Mahpeyker Kösem Sultan

Kösem Sultan (Turkish pronunciation: [c%C3%B8%CB%88sem sulˈtan]) (c. 1590 – 2 September 1651) – also known as Mahpeyker Sultan[4] (Turkish pronunciation: [mahpej%CB%88ke%C9%BE sulˈtan]) – was one of the most powerful women in Ottoman history.[4][5][6][7] Kösem achieved power and influenced the politics of the Ottoman Empire when she became Haseki Sultan as favourite consort and later legal wife of Ottoman Sultan Ahmed I (r. 1603–1617) and Valide Sultan[4] as mother of Murad IV (r. 1623–1640) and Ibrahim (r. 1640–1648), and grandmother of Mehmed IV (r. 1648–1687). She was one of the prominent figures during the Sultanate of Women.

Kösem lived in the Ottoman Empire during the reign of six sultans, Ahmed I, Mustafa I, Osman II, Murad IV, Ibrahim, and Mehmed IV. After her death, she was known by the names "Valide-i Maktule" (murdered mother), and "Valide-i Șehide" (martyred mother).[8] She and her daughter-in-law Turhan Hatice Sultan are the only women that ruled the Ottoman Empire solely.

Early life

Kösem was of Greek origin;[9][10][11][12] she is generally said to be the daughter of a priest on the island of Tinos whose maiden name was Anastasia[13][14][15][15][16][17] but these views do not seem reliable.[12] She was bought as a slave by the Bosnian governor, and sent, at the age of fifteen, to the harem of Sultan Ahmed I. Upon her conversion to Islam, her name was changed to Mahpeyker (Moon-Shaped), and later by Sultan Ahmed I to Kösem.[11]

Haseki Sultan

In early reign of Ahmed, there was a change in the imperial harem hierarchy.

Safiye Sultan, Ahmed's powerful grandmother who continued to manage the harem was deprived of power and retired in Old Palace in January 1604.

One year later, Handan Sultan, Ahmed's mother who became chief of imperial harem as Valide Sultan died in November 1605. This condition permitted the rise of Kösem who was Haseki Sultan in top of imperial harem hierarchy.

As a Haseki Sultan to Ahmed I, she had a long career as guardian of şehzades. It is possible that the significant modifications in the pattern of succession to the throne during Ahmed's time owed something to her efforts. She must have realized the personal gain that might stem from the transition to seniority, coupled with the fact that she was no longer haseki but had son "in waiting". According to Venetian ambassador, Kösem "lobbied to spare Mustafa the fate of fratricide with the ulterior goal of saving her own son from the same fate."[18] During her career as haseki sultan, Kösem received 1,000 aspers a day.[19]

Venetian ambassador Contarini reported the beating of a woman who had irritated Kösem, ordered by the sultan, in 1612, which may be identified to her fellow consort Mahfiruz Hatice Sultan.[20] She also made efforts to keep her brother-in-law, Mustafa, safe from execution, and saw an obstacle in Mahfiruz who was lobbying in favor of her son.[20]

Like his father Mehmed III and mother Handan, Ahmed died at young age (27 years) on 22 November 1617. This made Kösem lose her position in Topkapi Palace and she retired in Old Palace during the reign of her brother-in-law Mustafa I and step-son Osman II. Valide Sultan First tenure

Kösem came back in power when her son ascended to the throne on 10 September 1623 as Murad IV. She was appointed not only as Valide Sultan but also, as her son was a minor, as official regent (naib-i-sultanat) during his minority from her son's ascension on 10 September 1623 until 18 May 1632.[21] During most of the reign of Murad IV she essentially ruled through him and effectively ran the empire, attending meetings of the divan (cabinet) from behind a curtain, even after 1632, when she was no longer regent.

During the early years the Empire fell into anarchy; the Safavid Empire invaded Iraq almost immediately, Northern Anatolia erupted in revolts, and in 1631 the Janissaries stormed the palace and killed the Grand Vizier, among others. Murad feared suffering the same fate as his elder brother, Osman II, and decided to assert his power. He later tried to quell the corruption that had grown during the reigns of previous Sultans, and that had not been checked while his mother was ruling through proxy. His absolute rule started around 1632, when he took the authority and repressed all the tyrants, and he re-established the supremacy of Sultan. Second tenure

Kösem's other son, Ibrahim, lived in terror of being the next of his brothers to die by his brother's order. His life was only saved by the intercession of his mother Kösem Sultan.[12] After Murad's death, Ibrahim was left the sole surviving prince of the dynasty. Upon being asked by Grand Vizier Kemankeş Kara Mustafa Pasha to assume the Sultanate, Ibrahim suspected Murad was still alive and plotting to trap him. It took the combined persuasion of Kösem and the Grand Vizier, and personal examination of his brother's dead body, to make Ibrahim accept the throne. When Ibrahim succeeded his brother in 1640, he proved too mentally unstable to rule. This enabled Kösem to continue in power. Since Ibrahim was the only surviving male member of the Ottoman dynasty, he was encouraged by his mother to distract himself with harem girls. The distractions of the harem allowed Kösem to gain power and rule in his name, yet even she fell victim to the Sultan's disfavor and left the Imperial Palace.[12]

Ibrahim's behaviour sparked talks of deposing the sultan. In 1647, the Grand Vizier Salih Pasha, Kösem Sultan, and the şeyhülislam Abdürrahim Efendi unsuccessfully plotted to depose the sultan and replace him with one of his sons. Salih Pasha was executed and Kösem Sultan was exiled from the harem.[22] The next year the Janissaries and members of the ulema revolted. On August 8, 1648, Ibrahim was dethroned, seized and imprisoned in Topkapı Palace.[12][23] Kösem gave consent to her son's fall, saying "In the end he will leave neither you nor me alive. We will lose control of the government. The whole society is in ruins. Have him removed from the throne immediately."[24] The new Grand Vizier, Ṣofu Meḥmed Pasha, petitioned the Sheikh ul-Islam for a fatwā sanctioning Ibrahim's execution. It was granted, with the message "if there are two Caliphs, kill one of them." Kösem also gave her consent. Two executioners were sent.[25] Ibrahim was strangled on August 18, 1648. Third tenure

Eventually Kösem presented her seven-year-old grandson Mehmed IV to the divan with the words "Here he is!, see what you can do with him!" Thus, she declared herself regent for the second time, and ruled openly again between 1648 and 1651. At the head of the Ottoman Empire stood the child sultan, Mehmed IV. With Mehmed's ascendancy, the position of Valide Sultan ("mother of the reigning sultan") should have gone to his mother Turhan Hatice Sultan. However, Turhan was overlooked due to her youth and inexperience. Instead Kösem Sultan was reinstated to this high position. Kösem Sultan was a valide (mother) under two sons, thus having the more experience of the two women.[26] Death

It was Mehmed IV's mother, Turhan Hatice, who proved to be Kösem's nemesis. When she was about 12 years old, Turhan was sent to the Topkapı Palace as a gift, from the Khan of Crimea, to Kösem Sultan.[27][28] It was probably Kösem Sultan who gave Turhan Hatice to Ibrahim as a concubine. Turhan turned out to be too ambitious a woman to lose such a high position without a fight. In her struggle to become Valide Sultan, Turhan was supported by the chief black eunuch in her household and the grand vizier, while Kösem was supported by the Janissary Corps. Although, Kösem’s position as Valide was seen as the best for the government, the people resented the influence of the Janissaries on the government.[29]

In this power struggle, Kösem planned to dethrone Mehmed and replace him with another young grandson. According to one historian, this switching had more to do with replacing an ambitious daughter-in-law with one who was more easily controlled. The plan was unsuccessful as it was reported to Turhan by Melek Hatun, one of Kösem’s slaves, that Kösem was said to be plotting Mehmed's removal and replacement by another grandson with a more pliant mother.[29] Whether Turhan sanctioned it or not, Kösem Sultan was murdered three years after becoming regent for her young grandson. It is rumoured that Turhan ordered Kösem's assassination. Furthermore, some have speculated that Kösem was strangled with a curtain by the chief black eunuch of the harem, Tall Suleiman. The Ottoman renegade Bobovi, relying on an informant in the harem, states that Kösem was strangled with her own hair.[30]

After her death her body was taken from Topkapi to the Old Palace (Eski Sarayı) and then buried in the mausoleum of her husband Ahmed I.[31] Kösem was renowned for her charity work and for freeing her slaves after 3 years of service. When she died the people of Constantinople observed three days of mourning. Issue Kösem Sultan's sons who were Sultans of the Ottoman Empire. Left: Murad IV (ca. 1612–1640) Right: Ibrahim (ca. 1615–1648) Sons

   Şehzade Mehmed (8 March 1605 – murdered 12 January 1621) (according to a conjecture by Baki Tezcan, though he is generally not believed to be Kösem's son[32])

   Murad IV (26/27 July 1612 – 8 February 1640). Became 17th Ottoman Sultan from 20 January 1623 until his death.[1][2]

   Şehzade Kasim (early 1614 – 17 February 1638), Crown Prince since 1635.[1][2]

   Şehzade Suleiman (1615 – murdered 27 July 1635).[1]

   Ibrahim (5 November 1615 – 18 August 1648). Became 18th Ottoman Sultan from 9 February 1640 until 12 August 1648.[1][2]

Daughters

   Ayşe Sultan (1605 – May 1657).[1]

   Fatma Sultan (1606 – 1670).[1][3]

   Gevherhan Sultan (1608 – 1660).[1][3]

   Hanzade Sultan (1609 – 21 September 1650).[3]

In popular culture

   Genç Osman ve Sultan Murat Han (1962) movie, starring Muhterem Nur as Kösem Sultan

   IV. Murat (1980)TV series, starring Ayten Gökçer as Kösem Sultan

   İstanbul Kanatlarımın Altında (1996) movie, starring Zuhal Olcay as Kösem Sultan

   Ankara Theatre (2013-2014 season) Özlem Ersönmez as Kösem Sultan.

   Mahpeyker: Kösem Sultan (2010), starring Damla Sönmez (as young Kösem) and Selda Alkor (as old Kösem[33][34]

   Tims Production is producing a drama serial following Muhteşem Yüzyıl titled Muhteşem Yüzyıl: Kösem, starring Nezihe Güneş Ersoy (as child Kösem) Anastasia Tsilimpiou (as young Kösem) and Beren Saat (as adult Kösem). The show started on 12 November 2015.

See also

   List of mothers of the Ottoman sultans

   List of consorts of the Ottoman sultans

Bibliography

   Mansel, Philip (1995), Constantinople: City of the World's Desire, 1453–1924; New York: St. Martin's Press.

   Freely, John (1999), Inside the Seraglio: Private Lives of the Sultans in Istanbul

   Imber, Colin (2009), "The Ottoman Empire"; New York: Palgrave MacMillan.

   Peirce, Leslie P. (1993), The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0195086775

   Tezcan, Baki (2007). "The Debut of Kösem Sultan's Political Career". Turcica. Éditions Klincksieck. 39–40.

   Lucienne Thys-Senocak, Ottoman Women Builders (Aldershot: Ashgate 2006).

Notes

Singh, Nagendra Kr (2000). International encyclopaedia of Islamic dynasties (reproduction of the article by M. Cavid Baysun "Kösem Walide or Kösem Sultan" in The Encyclopaedia of Islam vol V). Anmol Publications PVT. pp. 423–424. ISBN 81-261-0403-1. "Through her beauty and intelligence, Kösem Walide was especially attractive to Ahmed I, and drew ahead of more senior wives in the palace. She bore the sultan four sons – Murad, Süleyman, Ibrahim and Kasim – and three daughters – 'Ayşe, Fatma and Djawharkhan. These daughters she subsequently used to consolidate her political influence by strategic marriages to different viziers." Peirce, p.232 Peirce, p.365 Douglas Arthur Howard, The official History of Turkey, Greenwood Press, ISBN 0-313-30708-3, p. 195 Bator, Robert, – Rothero, Chris (2000). Daily Life in Ancient and Modern Istanbul. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 42. ISBN 0-8225-3217-4. "When such a son became sultan, his slave mother would become the most powerful woman in the Ottoman Empire. The Greek slave Kösem earned this distinction" Akbar, M. J. (2002). The Shade of Swords: Jihad and the Conflict Between Islam and Christianity. Routledge. p. 89. ISBN 0-415-28470-8. "His mother, Valide Kosem, said to be the most powerful woman in the history of the dynasty, ruled in his name." Westheimer, Ruth Karola, – Kaplan, Steven (2001). Power. University of Virginia: Madison Books. p. 19. ISBN 1-56833-230-0. "Maypeyker Sultan, better known as Kösem Sultan, is remembered by the Turks as the most powerful woman of her time" Necdet Sakaoğlu (2007). Famous Ottoman women. Avea. p. 129. al-Ayvansarayî, Hafiz Hüseyin; Crane, Howard (2000). The garden of the mosques : Hafiz Hüseyin al-Ayvansarayî's guide to the Muslim monuments of Ottoman Istanbul. Brill. p. 21. ISBN 90-04-11242-1. "Kosem Valide Mahpeyker, known also simply as Kosem Sultan (c. 1589–1651), consort of Sultan Ahmed I and mother of Murad IV and Ibrahim I. Greek by birth, she exercised a decisive influence in the Ottoman state" "Kosem Sultan (Ottoman sultana)". Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved 11 March 2012. Davis, Fanny (1970). The Palace of Topkapi in Istanbul. Scribner. pp. 227–228. OCLC 636864790. "Kosem was said to have been the daughter of a Greek priest of one of the Aegean islands, probably captured during one of the Ottoman-Venetian maritime campaigns. Her name was Anastasia but was changed after her conversion, no doubt on her admission to the palace, to Mâh-Peyker (Moon-Shaped), and later by Sultan Ahmet to Kosem" Baysun, M. Cavid, s.v. "Kösem Walide or Kösem Sultan" in The Encyclopaedia of Islam vol. V (1986), Brill, p.272 A.H. de Groot (1993). s.v. Murad IV in The Encyclopaedia of Islam vol. VII. Brill. p. 597. ISBN 90-04-07026-5. "Kosem [qv] Mahpeyker, a woman of Greek origin (Anastasia, 1585–1651)" Hogan, Christine (2006). The Veiled Lands: A Woman's Journey Into the Heart of the Islamic World. Macmillan Publishers Aus. p. 74. ISBN 9781405037013. Freely, John (1996). Istanbul: the imperial city. Viking. p. 215. ISBN 0-14-024461-1. "Then around 1608 Ahmet found a new favourite, a Greek girl named Anastasia, who had been captured on the island of Tinos and sent as a slave to the Harem, where she took the name of Kosem" Sonyel, Salâhi Ramadan (1993). Minorities and the destruction of the Ottoman Empire. Turkish Historical Society Printing House. p. 61. ISBN 975-16-0544-X. "Many of the women of the harem were non-Muslim, for example Kösem Sultan was born in 1590 as Anastasia. The Governor of Bosnia had sent her to the Sultan. She was the wife of Ahmet I (1603–17), and the mother of Murat IV (1623–40), and of Ibrahim I (1640–8)" Amila Buturović; İrvin Cemil Schick (2007). Women in the Ottoman Balkans: gender, culture and history. I.B.Tauris. p. 23. ISBN 1-84511-505-8. "Kösem, who was of Greek origin. Orphaned very young, she found herself at the age of fifteen in the harem of Sultan Ahmed I." Piterberg, Gabriel (2003). An Ottoman Tragedy: History and Historiography at Play. California: University of California Press. p. 14. ISBN 0-520-23836-2. Peirce 1993, p. 129. Peirce 1993, p. 233. https://web.archive.org/web/20060502150953/http://www.4dw.net/royal.... Archived from the original on 2 May 2006. Missing or empty |title= (help) Börekçi, Günhan. "Ibrahim I." Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Ed. Gábor Ágoston and Bruce Masters. New York: Facts on File, 2009. p.263. Thys-Senocak,p.26 Quioted in Thys-Senocak, p.26. Kohen, Eli. History of the Turkish Jews and Sephardim: Memories of a Past Golden Age. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 2007. Page 142. Peirce, p.250 Thys-Senocak, p. 17 Honored by the Glory of Islam: Conversion and Conquest in Ottoman Europe, p. 35 Peirce, p.252 Thys-Senocak, p. 28 Singh, Nagendra Kr (2000). International encyclopaedia of Islamic dynasties. Anmol Publications PVT. p. 425. ISBN 81-261-0403-1. "Kosem Walide…Her body was taken from Topkapi to the Eski Saray and then buried in the mausoleum of her husband Ahmad I." Tezcan 2007, p. 350-351. Turkish screenwriter tells Ottoman history through one woman's life IMDB, Mahpeyker - Kösem Sultan

Кьосем Султан (ок. 1582 - 13 септември 1651 г.) е една от съпругите на османския султан Ахмед I, майка и валиде султан на Мурад IV и Ибрахим I. Тя е най-влиятелната жена в историята на Османската империя, която управлява самостоятелно два пъти- от 1623 до 1632 г. и от 1648 до 1651 г. Кьосем е родена около 1582 г. с името Анастасия. Тя е гъркиня, дъщеря на православен свещеник от остров Тинос, но съществува и мнение, че тя е сръбкиня от Босна. Попаднала в харема на султан Ахмед I, тя става негова любима наложница. След смъртта му през 1617 г. Кьосем е преместена в Стария дворец, където са пращани жените на покойните султани. През 1623 г. обаче Кьосем се завръща като валиде султан на сина си Мурад IV (1623-1640). Поради непълнолетието на сина си Кьосем валиде султан започва и да управлява самостоятелно като негов единствен регент, до навършване на пълнолетието му през 1632 г. Така тя остава в историята, као единствената жена, управлявала официално и самостоятелно една ислямска империя. През по-голямата част от управлението на Мурад IV Кьосем валиде султан управлява ефективно Османската империя, като лично присъства на заседанията на Дивана дори след като официално освобождава регентското си място. Мурад IV, който приживе забранява алкохола, умира през 1640 г. от цироза на черния дроб. След смъртта му на престола се възкачва малоумният му брат Ибрахим I, който поради менталните си проблеми не може да управлява самостоятелно огромната империя. Това дава възможност на Кьосем да продължи да диктува политиката в Османскат империя. Ибрахим I обаче е убит вследствие на заговор, начело на който застава Главния Мюфтия (според едно предание заговорът е извършен в отговор на заповедта на султана всичките му 280 наложници от харема да бъдат издавени). След убийството на сина си Кьосем изпреварва събитията и провъзгласява за султан внука си Мехмед IV, като го представила пред везирите на Големия Диван с думите :"Ето го! Вижте какво можете да направите с него!". И този път Кьосем се обявява за единствен регент на малолетния султан и като такава тя управлява от 1648 до 1651 г. Най-голям враг на Кьосем се оказва майката на внука ѝ- Хатидже Турхан. Хатидже Турхан заповядва да убият Кьосем, след като разбира, че тя смята да отстрани Мехмед IV от престола и да го замени с друг от внуците си. Кьосем Султан е удушена с въже от дворцовата стража на 13 септември 1651 г.