Ghazan - Sultan Mahmoud Ghazan succeeded by Mohammad Khodabande Uljeitu

In his times, Maragheh was the Mongol capital : " Other religious upheaval in the Ilkhanate during Ghazan's reign was instigated by Nawruz, who issued a formal edict in opposition to other religions in the Ilkhanate. Nawruz loyalists persecuted Buddhists and Christians to such an extent that Iranian Buddhism never recovered, the Christian cathedral in the Mongol capital of Maragha was looted, and churches in Tabriz and Hamadan were destroyed"

see page 258 The Mongols in Iran

r. 1295-1304

"Mahmoud"

[Ahmed-bek Javanshir, author of a political history of the Karabakh Khanate traced his clan back to the descendants of Argun Khan (1284-1291), the ruler of the Ilkhanate Empire. According to the legend to which the author referred in his book, an ancestor of the Javanshirs was a descendant of Argun Khan called Mamed Khan ) is it Ghazan Mahmoud or Mohammad Khodabandeh Nichola?

https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B1) ,

“who lived in the Alagark چرگر stow on the shores of the Arax close to the village of Bakhmanly. According to a purchase deed written on a piece of parchment made of gazelle skin, he bought the whole of Karabakh, about 200 versts along and the same length across between the Kurakchay, Kura, Arax, and Alynjachay rivers and Lake Gokcha. He was the only owner, but during his lifetime he divided his dominions between his three sons.”]

Performs a political conversion to Islam in 1295. He was constantly at war with the Muslim Mamluks, and a majority of his own subjects were Muslim, so political expediency would have likely played a big role in this conversion. The Ilkhanate was firmly Muslim from this point on.

The reign of Mahmoud Ghazan Khan, the son of Arghun Khan, was the golden age of the Ilkhanate. The new khan was a multi-lingual diplomat with deep interests in state craft and a thorough knowledge of economy and fiscal policy. He chose Khaje Rashid ol-Din Fazlollah, a Jewish convert to Islam, as his vizier, and the two managed to organize the administration of the Ilkhanate from an ad hoc basis to a centralised and prosperous one. Although like his predecessors, Ghazan Khan had to fight his Mongol cousins from the houses of Cheghetei and the Golden Horde, he was nonetheless rather secure in his rule. An early debacle, caused by the zealous policies of Amir Noruz, consisting of the destruction of Christian churches, was defused by Ghazan when he executed the Amir and exiled his followers, further excusing the Christians of paying the jizya tax.

Ghazan Khan’s efforts in coinage included the introduction of a silver based, bi-metallic coinage with new legends declaring only the name of the Khan, and omitting that of the Great Khan. His Ghaz Begi dinars became the standard of silver coinage for the next hundred years and were the most valued means of trade in Iran and the neighboring regions. He also built roads and caravanserais, and organized the postal system, as well as funding the building of the observatory of Maragha. In foreign policy, he diffused the threat of the Cheghetei Khanate, but had to face the Mamluks in Syria. The forces of Ghazan were supported by that of Hethum II of Cilicia, an Armenian vassal of Ghazan, and were allied with the remainders of the Crusader States. Initially successful, the Mongols managed to invade down to the Jordan Valley and take over most of Syria. A delegation asking for peace was sent to the court of Ghazan by the Mamluks, although the negotiations were unsuccessful. A final engagement, in 1303, called the Battle of Marj al-Saffar, saw a strong Mamluk defeat of the forces of Ghazan. Ghazan Khan died shortly after in 1304, leaving the prosperous Ilkhan domains to his brother, Mohammad Khodabandeh Oljaitu.

Originally a Buddhist, he converts into Islam, but fights the Mameluks who have the same faith as he and "are sons of slaves without royal blood... and not worthy of being treated either as equals or as rivals".(He converts into Islam) He searches for an alliance against the Egyptians with the Christian powers of the West and Anatolia.

He and his half brother Oljeitu were brought up by their father's (Arghun Khan) mother in law Buluquan Khatun Bozorg (Qutui Khatun)

In 1295, Ghazan managed to annex power from Baydu with the help of Nawrūz (Emir Nawruz, son of Arghun Agha, nothing to do with Arghun Ilkhan). Ghazan was convinced to convert to Islam by Nawrūz, and, along with his conversion, changed his first name to the Arab name Mahmud.

Ghazan eliminated the partisans of Nawrūz for treason in May 1297. He then marched against Nawrūz, then commander of the army of Khorassan, in 1297, and vanquished him near Nishapur. Nawrūz took refuge at the court of the malik Fakhr al-Din of Herat, in northern Afghanistan, but the latter actually betrayed him and delivered him to Ghazan, who had him executed immediately on August 13.

[In 688/1289 Nawrūz Aqa, a leading Mongol magnate, began a rebellion in Khurasan to resist the Ilkhan Arghun's attempts to centralize power and loosen the Mongol aristocracy's grip on provincial government. The rebellion of Nawrūz was significantly different from any Mongol uprising that had occurred in the Ilkhanate to that date: it was distinguished by the successful fusion of Chinggisid and Islamic traditions of political and spiritual authority to support Nawrūz's challenge against the Hülegüid monarchy. This new hybrid political philosophy allowed Nawrūz to mobilize both the sedentary and nomadic populations of Khurasan to overhaul the power structure of the Ilkhanate. The present study of the early career and rebellion of Amīr Nawrūz will reveal how his movement forced the Turco-Mongolian leadership to reconfigure its political, social and religious relationships, among themselves and with the sedentary Muslim population they ruled. ref:

Michael Hope (2015). The “Nawrūz King”: the rebellion of Amir Nawrūz in Khurasan (688–694/1289–94) and its implications for the Ilkhan polity at the end of the thirteenth century. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 78, pp 451-473. doi:10.1017/S0041977X15000464.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X15000464]

7eme Ilkhan Boudhiste puis se convertit a l'Islam. Sous son regne l'Islam fleurit. Ministre: Rashid ol din Fazollah رشیدالدین فضل‌الله Ghazan

Gouverneur du Khorasan et l'Emir Nawruz, fils de l'administrateur Arghun Agha (Oirat) est son depute.

Ghazan was born as a Buddhist and converted to Islam "as part of a military agreement upon accession to the throne". Reign 1295–1304 Predecessor Baydu Successor Öljeitü Born 5 November 1271 Died 11 May 1304 (aged 32) Consort Kököchin Full name Mahmud Ghazan Father Arghun Mother Quthluq Khatun Mahmud Ghazan (1271–1304) (Mongolian: Газан хаан, Chinese: 合贊, sometimes referred to as Casanus by Westerners, was the seventh ruler of the Mongol Empire's Ilkhanate division in modern-day Iran from 1295 to 1304. He was the son of Arghun and Quthluq Khatun, continuing a long line of rulers who were direct descendants of Genghis Khan. Considered the most prominent of the Ilkhans, he is best known for making a political conversion to Islam in 1295 when he took the throne, marking a turning point for the dominant religion of Mongols in West Asia (Iran, Iraq, Anatolia and Trans-Caucassia). His principal wife was Kököchin, she was a Mongol princess (originally betrothed to Ghazan's father Arghun before his death) sent by his Khagan Kublai Khan, and escorted from the Mongol capital to the Ilkhanate by Marco Polo.

Military conflicts during Ghazan's reign included war with the Egyptian Mamluks for control of Syria, and battles with the Turko-Mongol Chagatai Khanate. Ghazan also pursued diplomatic contacts with Europe, continuing his predecessors' unsuccessful attempts at forming a Franco-Mongol alliance. A man of high culture, Ghazan spoke multiple languages, had many hobbies, and reformed many elements of the Ilkhanate, especially in the matter of standardizing currency and fiscal policy.

Childhood: At the time of Ghazan's birth, the leader of the Ilkhanate was Abaqa Khan, his grandfather. Ghazan's father Arghun was viceroy (crown prince) in Khorasan for Abaqa. Ghazan was the eldest son of Arghun, and Qutlugh of the Dorben clan, though he was raised in the Ordo (nomadic palace-tent) of his grandfather Abaqa's favorite wife, Buluqhan Khatun, who herself was childless.[2]

Ghazan was baptized and raised a Christian,[3] as was his brother Oljeitu. The Mongols were traditionally tolerant of multiple religions, and during Ghazan's youth, he was educated by a Chinese monk, who taught him Buddhism, as well as the Mongolian and Uighur scripts.[4]

After Abaqa's death in 1282, Ghazan's father Arghun was crowned as Ilkhan, the 11-year-old Ghazan became Viceroy, and he moved to the capital of Khorasan with the others of Bulughan's Ordo.

The young Ghazan participated in the traditional Mongol activities of hunting and riding. His companions were Qutlugh-Shah of the Manghud, Nurin agha of the Jurkhin, and Sad-ud-Din Savaji.

In 1289, conflict with other Mongols ensued when a revolt was led against Arghun by Nawruz, a young noble of the Oirat clan, whose father had been governor of Persia before the arrival of Hulagu. When Nawruz was defeated, he fled the Ilkhanate and joined the alliance of Kaidu, another descendant of Genghis Khan who was the ruler of both the House of Ögedei and the neighboring Chagatai Khanate. Ghazan spent the next ten years defending the frontier of the Ilkhanate against incursions by the Chagatai Mongols of Central Asia.

When his father, Arghun, died in 1291, Ghazan was prevented from pursuing his claim of leadership in the capital because he was engaged both with Nawruz's raids, and dealing with rebellion and famine in Khorasan and Nishapur. Taghachar, an army commander who had served the previous three generations of Ilkhan, was probably behind the death of Arghun, and supported Ghazan's uncle Gaykhatu as the new Ilkhan.[5] Ghazan was loyal to his uncle, though he refused to follow Gaykhatu's lead in introducing paper currency to his province, explaining that the weather of Khorasan was too humid to handle paper.[6] In 1294/1295, Ghazan forced Nawruz to surrender at Nishapur,[7] and Nawruz then became one of Ghazan's lieutenants.

During Gaykhatu's reign, Ghazan's principal wife during his lifetime became Kökechin, who had been brought from the Yuan Dynasty from the east by Marco Polo. She had originally been betrothed to Ghazan's father, the Ilkhan Arghun, but since he had died during her months-long journey from the capital, she instead married Ghazan, his son.[8]

In 1295, Taghachar and his conspirators, who had been behind the death of Arghun, had his successor Gaykhatu killed as well. They then placed the controllable Baydu, a cousin of Ghazan, on the throne. Baydu was primarily a figurehead, allowing the conspirators to divide the Ilkhanate among themselves. Within a few months, Ghazan challenged Baydu for the throne, having him executed on October 5, 1295. Ghazan was assisted in this by his earlier enemy, the prominent Muslim Mongol emir Nawruz. Ghazan converted to Islam, on June 16, 1295,[9] at the hands of Ibrahim ibn Muhammad ibn al Mu’ayyid ibn Hamweyh al-Khurasani al-Jawini[10] as a condition for Nawruz's military support.[11] Another who assisted Ghazan was Taghachar, but Ghazan deemed him unreliable, exiled him to Anatolia, and later had him discreetly murdered.

As part of his conversion to Islam, Ghazan changed his first name to the Arab Mahmud, and Islam gained popularity within Mongol territories. Privately, Ghazan still practiced Mongol Shamanism and worshipped Tengri, honoring his ancestors' worship of heaven as a kind of proto-Islamic monotheism.[12] He showed tolerance for multiple religions, encouraged the original archaic Mongol culture to flourish, tolerated the Shiites, and respected the religions of his Georgian and Armenian client kings. Ghazan therefore continued his forefather's approach toward religious tolerance. When Ghazan learned that some Buddhist monks feigned conversion to Islam due to their temples being earlier destroyed, he granted permission to all who wish to return to Tibet where they can freely follow their faith and be among other Buddhists.[13] The Mongol Yassa code remained in place and Mongol Shamans remained politically influential throughout the reign of both Ghazan and his brother and successor Oljeitu, but ancient Mongol traditions eventually went into decline after Oljeitu's demise.[14] Other religious upheaval in the Ilkhanate during Ghazan's reign was instigated by Nawruz, who issued a formal edict in opposition to other religions in the Ilkhanate. Nawruz loyalists persecuted Buddhists and Christians to such an extent that Iranian Buddhism never recovered,[15] the Christian cathedral in the Mongol capital of Maragha was looted, and churches in Tabriz and Hamadan were destroyed. Ghazan put a stop to these exactions by issuing an edict exempting the Christians from the jizya (tax on non-Muslims),[16] and re-established the Christian Patriarch Mar Yaballaha III in 1296. In May 1297, Ghazan arrested the Nawrūz partisans for treason, and then later that year marched against Nawrūz himself, who at the time was the commander of the army of Khorassan. Ghazan's forces were victorious at a battle near Nishapur. Nawrūz took refuge at the court of the Malik (king) of Herat in northern Afghanistan, but the Malik betrayed him and delivered Nawruz to Ghazan, who had Nawruz executed immediately on August 13.[17]

Ghazan thereafter attempted to control the situation,[18] and in 1298 nominated a Jewish convert to Islam Rashid-al-Din Hamadani as prime minister, a post which Rashid held for the next 20 years, until 1318.[17] Ghazan also commissioned Rashid-al-Din to produce a history of the Mongols and their dynasty, the Jami' al-tawarikh "Compendium of Chronicles" or Universal History. Over several years of expansion, the work grew to cover the entire history of the world since the time of Adam, and was completed during the reign of Ghazan's successor, Oljeitu. Many copies were made, a few of which survive to the modern day.

Relationship with other Mongol khanates[edit]

Seal of Mahmud Ghazan, over the last two lines of his 1302 letter to Pope Boniface VIII. The seal was given to Ghazan by the sixth Great Khan (Emperor ChengZong of Yuan). It is in Chinese script: "王府定国理民之宝", which means "Seal certifying the authority of his Royal Highness to establish a country and govern its people". Vatican Archives.[19] Ghazan eased the troubles with the Golden Horde, but the Ögedeids and Chagataids in Central Asia continued to pose a serious threat to both the Ilkhanate and his overlord and ally the Great Khan in China. When Ghazan was crowned, the Chagatayid Khan Duwa invaded Khorasan in 1295. Ghazan sent two of his relatives against the army of Chagatai Khanate but they deserted. When the traitors were captured and executed, some other notable Mongol nobles began to leave his side. Baltu of the Jalayir and Sulemish of the Oirat revolted against the Ilkhan's rule in Turkey in 1296 and 1299. Sulemish welcomed the Egyptian Mamluks to Anatolia, which postponed Ghazan's plan to invade Syria, though two Mongol rebels were defeated by Ghazan. A large group of the Oirats fled Syria, defeating the contingent sent by Ghazan in 1296. Along with those rebellions, invasions of the Neguderis of the Chagatai Khanate caused difficulties to Ghazan's military operations in Syria.

Ghazan maintained strong ties with the Great Khan of the Yuan and the Golden Horde. In 1296 Temür Khan, the successor of the Kublai Khan, dispatched a military commander Baiju to Mongol Persia.[20] Five years later Ghazan sent his Mongolian and Persian retainers to collect income from Hulagu's holdings in China. While there, they presented tribute to Temür and were involved in cultural exchanges across Mongol Eurasia.[21] Ghazan also called upon other Mongol Khans to unite their will under the Temür Khan, in which he was supported by Kaidu's enemy Bayan Khan of the White Horde.

Son ministre est Amir Nowruz Beg, le fils de Argun Aga Awirat, le dirigeant du Khorasan pendant 30 ans.

Amir Nowruz persuade Ghazan alors gouverneur du Khorassan, d'embrasser l'Islam. Ceci mettra Ghazan en desaccord avec Bayadu Khan. Ghazanprend le nom islamique de Mahmoud. Plusieurs generaux mongols suivront son exemple et embrasseront l'Islam.

Mahmud Ghazan (1271–1304) (Mongolian: Газан хаан, Chinese: 合贊, sometimes referred to as Casanus by Westerners[1]) was the seventh ruler of the Mongol Empire's Ilkhanate division in modern-day Iran from 1295 to 1304. He was the son of Arghun and Quthluq Khatun, continuing a long line of rulers who were direct descendants of Genghis Khan. Considered the most prominent of the Ilkhans, he is best known for making a political conversion to Islam in 1295 when he took the throne, marking a turning point for the dominant religion of Mongols in West Asia (Iran, Iraq, Anatolia and Trans-Caucassia). His principal wife was Kököchin, was a Mongol princess (originally betrothed to Ghazan's father Arghun before his death) sent by his Khagan Kublai Khan, and escorted from the Mongol capital to the Ilkhanate by Marco Polo.

Military conflicts during Ghazan's reign included war with the Egyptian Mamluks for control of Syria, and battles with the Turko-Mongol Chagatai Khanate. Ghazan also pursued diplomatic contacts with Europe, continuing his predecessors' unsuccessful attempts at forming a Franco-Mongol alliance. A man of high culture, Ghazan spoke multiple languages, had many hobbies, and reformed many elements of the Ilkhanate, especially in the matter of standardizing currency and fiscal policy.

Ghāzān’s early childhood was spent largely in the company of his grandfather, the Il-Khan Abagha (1265–82), and he was brought up in the Buddhist faith that both his father and his grandfather professed. Upon his father’s accession to the throne in 1284, Ghāzān was appointed viceroy of the provinces of northeastern Persia, where he resided for the next 10 years and defended the frontier against the Chagatai Mongols of Central Asia and then against his own lieutenant Nawrūz, who had risen in revolt with the Chagatai. Ghāzān’s relations with Arghun’s successor, Gaykhatu (1291–95), were cool; those with Baydū, the latter’s cousin, who dethroned him and usurped the throne, came to open war. After a first encounter, followed by a truce and parley, Ghāzān spent the summer of 1295 in the mountains north of present-day Tehrān, where, on the advice of Nawrūz, with whom he was now reconciled, he declared himself a convert to Islām, and his example was followed by the troops under his command. It was thus at the head of a Muslim force that he resumed the attack against Baydū, who, deserted by his supporters, was captured and executed on the very day of Ghāzān’s entry into the Il-Khanid capital of Tabriz.

http://www.britannica.com/biography/Mahmud-Ghazan

[ GHAZAN ([1272]-Pushkil Darrall 11 May 1305). Governor of Khurasan and Mazandaran 1285. He succeeded his uncle in 1295 as GHAZAN Il-Khan, enthroned 9 Nov 1295. Abul-Ghazi Bahadur records that “Ghazan Khan fils d’Arghoun Khan fils d’Abaqa Khan” killed “Baidou fils de Taraghai fils de Holagou Khan” and succeeded as Khan[338]. He converted to Islam 19 Jun 1295 and adopted the name MAHMUD. He adopted Islam as the state religion of the Ilkhanate in 1295[339]. In 1303, Emperor Andronikos II requested his help to fight the Turks and arranged his marriage with his own reputed illegitimate daughter ] ref: http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/MONGOLS.htm#NairaquBuqa

غازان خان معروف به سلطان محمود غازان خان مشهورترین، مقتدرترین، داناترین و مؤثرترین پادشاه ایلخانی است که پس از بایدوخان به فرمانروایی ایران رسید. وی ابتدا بودایی بود که قبل از شرکت در جنگ بایدو، به تشویق امیرنوروز اسلام آورد.

https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE...

دوران ایلخانان تاجگذاری ۶۹۴ ه.ق.، تبریز - شنب غازان نام کامل سلطان محمود غازان خان زادروز ۲۹ ربیع‌الثانی ۶۷۰ ه.ق. ۱۱ نوامبر ۱۲۷۱ م. زادگاه مازندران - جزیرهٔ آبسکون مرگ جمعه ۱۱ شوال ۷۰۳ ه.ق. ۵ می ۱۳۰۴ م. محل مرگ حوالی قزوین آرامگاه تبریز - شنب غازان پیش از الجایتو پس از بایدو همسران بلغان خاتون کوکاچین خاتون اشیل خاتون

کرامون خاتون کاخ عادلیه - شنب غازان پدر ارغون مادر قولتاق خاتون فرزندان اولجو - اولجای قتلغ دین اسلام (اوایل بودایی)