Jens Eriksen Munk

MUNK (Munck), JENS ERIKSEN, Danish sailor, wintered at the mouth of Churchill River in 1620; b. 3 June 1579 at Barbo, near the present Arendal, Norway; second son of Erik Nielsen Munk; married Katherine Adriansdatter; divorced 1623; several children; d. 3 or 24 June 1628 and buried 3 July in Copenhagen.

Munk’s early years were spent at sea. During the war with Sweden, 1611–13, he was commissioned a captain in the Danish navy, where he distinguished himself. From 1613 onwards he fulfilled various official duties at the command of his sovereign, Christian IV. He became actively interested in the arctic whale fisheries, in view of the profits that could be made, and was the first to introduce whaling as an industry to Denmark.

In 1619 Munk was instructed by Christian IV to make a voyage in search of the northwest passage to India. Munk chose two navy vessels, the Enhiörningen (Unicorn or Narwhal), a small frigate, and the Lamprenen (Lamprey), a sloop, which were outfitted under his own supervision. He set out in May 1619, sailing north of the Shetlands, past the Faeroes, and west towards Greenland. He sighted Kap Farvel (Cape Fare-well), 30 June, ten days after nearing Greenland. By 8 July he had sighted the western shore of Davis Strait, but was prevented from approaching land by ice and fog. When the weather cleared he sailed into Frobisher Bay thinking it was Hudson Strait. On discovering the error he sailed south until he was satisfied that the strait had been reached. Munk gave the name “Fretum Christian” to Hudson Strait. He perilously followed the north shore of the strait between the ice and the land. At a place called by Munk “Rinsund” he anchored and went ashore to talk to the natives, probably transient Eskimo, and to shoot reindeer. Munk took possession of this land in the name of Christian IV, setting up the king’s arms and monogram brought for the purpose. After leaving Rinsund he was caught in the ice for six days. He explored a small cove, which he called “Haresund” 31 July, until the weather improved. There he found metalliferous rocks and tale. The position of Haresund is not precisely known.

Munk started out again 19 August to the WSW. His pilots thought they were in Hudson Bay, but Munk was not sure. Actually they were in Ungava Bay. After rectifying this mistake they made no more navigational errors. With adverse winds it took six days to regain the strait, and Hudson Bay was entered near Digges Island.

Munk called the whole of what is now known as Hudson Bay “Novum Mare Christian.” At this time only the southern portion was known as “Hudson’s Bay”; the western part was called Button’s Bay. Munk’s account of the bay is the first to treat the inland sea as a whole, and his map the first on which the whole of the bay is depicted.

On reaching Hudson Bay Munk sailed south-west to the western coast searching for a certain place – exactly what is not known, as there is no extant copy of his instructions. The crossing of the bay was without incident. Landfall was made at a spot later named Cape Churchill where Munk immediately sought shelter for his ships. The weather deteriorated shortly thereafter, it being early September, and Munk was forced to winter at Port Churchill in the estuary of the Churchill River, and planned to search for the passage the following spring. There is no mistaking the site as Munk’s description is most explicit and, at a later date, relics of his stay were found. He called the estuary “Jens Muncke’s Bay.”

Munk was the first European to visit the area, though Button may have passed by in 1612 and 1613 without taking note of it. While wintering there Munk recorded various scientific observations and opinions such as the migrations of birds, an eclipse of the moon, parhelions, and his views on the origins of the icebergs he had seen in Davis and Hudson straits.

Munk encouraged his men to hunt and take exercise, but as the weather grew colder and the snow deeper they were confined to their ships. By January 1620 the men were beginning to succumb to scurvy. Though the ships had adequate stores of herbs, waters, and medicines, no one knew how to administer them. By March half the crew were dead, and by 4 June 61 had perished, leaving only Munk and two others, who were weakened by the disease. However, they recovered sufficiently to attempt a return to Europe in the sloop.

Munk’s account of the homeward voyage is meagre. The course followed was much the same as that of the outward voyage. He reached Norway 21 Sept. and by 25 Dec. was again in Copenhagen. Munk was naturally disappointed in the failure of the expedition. He had not been prepared for the extreme cold – worse than he had experienced on his unsuccessful voyages to Novaya Zemlya (New Land). Also, he had planned to live off the land and so have fresh meat. He later made plans to return to the area with colonists to initiate the fur trade there. He made various preparations for this second voyage but it was postponed for several reasons.

The year 1623 saw him again sailing under King Christian’s orders. In 1625 he was commissioned admiral and stationed on the Weser during the Thirty Years’ War. /From Dictionary of Canadian Biography.

Jens Munk föddes den 3 juni 1579 på godset Barbo nära Arendel i södra Norge och dog i Köpenhamn 1628. Han var en av de första upptäcktsresande som försökte hitta en genväg till Fjärran Östern via nordvästpassagen. Modern och hennes två pojkar, Niels och Jens, flyttade först Fredrikstad och senare till sin systers familj i Ålborg. Jens far Erik Munk slutade sina dagar på Dragsholm, ett dansk fängelse. Endast 12-år gammal gick Jens till sjöss. Via England och Portugal kom han så småningom till Brasilien, där han stannade i sex år. 1598 var han tillbaka i Danmark, där han började sin karriär inom dansk sjöfart.

Början i 1611 fick Jens Munk uppdrag som kaptenen av den danske kungen, Kristian IV, och under Kalmarkriget (1611-1613) gjorde utmärkte han sig och fick fler uppdrag. Han reste till Spanien, till exempel, för att anställa basker som kunde delta i den dansk-norska valfångsten. Han tog Jan Mendoza till fånga 1615 – som var den mest ökända piraten av sin tid. På kort tid var Jens Munk känd för att vara en av de bästa officerare i den danska flottan.

1619 beordrades han av kungen att hitta Nordvästpassagen, som då ansågs gå från Hudson Bay till Stilla havet. Det ambitiösa Christian IV hade utarbetat en plan för att styra arktiska sundet i nordost och nordväst för att få tillgång till rikedomar i öst. Man trodde att en nordlig rutt till Japan och Kina skulle vara mycket snabbare än de vanliga handelsvägarna. Genom att segla norrut skulle avståndet vara en femtedel av den traditionella sträckan som gick söder om Afrika och över Indiska oceanen.

I maj seglade Jens Munk iväg med två fartyg och 64 sjömän från Köpenhamn. Resan skulle bli dramatisk. På grund av felaktig navigationsutrustning var det svårt att avgöra sin position. Problem uppstod på grund av is och strömmar. Fartygen seglade som i en labyrint och de kunde inte hitta Hudson Strait. Till slut hittades sundet men först efter många strapatser. Det blev så sent på året att Munk inte såg något annat alternativ än att övervintra inlåsta i isen. Men skjörbjugg (brist på vitamin-C) spred sig snabbt och dödligt i besättningen. När isen äntligen lossnade i juni 1620 fanns det bara tre kvar överlevande. Jens Munk var en av dem. Otroligt, lyckades han och de återstående två män att segla över Atlanten till Norge, som de nådde i slutet av september 1620. Jens kastades i fängelse men blev senare villkorligt frigiven på order av kungen och återvända till Köpenhamn någon gång nära julen 1620.

Trots erfarenheterna i Hudson Bay fortsatte Munk att fungera som polarutforskare men också som dansk diplomat. Han seglade 1623 till Malmis på Kolahalvön som amiral av flottan och gjorde ett överfall som hämnd för en rysk attack mot danska handlare. Det resulterade i allvarligt störda relationer mellan Danmark och Ryssland. År 1624 var dock Munk återigen till sjöss i norr, denna gång för att befria kusten från pirater. Trots hans misslyckanden har han ett rykte som en högt respekterad seglare och polarforskare.