Eidu 額亦都

Eidu 額亦都, 1562-1621, Aug. 1, Manchu officer, was a member of the important Niohuru 鈕祜祿 clan which settled just north of the Korean border. His grandfather had established a home in a valley of the Yengge 英額 ("wild grape") range which formed the easternmost spur of the Long White Mountains (長白山) in the southeast of the present province of Kirin. Eidu's parents were murdered in a feud while he was still very young, and he himself escaped only through the protection of a neighbor who concealed him. At the age of twelve he took revenge by killing the murderer, after which he fled to the home of an aunt who was married to the chieftain of the fortress of Giyamuhu 嘉木瑚. Here he became a close friend of the chieftain's son, Gahasan hashu 噶哈善哈斯虎 (d. 1584), who later married Nurhaci's [q.v.] sister, or cousin. In 1580 Nurhaci, then twenty-one years old, passed through Giyamuhu and stopped at the chieftain's home. The eighteen year old Eidu was so impressed by his qualities of leadership that he immediately attached himself to him and remained his close associate for more than forty years. In 1583 he accompanied Nurhaci on his initial expedition against Nikan Wailan [q.v.], proving himself an able fighter. Four years later he captured the town of Barda, and received from Nurhaci the title of baturu, "conquering hero." After a long and successful career of military achievement he was attached in 1615 to the Bordered Yellow Banner, and made one of the five principal dignitaries in the government which was organized in the following year. In 1617 he captured a number of Ming fortresses in company with Anfiyanggû [q.v.], and in 1619 was in the forefront at the decisive battles waged by Nurhaci against the three armies of Yang Hao [q.v.]. He was richly rewarded for his services and given a sister of Nurhaci as one of his wives.

Eidu's second son, Daki 達奇 was brought up in the royal establishment, and married the fifth daughter (1597-1613) of Nurhaci. But Daki acquired an arrogant attitude towards the sons of Nurhaci, and this moved the devoted Eidu to adopt drastic measures. One day, at a family banquet to which all his sons were gathered, he seized the arrogant Daki and, drawing his dagger, addressed the assembly on the duty of respect toward superiors. Then warning them that all who disobeyed should "spill their blood on the same dagger", he led Daki into a side room and put him to death. This unnatural act made a profound impression on Nurhaci who called Eidu his most patriotic officer and bitterly mourned his death in 1621. In 1634 Eidu was posthumously given by Emperor T'ai-tsung (i.e. Abahai, q.v.) the rank of a viscount which was first inherited by his sixteenth son, Ebilun [q.v.]. In 1636 the same emperor posthumously raised Eidu's rank to a duke (non-hereditary) with the designation, Hung-i kung 弘毅公 entered his name in the Imperial Ancestral Temple, and moved his tomb near to that of Nurhaci. A stone tablet was erected in front of the tomb in 1654. The rank of viscount, inherited by Ebilun, was taken from him in 1637, owing to a misdemeanor, but was restored in 1713 and given to his son, Yende (see under Ebilun). After Yende was made a duke in 1724 the title of viscount was inherited by other branches of Eidu's family.

Eidu had sixteen sons, among whom the most prominent were the youngest, Ebilun, and the eighth, Turgei 圖爾格 (1596-1645, posthumous name 忠義). Turgei took part in most of the campaigns in Emperor T'ai-tsung's reign, and was highly regarded by the emperor for his bravery, especially in 1640 when he defended the emperor's headquarters against a nocturnal attack by the forces of Hung Ch'êng-ch'ou [q.v.]. For assisting Abatai [q.v.] in the successful invasion of Chihli and Shantung, Turgei was in 1643 made a duke of the second class (see under Ebilun). Seven years after his death his name was, like that of his father, Eidu, entered in the Imperial Ancestral Temple.

Among the other sons of Eidu the following may be mentioned: the third, Celge 車爾格 (宣, d. 1645), who once directed the Board of Revenue (1640-43?); the tenth, Ildeng 伊爾登 (d. 1663, posthumous name 忠直), who fought in many battles and who held the rank of an earl; and the thirteenth, Coohar 綽超哈爾 (1601-1641, posthumous name 果壯) who lost his life in battle. Among the grandsons of Eidu the most illustrious was Centai 陳泰 (d. 1655, posthumous name, 忠襄). A son of Celge, Centai once served as a Grand Secretary (1651), and was made a viscount while commanding (1653-55) the Manchu forces in Hunan against Sun K'o-wang [q.v.] and other Ming generals. Many other descendants of Eidu held office throughout the Ch'ing period. The prominence of the family may also be gauged by the fact that eight of the eighteen companies (tso-ling) in the first division (ts'an-ling) of the Bordered Yellow Banner were captained in turn by his descendants.

[ 1/231/la; 2/4/lb; 3/261/13a; 4/3/la; 11/1/4a; 34/135/4a; Pa-ch'i Man-chou shih-tsu t'ung-p'u (see under Anfiyanggû) chüan 5.]

GEORGE A. KENNEDY

《清史稿》卷225

額亦都，鈕祜祿氏，世居長白山。以貲雄鄉里。祖阿陵阿拜顏，移居英崿峪。父都陵阿巴圖魯。歲壬戌，額亦都生。幼時，父母為仇家所殺，匿鄰村以免。年十三，手刃其仇。有姑嫁嘉木瑚寨長穆通阿，往依焉。穆通阿子哈思護，長額亦都二歲，相得甚懽。居數歲，庚辰，太祖行經嘉木瑚寨，宿穆通阿家。額亦都與太祖語，心知非常人，遂請從，其姑止之，額亦都曰：「大丈夫生世間，能以碌碌終乎？此行任所之，誓不貽姑憂。」翌日，遂從太祖行。是歲太祖年二十二，額亦都年十九。太祖為族人所惎，數見侵侮，矢及於戶，額亦都護左右，卒弭其難。居三年，歲癸未，太祖起兵，額亦都從，討尼堪外蘭，攻圖倫城，先登；攻色克濟城，掩敵無備，取之，獲其牛馬、甲士；又別將兵攻舒勒克布占，克其城。額亦都驍果善戰，挽強弓十石，能以少擊眾，所向克捷，太祖知其能，日見信任。歲丁亥八月，令將兵取巴爾達城。至渾河，秋水方至，不能涉，以繩約軍士，魚貫而渡，夜薄其城，率驍卒先登，城兵驚起拒，跨堞而戰，飛矢貫股著於堞，揮刀斷矢，戰益力，被五十餘創，不退，卒拔其城。師還，太祖迎於郊，燕勞，其所俘獲悉畀之，號為「巴圖魯」。薩克察來攻，額亦都率數卒出禦，為所敗；夜入其城，進攻克尼瑪蘭、章家二城，索爾瑚寨。師還，太祖迎勞如初。界藩有科什者，以勇聞，盜九馬以遁，額亦都單騎追斬之，盡返所盜馬。嘉木瑚人貝揮巴顏謀叛附哈達，太祖命額亦都討之，誅其父子五人以徇。

歲癸巳九月，葉赫等九部合師來侵，攻我黑濟格城，太祖親禦之，陣於古勒山。令額亦都以百騎挑戰，敵悉眾來犯，奮擊，殪九人，敵卻，我師乘之，擒葉赫貝勒布寨。九部師皆潰，遂乘勝略諾賽寨及兆佳村。有齊法罕者，戰沒，額亦都直入敵陣，以其尸還。訥殷路者，九部之一也，其長搜穩塞克什，既敗歸，復聚七寨之眾守佛多和山自固。太祖命額亦都偕噶蓋、安費揚古，以兵千人圍其寨，克之，斬搜穩塞克什，太祖以所乘馬賜之。歲己亥秋，從征哈達，滅之。歲丁未五月，從貝勒巴雅喇等伐東海渥集部，取赫席黑、俄漠和蘇魯、佛訥赫拖克索等三路，俘二千人。九月，從征輝發，滅之。歲庚戌十一月，太祖命將兵千，撫渥集部那木都魯、綏分、寧古塔、尼瑪察四路，降其長康古禮等十九人。旋乘勝取雅攬路，俘萬人。歲辛亥，太祖命偕何和禮、扈爾漢將兵二千伐渥集部虎爾哈路，圍札庫塔城三日，招之不下，遂攻克其城，斬千級，俘二千人。環近各路悉降，令其長土勒伸、額勒伸護其民五百戶以還。歲癸丑，從征烏拉，滅之歲乙卯，定旗制，額亦都隸滿洲鑲黃旗。天命建元，置五大臣，以命額亦都，國語謂之「達拉哈轄」。二年，命偕安費揚古攻明馬根單、花豹衝、三岔兒諸堡，皆克之。四年，明經略楊鎬大舉來侵，總兵杜松軍自撫順入。三月甲申朔，諸貝勒帥師出禦。日過午，師至太蘭岡，大貝勒代善以太祖未至，議駐軍以俟。太宗時號四貝勒，謂：「界藩有我築城夫役，宜急護之！何為次，且示弱？」額亦都大言曰：「四貝勒之言是也！」師遂進。師至界藩，築城夫役騰躍下山赴戰，太祖亦至，指揮夾擊，松軍遂覆，還破馬林於尚間崖、劉綎於阿布達里岡，額亦都並為軍鋒。

太祖有所征討，額亦都皆在行間，未嘗挫"。每克敵受賜，輒散給將士之有功者，不以自私。太祖厚遇之，始妻以族妹，後以和碩公主降焉額亦都次子達啟，少材武，太祖育於宮中，長使尚皇女。達啟怙寵而驕，遇諸皇子無禮，額亦都患之。一日，集諸子讌別墅，酒行，忽起，命執達啟，眾皆愕。額亦都抽刃而言曰：「天下安有父殺子者？顧此子傲慢，及今不治，他日必負國敗門戶，不從者血此刃！」眾乃懼，引達啟入室，以被覆殺之。額亦都詣太祖謝，太祖驚惋久之，乃嗟歎，謂額亦都為國深慮，不可及也。

累官至左翼總兵官、一等大臣，給以百人廩食，食三世。分所部為世管牛彔三，分隸鑲黃、正白二旗。六年，克遼陽，賜第一區。六月，卒，年六十，太祖臨哭者三。天聰元年，追封弘毅公。崇德初，配享太廟。順治十一年，世祖命立碑旌功，親為製文，詳著其戰閥，以為「忠勇忘身，有始有卒，開拓疆土，厥積懋焉」。

額亦都子十六人，其知名者，徹爾格、圖爾格、伊爾登、超哈爾、遏必隆，皆自有傳。四子韓代，五子阿達海，及阿達海之子阿哈尼堪，並以從征戰死。七子謨海，蚤歲從軍，屢立戰功，仕至都統，亦戰死。十五子索渾，從太宗戰伐有功，授世管牛彔額真，累遷至議政大臣。

額亦都初授一等總兵官，康熙間改襲一等精奇尼哈番，乾隆元年改一等子。圖爾格別封公爵，以其從孫阿里袞及阿里袞子豐昇額父子相繼有功，進一等果毅繼勇公。高宗諭：「額亦都後已進一等公，其初封子爵仍紹封如故。」