הגרזן של ונדסבק - רומן המתאר את עליית הנאצים ואדישות/אכזריות הגרמנים כלפי היהודים, תורגם והופיע בעברית בהוצאת זב"מ. 1954 Die Feuerpause הפסקת אש. 1957 Die Zeit ist reif הזמן בשל. ספריו בעברית הקרדום של ואנדסבק, תרגם מכתב יד אביגדור המאירי, מרחביה, 1943. ‫הגרזן של ונדסבק, תרגם צבי ארד, זמורה ביתן, תל אביב, 1985. דה וריאנט שב הביתה, תרגם והוסיף הערות צבי ארגון, אחרית דבר מאת שלמה נקדימון, דביר, תל אביב, תשנ"א 1991. ראי הקיסר הגדול, תרגמה עדנה קורנפלד, תרמיל, משרד הביטחון, תשל"ז 1977. ‫הריב על אודות הסרג’נט גרישא, תרגם דב קמחי, מצפה, תל אביב, 1930. הריב על הסמל גרישה, תרגם צבי ארד, זמורה ביתן, תל אביב, תשמ"ו 1986. ‬ לקריאה נוספת ז'קלין רוז, "ההתנגדות האחרונה":, על ההתכתבות בין זיגמונד פרויד, ערב גלותו מווינה, לארנולד צווייג, הגולה בחיפה", מטעם, 9, 2007. מוניקה צמקה, "חייו ויצירותיו של הסופר ארנולד צווייג בראי יהדותו", ברית עברית עולמית, 1998. רבקה גורפיין-אוכמני, "בשולי חליפת המכתבים בין זיגמונד פרויד לארנולד צווייג", מאזנים, ל', תש"ל-1970. (המאמר זמין לצפייה

במאגר JSTOR לאחר הרשמה) וולף אירו, עמוס דולב, קרסטין מלכה-זינטר, (עורכים סדרת "טקסטים למען העתיד", סדרה להגות גרמנית בת זמננו), "זיגמונד פרויד - ארנולד צווייג : חליפת מכתבים 1939-1927", הקדמה : תום שגב, תרגמה מגרמנית : נועה קול, הוצאת רסלינג, 2016. קישורים חיצוניים ויקישיתוף מדיה וקבצים בנושא ארנולד צווייג בוויקישיתוף ארנולד צווייג, הרצל הקודם , דבר, 3 ביולי 1934 אלעד יעקובוביץ', הוא זוכר את המורה לספרות שמואלי , באתר הארץ, 20 במאי 2011 חדוה בן ישראל, תגובה, צווייג ומאגנס , באתר הארץ, 27 במאי 2011 אבנר שפירא, מה כתב פרויד לאב הרוחני של הישראלים בברלין , באתר הארץ, 8 בפברואר 2016 משה צוקרמן, גרמניה, ציונות וקומוניזם: מכתבי פרויד וארנולד צווייג , באתר הארץ, 30 ביוני 2016 https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%93_...

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Zweig

Arnold Zweig (10 November 1887 – 26 November 1968) was a German writer and anti-war and antifascist activist. He is best known for his six-part cycle on World War I.

Contents [show] Life and work[edit] Zweig was born in Glogau, Prussian Silesia (today Głogów, Poland), the son of a Jewish saddler. (He is not related to Stefan Zweig). After attending a gymnasium in Kattowitz (Katowice), he made extensive studies in history, philosophy and literature at several universities – Breslau (Wrocław), Munich, Berlin, Göttingen, Rostock and Tübingen. He was especially influenced by Friedrich Nietzsche's philosophy. His first literary works, Novellen um Claudia (1913) and Ritualmord in Ungarn, gained him wider recognition.

Zweig volunteered for the German army in World War I and saw action as a private in France, Hungary and Serbia. He was stationed in the Western Front at the time when Judenzählung (the Jewish census) was administered in the German army. Shaken by the experience, he wrote in his letter dated February 15, 1917 to Martin Buber: "The Judenzählung was a reflection of unheard sadness for Germany's sin and our agony... If there was no antisemitism in the army, the unbearable call to duty would be almost easy." He began to revise his views on the war and to realize that it pitted Jews against Jews.[1] Later he described his experiences in the short story Judenzählung vor Verdun. The war changed Zweig from a Prussian patriot to an eager pacifist.

By the end of the war he was assigned to the Press department of the German Army Headquarters in Kaunas and there he was first introduced to the East European Jewish organizations.

In a quite literal effort to put a face to the hated 'Ostjude' (Eastern European Jew), due to their Orthodox, economically depressed, "unenlightened", "un-German" ways, Zweig published with the artist Hermann Struck Das ostjüdische Antlitz (The Face of East European Jewry) in 1920. This was a blatant effort to at least gain sympathy among German-speaking Jews for the plight of their eastern European brethren. With the help of many simple sketches of faces, Zweig supplied interpretations and meaning behind them.

After World War I he was an active socialistic Zionist in Germany. After Hitler's attempted coup in 1923 Zweig went to Berlin and worked as an editor of a newspaper, the Jüdische Rundschau.

In the 1920s, Zweig became attracted to the psychoanalytical theories of Sigmund Freud and underwent Freudian therapy himself. In March 1927 Zweig wrote to Freud asking permission to dedicate his new book to Freud. In the letter Zweig told Freud: "I personally owe to your psychological therapy the restoration of my whole personality, the discovery that I was suffering from a neurosis and finally the curing of this neurosis by your method of treatment."

Freud returned this ardent letter with a warm letter of his own, and the Freud-Zweig correspondence continued for a dozen years - momentous years in Germany's history. This correspondence is extensive and interesting enough to have been published in book form.

In 1927 Zweig published the anti-war novel The Case of Sergeant Grischa, which made him an international literary figure. From 1929 he was a contributing journalist of anti-Nazi newspaper Die Weltbühne (World Stage). That year, Zweig would attend one of Hitler's speeches. He told his wife that the man was a Charlie Chaplin without the talent.[2] Zweig would later witness the burning of his books by the Nazis. He remarked that the crowd "would have stared as happily into the flames if live humans were burning."[3] He decided to leave Germany that night.

Exile in Palestine[edit] When the Nazis took power in Germany in 1933, Zweig was one of many Jews who immediately went into voluntary exile. Zweig went first to Czechoslovakia, then Switzerland and France. After spending some time with Thomas Mann, Lion Feuchtwanger, Anna Seghers and Bertolt Brecht in France, he set out for Palestine, then under British rule (Mandatory Palestine).

In Haifa, Palestine, he published a German-language newspaper, the Orient.[4] In Palestine, Zweig became close to a group of German-speaking immigrants who felt distant from Zionism and viewed themselves as refugees or exiles from Europe, where they planned to return. This group included Max Brod, Else Lasker-Schüler and Wolfgang Hildesheimer.[5] During his years in Palestine, Zweig became disillusioned with Zionism and turned to socialism.

In Haifa, Zweig underwent psychoanalysis with Ilya Schalit.[6] His novels De Vriendt Goes Home and A Costly Dream are partly set in Mandatory Palestine and describe, among other things, the encounter between Zionism, socialism and psychoanalysis. In De Vriendt Goes Home, a young Zionist, recently immigrated to Palestine from Eastern Europe, kills the Dutch Jew De Vriendt who, on the basis of a more orthodox religious sentiment, was seeking an understanding with the local Arab population. During his stay in Palestine, Zweig may have been the main link between Freud and the local psychoanalytic community.[7]

His 1947 book The Axe of Wandsbek concerned the Altona Bloody Sunday (Altonaer Blutsonntag) riot, an SA march on 17 July 1932 that turned violent and led to 18 people being shot dead,[8] with four Communists including Bruno Tesch subsequently being beheaded for their alleged involvement.[9]

Return to Germany[edit] In 1948, after a formal invitation from the East German authorities, Zweig decided to return to the Soviet occupation zone in Germany (which became East Germany in 1949). In East Germany he was in many ways involved in the communist system. He was a member of parliament, delegate to the World Peace Council Congresses and the cultural advisory board of the communist party. He was President of the German Academy of the Arts from 1950 to 1953.

He was rewarded with many prizes and medals by the regime. The USSR awarded him the Lenin Peace Prize (1958) for his anti-war novels.

After 1962, due to poor health, Zweig virtually withdrew from the political and artistic fields. Arnold Zweig died in East Berlin on 26 November 1968.

Bibliography[edit] Novellen um Claudia, 1912. Das ostjüdische Antlitz [The Face of East European Jewry], Illustrated by Hermann Struck (2nd ed.), Univ of California Press, 2004 [1920]. Playthings of Time Der große Krieg der weißen Männer [The Great War of the White Men] - a cycle in six parts Der Streit um den Sergeanten Grischa [The Case of Sergeant Grischa], 1927. Junge Frau von 1914 [Young Woman of 1914], 1931. Erziehung vor Verdun [Education before Verdun], 1935. Einsetzung eines Königs [Crowning of a King], 1937. Die Feuerpause, 1954. Die Zeit ist reif [The Time is Ripe], 1957. De Vriendt kehrt heim [De Vriendt Goes Home], 1932. Spinoza [The Living thoughts of Spinoza], 1939. Das Beil von Wandsbek [The Axe of Wandsbek], 1948 [1943 in Hebrew, 1947 in German, 1947 in English]. Freud, Ernst L, ed. (1987), The Letters of Sigmund Freud and Arnold Zweig, New York University Press. Traum ist Teuer [A Costly Dream], Aufbau Verlag, 1962. Film adaptations[edit] Das Beil von Wandsbek (1951) (The Axe of Wandsbek), directed by Falk Harnack, produced in East Germany Das Beil von Wandsbek (1982), a West German TV film documentary directed by Horst Königstein and Heinrich Breloer The Case of Sergeant Grischa 1930, US film directed by: Herbert Brenon. This film is presumed lost, as no negative or print material is known to have survived. Der Streit um den Sergeanten Grischa, 1968, directed by: Helmut Schiemann as a TV film in two parts for the East German broadcaster Deutscher Fernsehfunk Junge Frau von 1914, 1970, East German film directed by Egon Günther Erziehung vor Verdun, 1973, East German film directed by Egon Günther