Liu Changyou 劉長佑

LIU Ch'ang-yu 劉長佑 (T. 子默, H. 印渠 or 蔭渠), Dec. 16, 1818–1887, Aug. 14, was a general of Hsin-ning, Hunan. The son of a merchant, he became a senior licentiate in 1849. In Peking he became the friend of Chiang Chung-yüan [q.v.] whom he accompanied to Kwangsi in 1852 to help put down the Taiping Rebellion. In 1853 he led a detachment of 500 Hunanese to the rescue of Nanchang, Kiangsi, and Luchow, Anhwei, which were besieged by the insurgents. In 1855 his force was enlarged and by the following year he had 5,000 soldiers under his command with whom he again went to the relief of Kiangsi—on his way taking Yüan-chou from the rebels. Chagrined by reverses, he attempted to commit suicide in 1857. But heartened by the sympathy of the people and by reinforcements from Hunan, his morale as well as that of his soldiers was revived and he laid siege to Lin-chiang in the same province. As a reward for taking the city, he was promoted (1858) to the rank of a lieutenant-governor. After a few months' leave on grounds of illness he resumed his task, bravely fighting the rebels at Chien-ch'ang, and forcing them eastward to Fukien. When the fierce Taiping leader, Shih Ta-k'ai [q.v.], invaded South Hunan (1859), Liu was ordered to the front to co-operate with other generals in driving the invaders to Kwangsi—a task achieved only after severe fighting. Thereupon he pursued Shih's force from Kuei-lin to Ch'ing-yüan and thence through many other towns on the mountainous borders of Hunan, Kwangtung, and Kwangsi. Of the last-named province, he was made governor in 1860.

During his two years as governor of Kwangsi Liu Ch'ang-yu had from time to time to fight against the roving forces of Shih Ta-k'ai and to subdue many other local uprisings in scattered towns and villages. At the same time he improved the administration of the provincial government, built ships, trained soldiers and made the province practically self-supporting, both from the standpoint of food and of military supplies. In the autumn of 1862 he was appointed governor-general of Kwangtung and Kwangsi, his task of bandit-suppression being turned over to Liu K'un-i [q.v.]. Shortly after assuming office he was granted an audience with the emperor and in the spring of 1863 was transferred to the governor-generalship of Chihli (1863–67), a region of China in which the Nien banditti (Nien-fei) were then very strong. As soon as he reached Tientsin on his way to Peking, he was ordered to undertake a punitive expedition against the brigands. Soon afterwards he was placed in command of a force to suppress trouble on the borders of Chihli, Shantung and Honan. Only at the close of the year (1863) did he find time to attend to civil affairs. But in 1865 Sêng-ko-lin-ch'in [q.v.], chief in command of bandit suppression, died on the battlefield. The Nien-fei became more threatening than ever and Liu Ch'ang-yu, for his failure to suppress them, incurred denunciation by the Board of Punishments. As soon as the bandits in south Chibli were cleared away he organized (1866) a sort of "navy" for use on the Yellow River, and increased his army to six divisions. In 1867 the Eastern Nien (see under Li Hung-chang) were routed by the navy, but while he was so occupied the cities of Paoting, Tientsin, and the suburbs of Peking were menaced by gangs of salt smugglers. For his failure to maintain order in the province, Liu was deprived of his post and stripped of his titles. But as the smugglers were shortly after suppressed he was given back, for previous merit, his button of the third rank, and when the Eastern Nien were finally exterminated he was raised to the second rank.

In June 1871 Liu Ch'ang-yu was recalled to be governor of Kwangtung, but soon was transferred to Kwangsi where, in co-operation with the king of Annam, he and Fêng Tzŭ-ts'ai [q.v.] put down brigands. Under his rule of some five years the province prospered. At the beginning of 1876 he was appointed governor-general of Yunnan and Kweichow. Convinced that France had ambitious designs on Annam he submitted, in 1881, a memorial to the throne suggesting resort to arms against the aggressor, by using the allied forces of Yunnan, Kwangtung and Kwangsi. Having repeatedly asked leave to retire, his request was granted in 1883. He died at his home in 1887 and was canonized as Wu-shên 武愼. Liu Ch'ang-yu's collected writings are entitled Liu Wu-shên kung i-shu (遺書), 24 chüan (1902).

[1/425/1a; 2/54/21a; 5/29/1a; 8/4/1a; Hsiang-chün chih (see bibl. of Tsêng Kuo-fan) chap. 1.]

Têng Ssŭ-yü

《清史稿》卷419

劉長佑，字印渠，湖南新寧人。道光二十九年拔貢。與同縣江忠源友。咸豐二年，忠源率鄉勇赴廣西助剿，長佑從。粵匪自桂林走湖南，忠源破之於蓑衣渡，長佑有贊畫功，獎敘教諭。又從破瀏陽徵義堂會匪，擢知縣。三年，平衡山土匪，擢同知直隸州。忠源援湖北，遇賊崇、通間，長佑自長沙馳援，戰於通城，大破之，自是獨領一軍。忠源守南昌，長佑偕羅澤南赴援，解吉安圍，分兵克泰和，擢知府。忠源殉廬州，長佑偕忠源弟忠濬率千人馳援弗及，大憤，誓滅賊。五年，江忠淑剿東安賊不利，駱秉章以長佑兼統其眾，所部始盛。克東安，追破之新寧。六年，復郴州，擢道員。江西賊方熾，秉章奏以長佑率蕭啟江等諸軍赴援，克萍鄉，加按察使銜。遣啟江復萬載，進圍袁州，屢擊敗援賊。十一月，降賊李能通為內應，克袁州。七年二月，進屯太平墟。賊由吉安大舉來襲，列陣二十餘里，以驍騎衝突，將士多死亡，全軍敗潰。長佑下馬引佩刀欲自裁，營務處劉坤一擁之上馬，退保分宜。近縣士民爭運糧械濟之，潰卒皆來歸，軍勢復振。進規臨江，八月，石達開自撫州率二十萬眾來援，總兵普承堯戰峽江不利，賊薄太平墟。長佑乘其營壘未定，約蕭啟江、田興恕合戰，江忠義、李明惠先陷陣，盧秀峰繞其後，縱擊，大破之，遂圍郡城。捷聞，詔嘉其奮勇，賜號齊普圖巴圖魯。十二月，克臨江，殲賊酋張發紀，加布政使銜。八年，長佑病歸，以劉坤一代統其眾，蕭啟江自為一軍，合克新淦、崇仁，進克撫州。是年夏，長佑復至軍，屯建昌，迭敗賊於新城、金谿，賊入福建界。江西邊境肅清，記名遇江西道員缺簡放。

九年，回軍湖南剿郴、桂賊，解永州圍，記名以按察使題奏。石達開圍寶慶，長佑與李續宜分扼東西兩路，賊敗走，長佑追破之九鞏橋、白楊埔、大臨橋、蘆洪司，遂竄廣西，陷興安、靈州，直撲桂林。長佑倍道赴援，賊不虞其驟至，走慶遠，追擊之，所向皆捷，授廣西按察使，逾月，擢布政使。攻柳州，拔之。

十年，擢廣西巡撫。四月，克慶遠，破達開於思恩，又破之興安，乃遁竄。時廣西土匪猶蔓延，大者踞郡縣，小者千百為群，倏兵倏賊。長佑蒞任，整飭吏治，興練水師，匪氛漸戢。商貨流通，稅釐增倍。軍事餉事差能自固，不盡仰資鄰省。十一年，遣劉坤一剿柳州土匪，斬其渠伍聲揚，餘黨就撫。調水陸軍剿潯州艇匪，克府城，斬其渠陳開。貴州匪首黃金義投誠復叛，擒斬之。同治元年，長佑親赴潯州督防，分軍進剿，迭克要隘。尋擢兩廣總督，以所部楚軍付劉坤一接統，留剿廣西諸匪。未幾，調直隸總督。時降捻張錫珠、宋景詩先後叛，畿輔騷動。二年春，長佑航海至天津，即赴衡水督師。三月，破賊束鹿，殲張錫珠。命督辦直隸、山東、河南三省交界剿匪事宜。宋景詩踞劉貫寨、甘官屯，合山東軍攻之，以遲延降級留任。九月，破賊張秋鎮，殲賊目楊殿一，景詩逸走，乃罷軍。

四年，僧格林沁戰歿曹州，捻匪益熾，畿南戒嚴，長佑遣兵自開州至張秋扼河防。奉天馬賊入喜峯口，坐疏防議處。八月，捻匪竄山東濮、范南岸，長佑馳赴大名，擊走之。疏請直隸分練六軍，議定營制，加練二軍，下部議行。

六年，滄州梟匪張六等劫慶雲、鹽山、寧津、南皮四縣鹽場，山東教匪應之，保定、天津、河間三府屬皆騷動。長佑檄前藩司唐訓方屯齊河，臬司張樹聲屯張秋，防捻。自率兵剿捕鹽梟，賊乘虛北走，過滹沱河，眾增至千餘，竄擾涿州、固安、永清、霸州，逼近京師，詔褫長佑職，以大學士官文代之。命下數日而梟匪平，予三品頂戴，率所部回籍。尋東捻平，詔念前勞，晉二品頂戴。十年，起授廣東巡撫，尋調廣西。初，奸民出關劫掠越南，官兵不能制。悍酋吳終伏誅，而蘇國漢復起。九年，廣西提督馮子材進軍龍州，國漢旋乞撫於兩廣總督瑞麟，仍招納亡命，匪首鄧建新、曾亞日，分路肆擾。至是總兵劉玉成擒亞日於上林社，誅之。復會廣東軍攻克舊街，乘勝抵海寧，匪多散亡，國漢奔東興，亦就擒。長佑奏言：「論越南大局，則宜直擣河陽，一勞永逸。然河陽距關二千餘里，窮兵勞費，討捕為難。今擬芟蕩海陽、太原，即回師列戍，以固藩籬。庶可分助越之眾，協剿黔苗；抽出關之兵，先清土莽。」十月，副將陳得貴、遊擊李揚才克越南從化府，遂會劉玉成克通化、白通，破瓊山、北山匪巢。十一年正月，復敗匪於三星山，擒其酋何三等，餘黨悉平。長佑檄劉玉成暫屯鎮撫，咨越南國王遣兵換防，久之不至；又以營弁滋事，暴兵非計，七月，乃撤入關內，搜捕沿邊伏匪。

時匪酋黃崇英猶踞越南河陽，結白苗攻保樂，擾我鎮安邊。十二年春，長佑檄關內外軍擊走之，密奏：「越南貧弱，版章日蹙，法國蠶食於濱海，黎裔虎視於橫山，桶岡則白苗跳梁，峝奔則黃酋雄踞。近聞其國君臣輸款法人，黃崇英受職黎裔，雖係道聽之言，亦係意中之事。臣竊謂黎裔為患，越南受之；法國為患，不僅越南受之。今欲拯敝扶衰，必須大舉深入。若合兩粵之力，寬以數年之期，步步設防，節節進剿，庶交夷可期復振，而他族不至生心。否則惟有慎固邊防，嚴杜勾結而已。」是時防越諸軍尚八千人，長佑檄劉玉成引軍北還，以六營屯關外諸隘，四營屯歸順、龍州，令覃遠璡八營分駐關內。十月，法人攻陷河內，黃崇英等乘機襲太原，潛與之通。山西奸民響應，北寧戒嚴。越南乞援，乃令劉玉成統十營進太原為左軍，道員趙沃統十營分部鎮安為右軍。法人尋與越南議和，黃崇英為越將劉永福所敗，潛伏河陽，遣黨陳亞水攻保樂。十三年十月，長佑閱兵南寧，令趙沃、劉玉成進軍。光緒元年二月，趙沃右軍由龍闌渡河克同文，白苗棄巢遁，沃撫之為助，遂攻底定、襄安，皆克之。劉玉成左軍敗賊白通，陣斬鄧志雄。崇英聞師至，嗾周建新拒左軍，陳亞水守猛法，自當右軍，憑險拒守。五月，沃軍克淰台，直薄河陽，崇英敗走。右軍復敗陸之平援眾，進攻猛法。陳亞水惶懼，乞為內應，河陽、安邊同日降。崇英遁走，捕獲誅之。劉玉成左軍亦克通化、白通，斬周建新，合攻者巖，克之。陸之平遁，宣光、金沙江上下肅清。凱撤入關。

擢雲貴總督，二年，抵任。先是，滇邊野番殺英人馬加理，為交涉鉅案，及議定，允於雲南設埠通商。詔下其議，長佑疏言：「雲南山川深阻，種人獷悍成性，剽掠行旅。本地紳練，恃眾橫行，挾制官長。上下猜忌，法令不行。萬一防護不及，致有同於前案，或更甚於前案，其有害於雲南一隅猶小，其有撓於中夏全局甚大。且洋人知前案難辦，有免其既往之議；知後患難防，有保其將來之議。臣恐滇省官民，於已往者不以為倖免，而以為得計；將來者不引為前鑒，或敢於效尤。洋人通商，意在圖利，亦斷無不思遠害之理。應俟三五年內外官民稍稍安定，遣員商辦。」長佑以滇事漸定，屢疏引病乞罷，優詔慰留。四年，騰越徼外土目耿榮高等攻陷耿馬，長佑遣將討之，榮高降；又剿平臨安、開化、廣南土匪。初，騰越蘇關先之亂，其黨劉寶玉逃之野山。野山在滇、緬之交，其夷自為君長，不隸羈屬。劉寶玉糾野貫十三種及盞達 夷伏羅坤山，時出劫掠。會緬甸遣官詣騰越，持圖說約由野山通道列戍。長佑檄熊昭鏡赴騰越，召諸土司、野貫申禁約，誘誅寶玉於千崖，諸野夷皆解散。

七年，法兵窺越南東京，詔滇、粵備邊。長佑疏言：「法人自據嘉定以來，越南四境皆有商埠、教堂，脅其君臣，漁其財力。取越與否，非有甚異。其所以處心積慮，乃在通商雲南。與其既失越境，為守邊之計，不若乘其始動，為弭釁之謀。滇、粵三省，與越接壤，東西幾二千里，要害與共，勞費殊甚。若自三江口以至海陽，東西僅數百里，以中國兵力為之禦敵，兵聚而力省。以視防守滇、粵邊境，勞逸懸殊。請以廣西兵二萬為中路，廣東、雲南各以萬人相犄角。廣東之兵自欽、連而入，雲南之兵出洮江而東。別以輪船守廣東順化港口，斷其首尾，法人必無自全之理。」又力言劉永福可禦敵，請密諭越王給其兵食。疏入，詔下廷議。八年，法兵陷東京，越匪紛起，廣西援兵至太原，長佑檄道員沈壽榕率軍出關，與為聲援。長佑屢以病乞罷，慰留未許。八月，入覲，予假兩月，九年，乃許開缺回籍。尋坐雲南報銷失察，降三級。十三年，卒於家。詔念前功，嘉其端謹老成，開復處分，仍依總督例議卹，諡武慎。廣西、雲南、湖南並立專祠。