Constantine IV, Eastern Roman Emperor

• Constantine IV
• Konstantyn IV Pogonatos

Constantine IV (Greek: Κωνσταντίνος Δ', Kōnstantinos IV, Latin: Constantinus), (652–685); sometimes incorrectly called Pogonatos, "the Bearded", by confusion with his father[1]; was Byzantine emperor from 668 to 685. He had been named a co-emperor with his father Constans II in 654, and became senior emperor when Constans was assassinated in 668. His mother was Fausta, daughter of patrician Valentinus.

The first task before the new emperor was the suppression of the military revolt in Sicily which had led to his father's death. Within 7 months of his accession, Constantine IV had dealt with the insurgency with the support of Pope Vitalian. But this success was overshadowed by troubles in the east.

As early as 668 the Caliph Muawiyah I sent an army under his son Yazid against the Eastern Roman Empire. Yazid reached as far as Chalcedon and took the important Byzantine center Amorion. Although the city was quickly recovered, the Arabs next attacked Carthage and Sicily in 669. In 670 the Arabs captured Cyzicus and set up a base from which to launch further attacks into the heart of the Empire. Their fleet captured Smyrna and other coastal cities in 672. Finally, in 672, the Arabs sent a large fleet to attack Constantinople by sea. While Constantine was diverted by this, the Slavs unsuccessfully attacked Thessalonika.

Constantinople survived the Arab siege until 678, when the Byzantines employed Greek fire against the Arab fleet at the Battle of Syllaeum in Pamphylia. This was one of the first times Greek fire was used in combat. The Arabs withdrew, and were almost simultaneously defeated on land in Lycia in Anatolia.

A solidus showing Constantine and his brothers, minted before 681 when the latter were mutilated.

With the temporary passing of the Arab threat, Constantine had to turn his attention to the Church, torn between Monothelitism and Orthodoxy. In November 680 Constantine convened the Sixth Ecumenical Council (also known as the Third Council of Constantinople), reaffirming the Orthodox doctrines of the Council of Chalcedon in 451. This solved the controversy over monothelitism; conveniently for the empire, most monothelites were now under the control of the Umayyad Caliphate. The council closed in September 681.

In 680 the Bulgars under Asparukh crossed the Danube into nominally imperial territory and began to subject the local communities and Slavic tribes. Constantine IV led a combined land and sea operation against the invaders and besieged their fortified camp in Dobruja. Suffering from bad health, the emperor had to leave the army, which allowed itself to panic and be defeated by the Bulgars. In 681, Constantine was forced to acknowledge the Bulgar state in Moesia and to pay protection money to avoid further inroads into Byzantine Thrace.

His brothers Heraclius and Tiberius had been crowned with him as Augusti at the demand of the populace, but in 681 Constantine had them mutilated so they would be ineligible to rule. At the same time he associated on the throne his own young son Justinian II. Constantine died of dysentery in September 685.

Family

By his wife Anastasia, Constantine IV had at least two

sons:

Justinian II, who succeeded as emperor Heraclius

http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTIUM.htm#KonstantinosIIIdied641B

KONSTANTINOS [Herakleios, son of Emperor HERAKLEIOS & his first wife Evdokia [Fabia] --- (3 May 612-23 Jun 641, bur Constantinople Church of the Holy Apostles). He succeeded in 641 as Emperor KONSTANTINOS III.

m ([629/30]) his second cousin, GREGORIA, daughter of NIKETAS & his wife ---.

Emperor Konstantinos & his wife had two children:

• 1. KONSTANS [Herakleios] (7 Nov 630-murdered Siracusa, Sicily 15 Jul 668, bur Constantinople Church of the Holy Apostles).
  • a) KONSTANTINOS (648-14 Sep 685). Theophanes records that Emperor Konstans decided to transfer "imperii sedi" to Rome and left Constantinople for Syracusa in Sicily with "uxorem suam tresque liberos, Constantinum, Heraclium atque Tiberium", dated to [660/63][563]. Paulus Diaconus names "Constantinus, Constantii augusti filius" when recording that he succeeded his father and reigned for 17 years[564]. He was crowned in Apr 654, and succeeded in 668 as Emperor KONSTANTINOS IV. Theophanes records that "Armenium quondam Mizizium" was invested as emperor after the murder of Emperor Konstans II but that "Constantinus" sailed for Sicily after learning of his father´s death and assumed the throne, administering with "fratribus Tiberio et Heraclii"[565]. The Chronicle of Michael the Syrian records that, after the murder of Emperor Constans, "le patrice Mejmej…arménien de nation" was installed as emperor, but killed by "Constantin fils de Gosdos", although "le fils de Mejmej" pursued Konstantinos for seven months until he was killed[566]. Theophanes records that Emperor Konstantinos removed "fratres suos Heraclium et Tiberium" from "imperii dignitate" and henceforth ruled only with "Iustiniano filio", dated to [681/83][567]. Theophanes records that Emperor Konstantinos died after reigning for 17 years[568]. m ANASTASIA, daughter of --- (-after 711). Theophanes names "Anastasiam imperatricem augustam" as mother of Emperor Iustinian II[569]. Theophanes names "Anastasiam, patris eius matrem" as being alive when her grandson Tiberios was murdered[570]. Zonaras records that "Tiberius" fled "cum avia materna Anastasia" to "templum Blachernium", was extracted and killed, but makes no comment about Anastasia´s fate[571]. Emperor Konstantinos & his wife had two children:
    • i) IUSTINIAN ([669/70]-murdered 4/24 Nov 711, bur Constantinople Church of the Holy Apostles).
    • ii) HERAKLEIOS (-after [684/85]). The Liber Pontificalis records that locks of the hair of "domni Iustiniani et Heraclii filiorum…principis" were sent to Pope Benedict II in Rome in [684/85][593].
  • b) HERAKLEIOS (-after [681/83]).
  • c) TIBERIOS (-after [681/83]).
• 2. THEODOSIOS (-murdered [659/60]).