Dr. Benjamin Church ("Chief Physician & Director General" of the Medical Service of the Continental Army) [British spy]

Dr. Benjamin Church (August 24, 1734 – 1778) was effectively the first Surgeon General of the United States Army, serving as the "Chief Physician & Director General" of the Medical Service of the Continental Army from July 27, 1775 to October 17, 1775. He was also active in Boston's Sons of Liberty movement in the years before the war. However, early in the American Revolution, Church was also sending secret information to General Thomas Gage, the British commander, and when one of his letters into Boston was intercepted, he was tried and convicted of "communicating with the enemy".

In the Fall 2016 edition of the NEHG Register (Volume 170), a major piece of research by Michael Leclerc demonstrates that Benj. Church was actually married to Sarah Miller, dau. of James and Mary Miller, in London on January 18, 1759, and that this was his only wife. She was baptized in Ross, Herefordshire 18 Marc 1727/8 and died in England 8 August 1788. Their three children were James Miller, Sarah Weld, and Hannah Kirkby/Longhurst. Sarah's marriage to Benjamin Weld was later dissolved by the Supreme Judicial Court in Boston in 1790 for her misbehavior. This research clears up longstanding confusion among historians about Benjamin Church's wife.

Genealogical Summary

From NEHGR Fall 2016 Vol 170 The Wife and Descendants of Revolutionary War Traitor Dr. Benjamin Church, Jr., of Boston, by Michael J. Leclerc.

1.  Benjamin5 Church (Benjamin4, Edward3, Benjamin2, Richard1)[35] was born in Newport, Newport County, Rhode Island, 24 August 1734, son of Benjamin4 and Hannah (Dyer) Church.[36] He was lost at sea when the sloop Welcome went down with all hands during a storm in 1778.[37]

Benjamin married at St. Stephen Coleman Street, London, 18 January 1759, Sarah Miller, baptized in Ross, Herefordshire, 18 March 1727/8, daughter of James and Mary (_____) Miller. She died in England 8 August 1788.[38]

Children of Benjamin5 and Sarah (Miller) Church, baptized Hollis Street Church, Boston:[39]

• 2. i. James⁶ Miller Church, bp. 28 Oct. 1759; m. Mary Amey Powney.
• 3. ii. Sarah Church, bp. 15 March 1761; m. Benjamin Weld.
• 4. iii. Hannah Church, bp. 8 July 1764; m. (1) William Kirkby; m. (2) William Longhurst.

comments

From Leclerc, Fall 2016:

"It appears that James Miller Church somehow has been portrayed as two individuals. The son Benjamin supposedly “married a Lady of London, and became a surgeon in the British army,” but this actually describes James."

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Biography

Dr. Benjamin was noted as a Traitor to the Revolutionary cause.

http://history.amedd.army.mil/surgeongenerals/B_Church.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Church

Dr. Benjamin Church (August 24, 1734–1778) was effectively the first Surgeon General of the U.S. Army, serving as the "Chief Physician & Director General" of the Medical Service of the Continental Army from July 27, 1775 to October 17, 1775. He was also active in Boston's Sons of Liberty movement in the years before the war. However, early in the American Revolution Church was also sending secret information to General Thomas Gage, the British commander, and when one of his letters into Boston was intercepted, he was tried and convicted of "communicating with the enemy".

Family and education

Church was born in Newport, Rhode Island, the son of Benjamin Church, a merchant of Boston and deacon of the Hollis Street Church conducted by the Rev. Mather Byles. His great-grandfather, Colonel Benjamin Church, took a prominent part in the war with the Narragansett Indians and led the force which hunted King Philip to his death on August 12, 1676. Benjamin's sister Alice married Boston printer John Fleeming.

The third Benjamin attended the Boston Latin School and graduated from Harvard College in 1754. He studied medicine with Dr. Joseph Pynchon, later continuing his studies in London. While there, he married Hannah Hill of Ross, Herefordshire. Returning to Boston he built up a reputation as a talented physician and a skillful surgeon.

Political ambiguities

With growing friction between the colonies and Great Britain, Church supported the Whig cause vigorously with his pen. There is evidence that during this period he was variously considered as an ardent Patriot and as a secret Tory sympathizer. He examined the body of Crispus Attucks and treated some of the wounded in the Boston Massacre on March 5, 1770. In 1773, he delivered the annual Massacre Day oration, To Commemorate the Bloody Tragedy of the Fifth of May 1770, which marked him as an orator of high order.

( It appears from a letter of Governor Hutchinson, dated January 29, 1772, that even at that time he was traitorously in the service of the government—traitorously, because, not being suspected by the patriots, he was looked upon as one of them, and in was chosen to.deliver the annual oration in the Old South Meeting House. He was also one of the leaders in the “Boston Tea Party.” In 1774 he was a member of the Provincial Congress, and was appointed Surgeon-General and Director of Hospitals, but at this time it began to be suspected that he was in the pay of the British government. Source: http://churchtree.tripod.com/benjchurch.html

In 1774, Church was elected a delegate to the Massachusetts Provincial Congress and later made a member of its Committee of Safety, which was in charge of preparing for armed conflict. Around the same time, Gen. Gage began receiving detailed intelligence on the Provincial Congress's activities. On February 21, 1775, the Provincial Congress appointed Church and Dr. Joseph Warren a committee to make an inventory of medical supplies necessary for the army and, on March 7, voted them the sum of five hundred pounds for the purchase of such supplies.

On May 8, 1775, after the Revolutionary War had begun, Church became a member of an examining board for surgeons for the army. A June 19 resolution ordered "that Dr. Church, Dr. Taylor, and Dr. Whiting be a committee to consider what method is proper to take to supply the hospitals with surgeons and that the same gentlemen be a committee to provide medicine and other necessaries for hospitals." As the chairman of a subcommittee of the Committee of Safety, he signed a report on May 12 which recommended a system of defensive works on Prospect Hill and Bunker Hill. Colleagues noted, however, that he had insisted on entering Boston soon after the Battle of Lexington and Concord, and while there he was seen in conference with British General Thomas Gage; he claimed to have been arrested and released.

Director General

In May, Church went to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to consult the Continental Congress about the defense of Massachusetts colony. On July 27, that body authorized the establishment of a Medical Department of the Army with a Director General and Chief Physician who would be head of both the Hospital Department of the first Army Hospital and of the first headquarters of regimental surgeons (located in the Henry Vassall House, Cambridge, MA). In the meantime, on July 2, General George Washington had arrived at Cambridge to take command of the colonial forces, and Church was one of the committee appointed to receive him.

Church had difficulty administering his department, and the regimental surgeons. A storm of complaints poured into Army headquarters, and Washington was compelled to order an investigation of the Medical Service. In his own defense, Church complained that rivals were jealous of his position and reportedly asked for permission to leave the Army. In the meantime, an incident arose which brought him before an Army court martial on October 4, 1775.

"Criminal correspondence" & court martial

In July 1775, Church had sent a cipher letter addressed to a Major Cane, a British officer in Boston, through a former mistress. The letter was intercepted by another of the woman's ex-lovers, and was sent to Washington in September. When two teams of gentlemen decoded it, they found it contained an account of the American forces before Boston, though no disclosures of great importance. It did, however, declare Church's devotion to the Crown, and it asked for directions for continuing the correspondence.

The matter was placed before a court of inquiry made up of general officers, Washington presiding, to whom Church admitted the authorship of the letter, but explained that it was written with the object of impressing the enemy with the strength and position of the colonial forces in order to prevent an attack while the Continental army was still short of ammunition and in hopes of aiding to bring about an end to hostilities. The court considered that Church had carried on a criminal correspondence with the enemy and recommended that the matter be referred to the Continental Congress for its action. The report of Washington to the President of Congress stated:

I have now a painful though necessary duty to perform, respecting Doctor Church, the Director of the Hospital. About a week ago, Mr. Secretary Ward, of Providence, sent up one Wainwood, an inhabitant of Newport, to me with a letter directed to Major Cane in Boston, in occult letters, which he said had been left with Wainwood some time ago by a woman who was kept by Doctor Church. She had before pressed Wainwood to take her to Captain Wallace, Mr. Dudley, the Collector, or George Rowe, which he declined. She gave him the letter with strict injunctions to deliver it to either of these gentleman. He, suspecting some improper correspondence, kept the letter and after some time opened it, but not being able to read it, laid it up, where it remained until he received an obscure letter from the woman, expressing an anxiety as to the original letter. He then communicated the whole matter to Mr. Ward, who sent him up with the papers to me. I immediately secured the woman, but for a long time she was proof against every threat and persuasion to discover the author. However she was at length brought to a confession and named Doctor Church. I then immediately secured him and all his papers. Upon the first examination he readily acknowledged the letter and said that it was designed for his brother, etc. The army and country are exceedingly irritated.

The Massachusetts Provincial Congress arraigned Church on November 2. Despite an eloquent appeal in his own defense, he was unanimously expelled as a member of the House. The Continental Congress on October 17, 1775, elected Dr. John Morgan "in the room of" Dr. Church, and on November 7 passed the following resolution:

That Doctor Church be close confined in some secure jail in the Colony of Connecticut, without use of pen, ink and paper, and that no person be allowed to converse with him except in the presence and hearing of a magistrate of the town or the sheriff of the county where he is confined, and in the English language, until further orders from this or a future Congress.

In accordance with this resolution, Church was confined at Norwich, Connecticut. Becoming ill, he was released from jail in January 1776, and was permitted considerable movement under guard. On May 13, he returned to Massachusetts under bond. He remained imprisoned until 1778. Shortly thereafter he sailed from Boston, presumably for Martinique, but the vessel on which he took passage was never heard from again.

Assessment

When scholars were able to open Gen. Gage's files early in the 20th century, they discovered earlier letters with significant intelligence about the American forces that could only have come from Church. The files included notes that had been entrusted to him to carry into and out of Boston. Until then, historians had had difficulty estimating the degree of Dr. Church's guilt. It is now clear that he was supplying the British military with information in early 1775, most likely because he was deeply in debt and needed the money.

It is worth noting that Church shared this information when Americans were not yet fixed on independence. Therefore, a charitable view of his actions would be that "he visualized himself as the arbitrator who should bring about the restoration of friendly relations between the fatherland and the colonies, little suspecting that its effects would place him in the ranks of those we brand as traitors." That said, he went to considerable lengths to conceal his activities.

Church's widow and family were pensioned by the British government.

Trivia

Church was briefly incarcerated in a room of the Henry Vassall House in Cambridge where his carved initials can be seen today.

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French, Allen. General Gage's Informers: New Material Upon Lexington & Concord: Benjamin Thompson as Loyalist & The Treachery of Benjamin Church, Jr. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Press, 1932.

E279 F7 1932

• https://youtu.be/JtEYKoVIrPw?list=PLcbIMUlG8KMnx4XtweV3iHEOhVORwOA_H
• http://www.whatwouldthefoundersthink.com/introducing-dr-benjamin-ch...

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https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/13823617/benjamin-church

Benjamin Church

BIRTH 24 Aug 1734 Newport, Newport County, Rhode Island, USA

DEATH 1778 (aged 43–44) At Sea

BURIAL Body lost or destroyed, Specifically: sailed from Boston, for the West Indies, and the ship was never heard from again

Alternate birth year: 1734; s/o Benjamin Sr. (a Boston merchant), m. Hannah Hill (Ross, Herfordshire, England); grandson of Colonel Benjamin Church (fought in the Narragansett Indian War & led the force which hunted King Philip to his death 8/12/1675); grad. 1734 Harvard College; studied medicine with Dr. Joseph Pynchon; Surgeon General of the US 27 JUL 1775 - 17 OCT 1775; arrested for "communicating with the enemy" and convicted; Sources: The Surgeon Generals of the U.S. Army & their Predecessors 1775-2000, http://history.amedd.army.mil/tsgs/default.htm

Victories of Army Medicine, by Col. Edgar Erskine Hume, J.B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia, 1943

Wikipedia

www.si.umich.edu/spies/people.html

Parents

Benjamin Church 1704–1781

Siblings

Samuel Church 1730–1794

Children

James Miller Church 1759–1834

Hannah Church Longhurst 1764–1836