Luo Zenan 羅澤南

Lo Tsê-nan 羅澤南 (T. 仲嶽 H. 羅山, Jan. 19,1808-1856, Apr. 12), a native of Hsiang-hsiang, Hunan, was the organizer of the Hsiang Yung 湘勇 or "Militia from Hsiang-hsiang" who as the driving force in the Hunan Army were chiefly instrumental in suppressing the Taiping Rebellion. Though known primarily for his military exploits, Lo Tsê-nan was from youth a scholar. Owing to extreme poverty he had to make his living as a teacher from the age of twenty-one to forty-six. He became a hsiu-ts'ai in 1839, and a senior licentiate in 1847. He did not become a chü-jên, but was granted instead (1851) the honorary title, Hsiao Lien Fang Chêng 孝廉方正, "Filial, Incorruptable, Straightforward and Upright," to certify as to his character. By this time he had written several treatises in support of the Ch'êng-Chu (see under Hu Wei) Neo-Confucian philosophy, namely: 周易朱子本義 Chou-i Chu-tzê pên-i, compiled in 1840; 人極衍義 Jên chi yen-i, compiled in 1847; 西銘講義 Hsi-ming chiang-i, compiled in 1849; 姚江學辨 Yao-chiang hsüeh-pien, compiled in 1841; 方(皇)輿要覽 Fang (Huang) yü yao-lan, a work on geography, compiled in 1850, and a few other works, most of which were brought together in his collected writings, entitled 羅忠節公遺集 Lo Chung-chieh kung i-chi, printed in 1857-63. This last also includes 8 chüan of his poems and essays.

An epitaph written by his friend, Kuo Sung-tao [q.v.], describes Lo Tsê-nan as having high cheek bones and a square chin which gave the impression of a man of surpassing spirit and energy. As a student, Lo thought deeply and tried hard to put his knowledge to use in practical affairs. Though a scholar, he was highly competent in the affairs of the world, particularly in matters of military strategy. Such were his attainments and his qualities, and these are probably the characteristics that influenced his pupils during the many years he was a teacher.

When the Taiping rebels were threatening Changsha in 1852, the local magistrate summoned Lo Tsê-nan to train the militia which became known as the Hsiang Yung. Before long Lo's pupils, and the farmers of the locality, were enrolled in the army, and the enemy's attack was repulsed. His achievements were brought to the notice of the throne and lie was rewarded with the title, sub-director of the schools of a district. In the following year (1853) Tsêng Kuo-fan [q.v.] was placed in charge of all the militia of Hunan, and Lo Tsê-nan was thereafter under Tsêng's command serving as the latter's righthand man. For his success in a campaign against an uprising at Kuei-tung, Hunan, Lo was promoted to the rank of a magistrate. A few months later he was dispatched to the relief of Nanchang, Kiangsi, where he raised the siege and recaptured two other cities. For this he was raised to a first class sub-prefect. His most efficient officers in this campaign were mostly his pupils. They won the admiration of Tsêng Kuo-fan who thus came to rely much on the Hsiang Yung. For his fierce and successful attack at Yochow Lo was rewarded, in 1854, with the rank of a prefect. His movements at Hua-yüan, a village south of Wuchang, were chiefly responsible for the taking of that city in 1854. When Lo was given the appointment of an intendant in Chekiang, Tsêng Kuo-fan at once submitted a memorial to the.throne requesting that since Lo was indispensable to the army he should remain at his post. Thus he continued his work in Hupeh and made startling headway in the capture of the strategic town of T'ien-chia-chên, on the Yangtze, as well as other cities in Hupeh and Kiangsi. Consequently he was raised in rank from a judicial commissioner to a lieutenant-governor. In 1855, owing to the weakness and corruption of the government forces in Hupeh, Wuchang was again lost, although Tsêng and Lo made advances in Kiangsi. Foreseeing a possible tactical blunder, Lo strongly advised Tsêng first to take Wuchang, then Kiukiang, and finally Nanking. This is regarded by later historians as one of the most important moves toward ultimate victory. Lo's proposal having been adopted, he fought desperately to lay seige to Wuchang. Unfortunately, he was mortally wounded when repelling a sortie, and died at his barracks eight months before Wuchang was recovered (see under Hu Lin-i). He was granted the posthumous name, Chung-chieh 忠節 and the minor hereditary rank of Ch'i-tu-yü which was later (1864) raised to Yün-ch'i-yü. Wuchang was finally recovered by Hu Lin-i [q.v.] in 1856.

[ 1/413/5b; 2/42/51b; 5/58/6a; 7/26/9a; 8/6-F/la; Kuo Sung-tao [q.v.], Yang-chih shu-wu wên-chi 19/4a; Lo Chung-chieh kung nien-p'u (1863).]

TÊNG Ssŭ-yü

諡忠節 湖南湘鄉人 追贈巡撫銜 浙江寧紹台道

《清史稿》卷407

羅澤南，字仲岳，湖南湘鄉人。諸生，講學鄉里，從遊甚眾。咸豐元年，舉孝廉方正。二年，粵匪犯長沙，澤南在籍倡辦團練。三年，以勞敘訓導。曾國籓奉命督鄉兵，檄剿平桂東土匪，擢知縣。江忠源援江西，乞師於國籓，乃令澤南率以往。所部多起書生，初臨行陣，戰南昌城下，爭奮搏，死者數人。國籓聞之，喜曰：「湘軍果可用。」及圍解，剿安福土匪，以三百人破賊數千，擢同知直隸州。歸湖南，剿平永興土匪，所部增至千人，屯衡州。與國籓簡軍實，更營製，教練歷半載。

四年六月，偕塔齊布進攻岳州，以大橋為賊所必爭，堅扼不動，伺便突出擊之，三戰皆捷，殲賊千。閏七月，破高橋賊壘九，賊退踞城陵磯，偕塔齊布乘勝進擊，連破賊營，賊遂遁走，擢知府，賜花翎。自是湘軍名始播，以澤南與塔齊布並稱。轉戰而東，复崇陽，擊走咸寧賊，再敗之金牛，進駐紫坊。曾國籓會諸將於金口，議攻武昌。澤南繪圖獻方略，謂由紫坊出武昌有二道，請以塔齊布扼洪山，而自攻花園。賊萬餘踞花園，築堅壘，一枕大江，一瀕青林湖，一跨長堤，深溝重柵，峙江東岸，與蝦蟆磯對壘。列巨砲向江內外，分阻水陸兩路。澤南率隊直趨花園，賊憑木城發砲。士卒蛇行而進，三伏三起，已逼賊壘，分兵奪賊舟，舟賊退，營賊亦亂，三壘同下。翌日又破鮎魚套賊營，其竄洪山者，為塔齊布所扼，賊夜棄城走。武昌、漢陽皆复，距會議僅七日。捷聞，以道員記名，尋授浙江寧紹台道，國籓請仍留軍。

賊據興國，分陷大冶。澤南馳克興國，塔齊布亦克武昌、大冶，乃規取田家鎮。賊以鐵鎖截水師，而踞半壁山為犄角，夾江而守。澤南進駐馬嶺坳，距半壁山三里許。賊數千突來犯，而由田鎮渡江來援者近萬人。澤南兵僅二千，令堅伏，度賊懈，奮擊，賊大潰，後路為我軍所阻，墜崖死者數千，遂奪半壁山，水師斷橫江鐵鎖，燔賊舟，克田家鎮，賜號普鏗額巴圖魯，加按察使銜。時議水陸軍分三路進剿，總督楊霈督江北岸軍，澤南偕塔齊布攻其南，曾國籓督水師循江下。霈不能軍，賊复北趨，乃偕塔齊布改北渡江，复廣濟、黃梅。賊退踞孔隴驛、小池口，澤南約諸軍會攻。渡江未半，賊來犯，軍少卻，澤南傷臂，仍指揮衝突，分兵破街口賊壘，賊酋羅大綱引去。是役也，五千人破賊二萬，賊乃盡撤沿江諸營，並守九江。塔齊布圍攻之，澤南別剿盔山，遏湖口援賊。會水師入鄱陽湖，為賊所襲，輜重皆失。國籓馳入澤南營，而水師阻湖口不得出。

五年，湖北官軍屢敗，武昌复陷。澤南從國籓入南昌，赴援饒州，戰於陳家山、大松林，大破賊，复弋陽。又援廣信，破賊於城西烏石山，復之。連復興安、德興、浮梁，進剿義寧。敗賊於梁口、鼇嶺，复義寧，加布政使銜。澤南見江西軍事不得要領，上書國籓，略曰：「九江逼近江寧，兼牽制武昌，故賊以全力爭之。犯弋陽，援廣信，從信水下彭蠡，抄我師之右；據義寧，守梅嶺，從修水下彭蠡，抄我師之左。今兩處平定，九江門戶漸固，惟湖北通城等處群盜如毛。江西之義寧、武寧，湖南之平江、巴陵，終無安枕之日。欲制九江之命，宜從武昌而下；如解武昌之圍，宜從崇、通而入。為今之計，當以湖口水師、九江陸師截賊船之上下，更選勁旅掃崇、通以進武昌，由武昌以規九江。東南全局，庶有轉機。」國籓據以上聞，遂命澤南移師湖北會剿，以塔齊布舊將彭三元、普承堯所部寶勇隸之，凡五千人。

九月，至通城。賊號數万，皆烏合，一戰而潰。進奪桂口要隘，克崇陽，駐軍羊樓峒。悍賊韋俊、石達開合黨二萬餘自蒲圻來犯，截擊走之。胡林翼來勞師，合攻蒲圻，復其城，乘霧進克咸寧。自是武昌以南無賊踪。十一月，師抵紫坊，與林翼議進取次第。澤南屯洪山，林翼屯城南堤上，水師駐金口。賊於城外築堅壘十三，與城埒。初戰，賊二萬出十字街，林翼與交綏，數卻數進。澤南與李續賓分兩路潛抄賊壘，破十字街營，盡毀城東南諸壘。八步街口為我軍通江要路，塘角為賊糧運所出，先後攻破之，焚其船廠，環西北賊壘亦盡。賊又由望山門外葺石壘二，揮軍蹋平之；又迭於窯灣、塘角逐賊，殲戮數千，賊遂閉城不出。

石達開自崇陽敗後，竄入江西，勢复張。曾國籓檄澤南迴援，澤南以武漢為南北樞紐，若湘勇驟撤，胡林翼一軍不能獨立，現在賊糧將盡，功在垂成，舍之非計。其父年八十，貽書軍中勗以忠義，林翼以聞，六年二月，詔特予澤南祖父母、父母二品封典，以示旌異。三月，賊開門出撲，澤南親督戰。援賊大隊繼至，我軍自洪山馳下，奮擊追逐，直抵城下，飛砲中澤南左額，血流被面。駐馬一時許，歸洪山，猶危坐營外，指畫戰狀。翌日，卒於軍。文宗震悼，詔依巡撫例議卹。賜其父嘉旦頭品頂戴，子兆作、兆升皆舉人，予騎都尉世職。入祀昭忠祠，本籍、湖北、江西建立專祠，諡忠節。及江南平，穆宗追念前勞，加一云騎尉世職。

澤南所著有小學韻語、西銘講義、周易附說、人極衍義、姚江學辨、方輿要覽諸書。體用兼備，一宗程、硃，學者稱羅山先生。嘗論兵略，謂大學首章「知止」數語盡之，左傳「再衰」、「三竭」之言，其註腳也。弟子從軍多成名將，最著者李續賓、李續宜、王珍、劉騰鴻、蔣益澧，皆自有傳。其早死兵事名未顯者，有鍾近衡，少事澤南，以克己自勵，日記言動，有過立起自責。澤南語劉蓉曰：「吾門為己之學，鍾生其庶幾乎！」從平郴、桂土匪，敘從九品。咸豐四年，粵匪由江寧上竄犯岳州，偕弟近濂各將五百人從王珍破賊於靖港，追至蒲圻羊樓峒，戰失利，死之。王珍退保岳州，賊又大至，近濂亦戰歿。易良幹、謝邦翰，並戰死南昌城下。邦翰死後，李續賓代領其眾，所稱「湘右營」者是也。諸人皆湘鄉人，後並附祀澤南專祠。