Marmaduke Semme, Gent.

Marmaduke Semme, Gent.
Also Known As:	"Sims", "Semmes"
Birthdate:	circa 1635
Birthplace:	Gloucestershire, England (United Kingdom)
Death:	March 20, 1692 (52-61) St. Mary's County, Maryland
Immediate Family:	Husband of Fortuna Semmes Father of James Semmes; John Marmaduke Simes; Marmaduke Semmes, III; Anthony John Semmes; Joseph Medford and 1 other; and Thomas Semmes « less
Occupation:	Carpenter, Tobacco Farmer
Immigration Year:	1662 or before

Managed by:	Private User
Last Updated:	today

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Immediate Family

About Marmaduke Semme, Gent.

https://archive.org/details/marylandsemmeski00newm/mode/2up?q=marma...

MARMADUKE SEMME, GENT.

16--1693

MARMADUKE SEMME, the progenitor of the Semmes family of Southern Maryland, was in the Province as early as April 2, 1662, when he was sworn in as door keeper to the Council or Upper House of the General Assembly. It was not until April 7, 1666, however, that he proved his rights to 50 acres of land for his emigration into the Province, thus proving that he financed his own passage. He was single upon his arrival, so it can be assumed that he was yet in his twenties. By July 7, 1668, however, he was courting Madam Fortuna Mitford,# the widow of Bulmer Mitford who had emigrated to Maryland about 1664 and who died within the next few years. On the former date Marmaduke Semme gave bond to the widow for a deed of trust, stating in the instrument that a marriage between them was about to be consummated. Accordingly, Fortuna Mitford, widow, negotiated a deed of gift to her two sons, Thomas and Joseph Mitford, for 100 acres of land on the west side of St. George's River, but the land was to be held in trust by Henry Hide, George Macall, and Marmaduke Simms (sic), reserving to herself the use of the plantation during her natural life. Her husband, Bulmer Mitford, of St. Mary's County, had drawn up his will on July 23, 1665, and bequeathed his entire estate real and personal to his wife, Fortuna. No date of probate was noted. He was deceased by March 20, 1665/6, for on that date his widow bought for 7,000 Ibs. tobacco the plantation of 100 acres which she subsequently deeded in trust for her two sons. After his death the widow applied for his rights to land as follows:

Fortune Metford administratrix of Bulmer Mettford demands land due to Bulmer Metford her deceased Husband for his the said Bulmer's transporting himself into this Province as also for the transporting her the said Fortune his then wife, Thomas his son,

• Her name appears at times as Fortune, but it is believed that it was pronounced in three syllables, for in several instances the final letter is definitely an a.

John Brothers, James Young, and Elizabeth Waddy their servants and further for transporting William Champ all in the year 1664. Fortune Metford above named made oath to this rights in usuall this 11 feb. 1666/7.

By his marriage to the Widow Mitford, Marmaduke Semme acquired in 1669 the patent for 250 acres of land, above applied for, which had been due Bulmer Mitford before his death. William Champ who had been transported by Bulmer Mitford died testate and without issue in 1667 and had made Madam Mitford the residuary heir. After his marriage with Madam Mitford, Marma duke Semme completed the administration of the estate of Champ and thus acquired the greater portion of his estate.

Children of Marmaduhe and Fortuna Semme

1. Anthony Semmes married twice. q. v.

2. James Semmes married Mary Goodrick. q. v.

3. John Semmes married Elizabeth Clarkson. q. v.

4. Marmaduke Semmes married Mary Higdon. q.v.

He settled first in St. George's Hundred on the west side of St. George's [now St. Mary's] River and then moved later to the settle ments north of the Wicomico River then in St. Mary's County, but which by a readjustment of the boundaries fell into present Charles County. His seat was known as " St. George's " which he purchased from his neighbor Thomas Simpson.

On February 23, 1674/5, as Marmaduke Semme, of St. Mary's County, Innholder, he bought from Andrew Woodberry, of Salem in New England, Mariner, for 5,000 Ibs. tobacco the tract " Middle Plantation" of 300 acres Iying on the Sassafras River in Cecil County. On November 14, 1685, he was granted by Lord Baltimore 400 acres of land Iying on the Elk River in Cecil County which he named " Symmes Forrest."

His will, dated August 17, 1690, was admitted to probate in St. Mary's County on March 20, 1692/3, by John Cornishj Thomas Simpson, Sarah Graves, Richard Edelen, and Thomas Cullum. It

To son Anthony 200 acres of land out of a tract bought of Mr.

Thomas [Sympson] in St. Mary's Co., adjoining Westwood

Manor and land of Major Boarman: 400 acres of land in

Cecil Co. called " Simms Forrest."

To wife Fortuna the dwelling-plantation during life with all the

remaining land except that given son Anthony. To son James 300 acres of land in Cecil Co. called " Middle

Plantation." To sons John and Marmaduke the dwelling-plantation after the

death of their mother to be divided equally between them

upon their coming of age, John to have the first choice. Personal estate to be divided equally among wife and sons Anthony,

James, John, and Marmaduke. Executrix-wife Fortuna Simms.

By a codicil added August 17, 1690, he revoked Anthony's parti cipation in the personal estate.

His widow completed the administration of his estate and lived until 1701. Her will, dated May 1, 1699, was proved in Charles County on December 8, 1701, by her sons, John and Marmaduke Semme. She signed the instrument as Fortuna Semme.

To son John 319 acres being part of tract of 838 acres called

" St. George's " which deceased husband bought of Mr.

Thomas Sympson. To son Marmaduke 319 acres being another portion of " St.

George's " containing the houses, etc . ., son Anthony already

in possession of 200 acres of same tract. To son Thomas Medford 20 shillings to buy a ring. To grandson Thomas Medford, son of Thomas, a heifer. To son Anthony 10 shillings for a mourning ring. To son James 10 shillings for a mourning ring. To grandson Marmaduke Semme of Anthony a colt. Residue to be divided between sons John and Marmaduke. Executors-sons John and Marmaduke.

An account filed in 1702 showed 428 Ibs. tob. paid to Mr. Jona than White for " ye Furneral Sermon."

MARMADUKE SEMME

c. 1635-1693

The progenitor of the Semmes family in America, Marmaduke Semme, arrived in the New World sometime before 1662 and settled in southern Maryland, probably near St. Mary's City, the first European community in Maryland. The exact date of his arrival in America and the place from which he came are still a mystery; howev er, he was probably single and in his twenties. More importantly, he came not as an indentured ser vant, as so many people did, but as a craftsman-a car penter. We infer this from the fact that he paid for his own passage to America, as he proved in court in 1666 in order to be granted his allotted 50 acres of land, acreage that was given to people who did pay their own passage to this country. Also, in 1668, when he recorded his cattle mark in the CouTt, h~ ~e~ himse~f as a carpenter; and court records of 1672 list him as a carpenter in St. George's Hundred, one of the early political subdivisions of St. Mary's County. We infer, too, that he was recognized as a carpen ter of some skill, because in 1675 he was appointed by the court to be an appraiser of the carpentry work of another man. We know that he played a role in the early General Assembly of Maryland. His name was first recorded in official records of the colony in April 1662, when ". . . was swore Marmaduke Semme Doore Keeper to the Upper howse." Semme settled first in St. George's Hundred on the west side of the St. George's (now St. Mary's) River. He later moved north of the Wicomico River, which was then in St. Mary's County, but which, by an adjustment of the boundaries, later fell into present Charles County. He established his homestead, "St. George's," on land that he purchased from his neighbor, Thomas Simpson. By 1668 he was courting Madam Fortuna Mitford, the widow of Bulmer Mitford, who had emigrated to Maryland from England about 1664 and died shortly afterward. (Records indicate that after Bulmer Mitford died, Fortuna married a physician, William Champ; it was only after he died in the latter part of 1668 that she began seeing Marmaduke Semme. However, she seems to have kept the use of Mitford's name, not Champ's.) By late summer or early fall Marmaduke and Fortuna were mar ried. In 1669, by his marriage to the widow, Semme acquired 250 acres of land that had been due Bulmer Mitford before his death. Semme was also a trustee for 100 acres of land on the west side of the St. George's River that Fortuna gave to her two sons from a previous

marriage, but kept for her use during her lifetime.

In 1674 Marmaduke was listed in several official records as an ordinary, or innkeeper. (The term "ordinary" was applied to innkeepers, because they were required by law to provide an ordinary menu to ordinary people at ordinary prices, which were set by the legislature.) In February, for 5000 pounds of tobacco, he bought from a New Englander 300 acres of land called "Middle Plantation;" the acreage lay on the Sassafras River in Cecil County on the eastern side of Chesapeake Bay. (Eleven years later he was granted by Lord Baltimore 400 additional acres of land adjoining the ELk River in Cecil County; he named the place "Symmes Forrest.") Also in 1674 Semme the ordinary resorted to legal action to collect a bill owed to him by Samuel Barnes. Semme claimed that Barnes owed him 2527 pounds of tobacco in return for liquor and provisions that Barnes had obtained from him. The sheriff was not able to find Barnes, and the court awarded Semme some of Barnes' property in payment of the debt. Semme's name appears in the records of the Provincial Court of Maryland on a number of occasions for events other than land transactions, marriages or estate probate. The most notorious of these proceedings stemmed from an event that occurred in 1675, when the sheriff of St. Mary's County was fighting the local Indians. Leonard Greene, constable of St. George's Hundred, acting on the sheriff's order, attempted to commandeer provisions from Marmaduke for the sheriff's men to use. In a suit that Greene later instituted against Marmaduke and his wife, asking 10,000 pounds of tobacco as dam ages, Greene said "Marmaduke with fortune his wife with force & armes and assault upon him thes aid Leonard did make & him so beate wound & ill handle that of his life it was despaired. . ." At the first court appearance, the trial was continued, at Semme's lawyer's request. At the next trial, in December of 1676, Semme didn't appear at court, and the judge found in favor of Greene and awarded him 579 pounds of tobacco to cover his court costs. The records indicate that another hearing was scheduled to determine the extent of damages to Greene as a result of the assault by Semme and his wife. (This action on the part of the court suggests that Greene's case had merit; it is likely that Marmaduke and Fortuna had barely enough corn and provisions for their own needs and were not willing to give away any of it, even though ordered to do so by the sheriff.) The next time Semme appeared in court, it was for mis treating a servant. He was bound over for allegedly abus ing and misusing his servant, Vertu Avery. However, after hearing testimony from Semme, Avery, and other witness es, the court could find no reason to hold Semme, and he was released.

Still another case involved Semme's claim that an estate administered by Jonathan Squire owed him 4600 pounds of tobacco. The attorney for Squire argued that Semme was owed only 2200 pounds of tobacco. The court sided with Squire, ruling that he should pay Semme the sum of 2200 pounds of tobacco and court costs. Marmaduke Semme's will is dated August 17, 1690, and was admitted to probate in St. Mary's County on March 20, 1692/3. His widow's will is dated May 1, 1699, and was accepted as a court document in Charles County on Dec. 8, 1701. Marmaduke's and Fortuna's signatures on their wills and on other public documents indicate that they were lit erate. Though their family backgrounds are largely unknown, their literacy indicates that they were probably of the country gentry, for in the Seventeenth Century, few people outside the nobility and gentry were able to write their names. As to Fortuna's family name, it may have been Milburn, since that was given as a Christian name to one of her sons, or it may have been Cleburne, the name given to another son.

Pat Obrist's notes---

Virkus says "Marmaduke Semmes, from Eng. to MD ac 1660. So he left France and emigrated from England. Marmaduke was Doorkeeper to the Upper House of Assembly, 1662. [Maryland Heraldic Families.]

In November 1685 Marmaduke Simms, of St. Mary's County had a land patent for 400 A. in Cecil County. He settled first in St. George's Hundred on the west side of St. George's [now St. Mary's] River. Then he moved to the settlements north of the Wicomico River then in St. Mary's County, but which by a readjustment of the boundaries fell into present Charles County.

His seat was known as "St. George's" which he purchased from his neighbor Thomas Simpson. On February 23 1675, as Marmaduke Semme, of St. Mary's County, Innholder, he bought the tract "Middle Plantation" of 300 acres lying on the Sassafras River in Cecil County. On November 14, 1685 , he was granted by Lord Baltimore 400 acres of land lying on the Lek River in Cecil County which he named "Symmes Forrest."---

Marmaduke Simms will indexed 1692/3 St. Mary's, 39, 870

Thomas Simspson will 1709, Cal., Part2.12, 185

There's a Marmaduke whose will is probated 1629/30

Also, 1717 Semms, Marmaduke Chas. 14, 518

Index of Colonial MD Wills (Simms derivative names):

Date Name County Index

1692/3 Simms, Marmaduke St. M. 6, 42

1687 Simes, Samuel Som. 4, 246

1699 Simmes, Alexander Cecil 6, 293

1701 Semmes, Fortune Chas. 11, 200

1708 Semms, Anthony Chas. 12, 326

1710 Syms, John Kent 13, 81

1717 Semms, Marmaduke Chas. 14, 518

1717 Simms,

1724 Semms, John Chas. 18, 368

1724 Simes,

1724 Simmes,

1727/8 Semmes, James Chas. 19, 366

1735 Simms, James A. A. 21, 457

1736 Semmes, Juliana Chas. 21, 731

1738 -Seems, Marmaduke Chas. . 22, 22

1749 Simmes, Anthony St. M. 27, 190

1750 Simes Elizabeth Chas. 27, 241

1758 Sim, Mary, Mrs. . P . G. 30, 475

1760 Simbs, Thomas Dor. 31, 309

1761 Sims, Mary Balto. 31, 441

1764 Semmes, Ignatius Chas. 32, 168

1764 Semms, Joseph Milburn Chas. 33, 7

1764 Semmes,

1768 Semmes, Mary Ann Chas. 36, 545

1770 Simms, Anthony 8t. M. 37, 671

1770 Simms, Bennett St. M. 37~ 655

1770 Simms, Thomas Som. 38, 188

1771 Semms, Francess Chas. - 38, 196

1771 Semmes, Francis

1772 Semmes, Marmaduke Chas. 38, 960

1772 Simm, David Q. A. 38, 585

1772 Sime,

1774/5 Semmes, Henrietta Chas. 40, 294

1774/5 , Heneritta

1774 Simms, Marmaduke Chas. 39, 870

1776 Semmes, Fedelmus Chas. 40, 661

1776 , Fidelmus

1776 Sim, Lettice P. G. 40, 711

1777 Simms, Thomas Wash. 41, 4S8

CHARLES COUNTY (Land Records) O #2, pp. 154; 158-159 Marmaduke Simms to Cleborne Simms; Cleborn Simms to Henry Wathen, 3 and 10 December 1736 [MdHR CR 34,656]

Email from Mary Shoemaker:

My Simms/Semms info has been taken from Newman's book. I have a copy of Raphael Simms' book that his wife had done of his research after he died

in 1918. The research had been given to the MD Historical Soc. and Lydia B .

Brown put all togther.. a note in the front of the book states the above.

The book: THE SEMMES AND KINDRED FAMILIES.

In the 1950s The Md Historical Soc. requested and paid Harry W. Newman to do an update on the Simms/Semms using these records... He did thus THE MD SEMMES AND KINDRED FAMILIES.

Harry W. Newman's research papers are at the Chas Co. Community College in

LaPlatta, Md but his papers on this Semms book are not there.... Neither could

I find such at the MD Hist. Soc. Lib. in Baltimore.

The SEMMES AMERICA is at the DAR Lib in Wash DC. I xeroxed the pages where he gave the line of descent for all of the names listed.. It seems to follow what Newman had in his book. As to Newman and his work... The genealogists in MD are a bit skeptical of some of his work. He made mistakes.

Admiral Raphael Semmes is found in all of the Semmes books and give his line back to Marmaduke.

Raphael Thomas Semmes's book of 1918 gives: "not known country of origin,

just that he paid for his own passage etc"...Both Newman's book and SEMMES AMERICA state it is not known when he came to America but he paid for his own entry etc...

Other note:

You'll see the various spellings of the surname throughout the genealogy, but most have the surname Simms. I received a Marmaduke genealogy (electronically from Pat Obrist of MO) that was more comprehensive than my own yet matched my own in so many ways I decided to use it as the basis of this genealogy. At the time the surname spelling was not as important as finding, comparing and proving relationships. All of the surnames in her genealogy were "Simms." So I've done what I can to bring the genealogy up to speed with regard to spelling, but I make no promises that the surname spellings are accurate or were used as spelled.--Lisa Simms.

P.S.--You'll note I've put notes in individual's records that may not pertain to that individual per se, but to a family name I may have encountered in my research. May come in handy some day.

AND notes on indexed wills with numbers following are vol. (Libris) and pg. Apparently held in paper and microfilm in the State Archives in Annapolis, MD.

According to Gale Jenkins, who cites Semmes & Kindred, Marmaduke is in MD as early as April 2, 1662.

An Alexander Sim, Vol. 18,Folio, 152 was transported 1674.

Census Records of Possible Relatives:

SEMMES, Basil Charles Co., MD Pg. 116 1778 Fidelity Oath

SEMMES, Edward Charles Co., MD Pg. 116 1778 Fidelity Oath

SEMMES, Edward Jr. Charles Co., MD Pg. 120 1778 Fidelity Oath

SEMMES, Ignatius Jr. Frederick Co., MD Pg. 157 1760 Saints Parish

SEMMES, Joseph Milburn Frederick Co., MD Pg. 157 1760 Saints Parish

SEMMES, Marmaduke Charles Co., MD Pg. 120 1778 Fidelity Oath

SEMMES, Robert D. Somerset Co., MD Pg. 124 1778 Oath Of Allegiance

SEMMES, Thomas Charles Co., MD Pg. 120 1778 Fidelity Oath

SEMMES, Thomas Frederick Co., MD Pg. 157 1760 Saints Parish

SEMMES, Thomas Somerset Co., MD Pg. 124 1778 Oath Of Allegiance

SEMMS, Ignatius Washington Co., MD 1778 Fidelity Oath

SIM, Joseph Maryland Colony, MD Pg. 085 1748 Residence List

SIM, Joseph Queen Anne's Co., MD Pg. 148 1760 Residence List

SIMMS, Andrew Charles Co., MD Pg. 114 1778 Fidelity Oath

SIMMS, Anthony Dorchester Co., MD Pg. 162 1761 Petition List

SIMMS, Edward Charles Co., MD Bryan Town Hundred 1778 Continental Census

SIMMS, Edward Jr. Charles Co., MD Port Tabacco Upper 1778

SIMMS, Francis Charles Co., MD Newport West Hundr 1778

SIMMS, Ignatius Charles Co., MD Pg. 120 1778 Fidelity Oath

SIMMS, Ignatius Charles Co., MD Port Tabacco Upper 1778

SIMMS, James Charles Co., MD Pg. 218 1775 Petition List

SIMMS, James Charles Co., MD Newport West Hundr 1778

SIMMS, Joseph Charles Co., MD Lower Hundred 1778 Continental Census

SIMMS, Joseph Montgomery Co., MD 1778 Fidelity Oath

SIMMS, Mark Charles Co., MD Newport West Hundr 1778

SIMMS, Marmaduke Charles Co., MD Port Tabacco East 1778 Continental Census

SIMMS, Roger Charles Co., MD Port Tabacco West 1778 Continental Census

SIMMS, Thomas Charles Co., MD Lower Hundred 1778 Continental Census

SIMMS, William Charles Co., MD Bryan Town Hundred 1778 Continental Census

SIMMS, William Charles Co., MD Port Tabacco East 1778 Continental Census

SIMS, David Queen Anne's Co., MD St Lukes Parish 1765 Pg. 192

SIMS, James Charles Co., MD Lower Hundred 1778 Continental Census

SIMS, Joseph Charles Co., MD Pg. 218 1775 Petition List

SIMS, Richard Washington Co., MD 1778 Fidelity Oath

Pat Obrist has birthplace of ?Nantes, Laval, France.

Yates publishing puts his birthdate as:

THE COMPUTERIZED ANCESTOR: Document

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HUSBAND SEMMES, MARMADUKE

WHEN BORN 1635

WHERE BORN EN

MARRIAGE DATE 1668

WHERE MARRIED MD

WIFE , FORTUNA

WHEN BORN

WHERE BORN

DOC NUMBER 8831.261

TYPE F!

AUTHOR (Order from Yates Publishing)

PAGES 1

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Pension Office Records; Original land grant

      patented 1662; other property, "Semmes' Forest", part of " St. Georges", "Semmes'

Help", "Hungerford Hope", "Hargesses' Hope"
Register of Maryland's Heraldic Families Vol 1

This is the Will for Marmaduke SEMMES (SIMMS):

WILL OF MARMADUKE SEMMES, ST. MARY'S COUNTY, VOLUME 6, PAGE 33

HALL OF RECORDS, MARYLAND STATE ARCHIVES, ANNAPOLIS, MARYLAND

In the Name of God Aman I Marmaduk Simms of St. Marys County in the

Province of Maryland plantor being sick & weake in body but blessed bee

almighty God of Good & Sound & perfect memory Knowing there is a time for

all men to die doe make ordaine & appoint this my last Will & Testament to

be my whole & Sole Will & Testament revoaking all formar Wills Verball

& in Writeings & this onely to Stand in force first my Will is I bequeath

my Soule into the hands of Almighty God from whome I received it & my

boddie to the earth from whence it came to bee buried at the discretion of

my Executrs hereafter named Fourton Simms my is that my just Debts bee

fully Discharged & paid Soe Soon as possible...

Impris Item I give & bequeath to my Loveing Sonne Anthony Simms two

hundred Acres of Land out of my Tract of land I bought of Mr. Thomas

Lying in St. Marys County & take his length binding upon Westwood Mannor to

my Exterior tree of that north Line & Soe binding upon Majr Boarman & my

long line to West Wood Mannor to make up his two hundred Acres...

Item I alsoe give & bequeath unto my Loveing Sonne Anthony Simms foure

hundred Acres of land Lyeing in Cecill County & called Simms Forest this

Tract of land with the other two hundred Acres above written I give to my

Sonne Anthony his heirs & assignes for Ever...

Item My will is that my Loveing Wife Fortune Simms Enjoys the plantation

I now live on with all the rest of the Land belonging with Said Land Except

what I had Given my Son Anthony Dureing her naturall Life...

Item I give & bequeath unto my Sonne James Simms three hundred Acres of

Land I bought of Andrew Woodberry lying in Cecill County & Commonly known &

Called Middle plantation to my Sonne James his heirs & assigns for Ever...

Item I give & bequeath unto my Loveing Sonnes John Simms & Marmaduke

Simms after the decease of my Loveing Wife & there Loveing Mother fortune

Simms all the remainder of my tract of land I now live on which is

unbequeathed to bee Equally divided Between my sd: Sonns John & Marmaduke

to be Equally divided between them at their Comeing to age My Sonne John

haveing his first Choice to them & their heirs for Ever...

Item My will is that as to the Personal Estate goods & Chattels it hath

pleased the Almighty God to bestow upon mee that they bee Equally divided

between my Loveing wife fortune Sonne Anthony Sonne James Sonne John &

Sonne Marmaduke Revoakeing all former Wills to this only & sitt my hand &

Seale this 14th of August 1690.

MARMADU (SEALE)

Signed Sealed & Declared

in the Psence of John Cornish, Tho. Simpson, Sarah (her mark) Graves,

Richard Edelen

Memdm....whereas in this my Written Will I have Made my

loveing Wife & Loveing Children Equall partners in my goods & Chattels my

will is & would have this soe taken to bee my Will that my Sonne Anthony

has noe Share noe part of my House or money as Wittness my hand this

14th of August 1690...

MARMADUKE SEMME

Testes: Richard Edelen, Thomas Cullam

These are to certifie that there Came before me (viz) Richard Edelen on the

fourth day of this instant March & also John Cornish & Thomas Simpson on

the Twentieth of the month & there tooke their Corporall Oathes that the

Within Ritten Will & Testament & that they knew noe other as Witnesses my

hand this 20th day of March 1692/3.

PHILLIP BRIS...

The forth Day of This Instant march 1692/3 Came before me Richard Edelen &

Thomas Cullum & tooke Their Corporall Oathes that the memorandum on the

back of this Will was ye will of the Testator as Wittness my hand the day &

yeare first above Written.

PHILLIP BRIS...

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File contributed for use in USGenWeb Archives by Elizabeth F. Randolph efrpac@mocty.com

Index: s

Source: USGenWeb Archives Web Link or Descendant Report |Gedcom

Record ID: 58410

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Simm, Marmaduke, m. by Oct 1668, Fortune (formerly Mitford, extx. of William Champe of SM Co. (ARMD 57:358). --http://www.mdarchives.state.md.us/msa/stagser/s1500/s1527/html/ ssi1527s.html

St. George's was owned by Thomas Simpson. To son John Semmes and h[ei]rs[], 319 A[cres], part of 838 A[cres], "St. George's," bought by late husband, Marmaduke Semmes, from Tho[ma]s[] Simpson.