Nadesooda

Nadesooda was a San Carlos Apache man from the San Carlos Reservation, AZ., his specific tribe is unknown

“San Carlos Apache.” Native-Land.ca, native-land.ca/maps/territories/san-carlos-apache/. Accessed 6 May 2024.

The San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation in southeastern Arizona, United States, was established in 1872 as a reservation for the Chiricahua Apache tribe as well as surrounding Yavapai and Apache bands removed from their original homelands under a strategy devised by General George Crook of setting the various Apache tribes against one another. It was once nicknamed "Hell's Forty Acres" during the late 19th century due to poor health and environmental conditions. The Dutch Reformed Church was placed in charge of the San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation.

The U.S. Army showed both animosity toward the Indians and disdain for the civilian Indian Agents. Soldiers and their commanding officers sometimes brutally tortured or killed the Indians for sport while politicians in Washington, D.C., knew little about differences in tribal cultures, customs, and language. The 8th Cavalry was stationed in Arizona during this time until 1875. Politicians also ignored political differences and military alliances and tried to apply a "one-size-fits-all" strategy to deal with the "Indian problem". As a result, tribal friends and foes were forced to live near one another. Meanwhile, the Apaches were supposed to be fed and housed by their caretakers, but they rarely saw the federal money and suffered as a result.

In March 1875, the government closed the Yavapai-Apache Camp Verde Reservation and marched the residents 180 miles (290 km) to the San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation. 375 Yavapai perished in the ensuing Indian Removal deportations out of the 1,400 deported.

The image has no photographer, but probably Erwin Baer, it does have a period ink notation on verso. "Apache Indians arriving at San Carlos for issues 1892." (Note: The photographer Erwin Baer, of Prescott, Arizona took many of this type of photograph. This scarce Apache Indian photograph on the San Carlos, Arizona Territory reservation depicts many Apache Indians with their wagons, horses, etc. arriving at their final destination of San Carlos.)

After the Chiricahuan Apache were deported east to Florida in 1886,...

Fly, C. S, photographer. Scene in Geronimo's camp...before surrender to General Crook. [March] Photograph. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, <www.loc.gov/item/2005691612/>.

...San Carlos became the reservation for various other relocated Apachean-speaking groups. These included the Pinal Coyotero of the northern Gila River area, the former San Carlos Apache bands Aravaipa (aka Arivaipa or Tsee Zhinnee), Pinaleño (aka Pinal Apache or Tiis Ebah Nnee), Apache Peaks (aka Bichi Lehe Nnee), and San Carlos proper (aka Tiis Zhaazhe Bikoh or ′Small Cottonwood Canyon People′), the former Canyon Creek, Carrizo Creek and Cibecue bands of the Cibecue Apache.

San Carlos Reservation ration line, [3232.tif]. Arizona Memory Project, accessed 06/05/2024, https://azmemory.azlibrary.gov/nodes/view/38154''

After the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, the various Apache groups formed a government and became federally recognized as the San Carlos Nation.
Source: Wikipedia contributors. "San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 7 Jan. 2024. Web. 6 May. 2024.

Biography:
Nadesooda was an Apache man probably from the San Carlos Reservation, although his specific tribe is unknown. He was born c. 1845 to unknown parents.

According to Carla Joinson in her book Vanished in Hiawatha, it is unknown when Nadesooda was admitted to the Canton Asylum, however an October 4, 1910 narrative from the asylum includes table 7 that indicates he was diagnosed with Chronic dementia (Dementia is a chronic condition that causes a decline in memory and other cognitive skills that severely impairs a person's ability to perform daily activities.). He reportedly died of consumption at age 63.

In a letter dated February 17, 1934, to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Dr. L.L. Culp advised that Nadesooda arrived from San Carlos, AZ, died at the Canton Asylum on February 8, 1908, and was buried in the Canton Hiawatha Cemetery tier 4 plot 39.

His profile is part of the The Canton Asylum One Place Study.

Research Notes:
-based on the Apache names in the 1894 Indian Census rolls this name appears to be misspelled and is more likely a variation of Nah de soo dah
-The 1905 census has given males an English name already with no Indian name shown, so it is possible that Nadesooda was not identified in 1905 for that reason.
-Nadesooda was reportedly committed from San Carlos, but there were several major Apache Indian tribes there in the early 1900s for which Na and Nah were common first syllables
-Nadesooda is NOT found in the San Carlos Indian census reports for any tribe for 1904-1907
-The 1901 and 1902 censuses combined all tribes with 3,030 and 2,578 names respectively, just a few years before the opening of the Canton Asylum, Nadesooda is not identified in either.
-I reviewed the 1888 census for all tribes of the San Carlos REservation and did not find Nadesooda.

Additional Reading:
1. Parks, Ernie. “The Ruins of Old San Carlos.” Www.azbackcountryadventures.com, www.azbackcountryadventures.com/osc.htm. Accessed 6 May 2024.
2. The Apache Diaspora: Four Centuries of Displacement and Survival by Paul Conrad
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Sources:

1908 Feb 8 - "South Dakota, Grave Registration Records, 1940-1941", , FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:CYZP-7N2M : Fri Mar 08 15:25:14 UTC 2024), Entry for Nadesooda.
Name Nadesooda
Sex Male
Age 63 years
Birth Year (Estimated) 1845
Death Date 8 February 1908
Event Type Burial
Event Place Presho, Lyman, South Dakota, United States
Cemetery Indian Asylum

1908 Feb 8 - Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/14493825/nadesooda-unknown: accessed May 6, 2024), memorial page for Nadesooda Unknown (unknown–8 Feb 1908), Find a Grave Memorial ID 14493825, citing Hiawatha Asylum Cemetery, Canton, Lincoln County, South Dakota, USA; Maintained by Graveaddiction (contributor 46528400).

1908 Feb 8 - Hilton, M. (Ed.). (2023, July 10). Hiawatha Asylum for Insane Indians Historical Marker. Historical Marker. https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=183486 Photo by Ruth VanSteenwyk, July 10, 2023, courtesy of HMdb.org

Robert Brings Plenty 5-20-03 · Nadesooda 2-8-08 · Toistoto 5-17-08

1910 Aug 12 - Camp Verde School: 1910-27; Canton Insane Asylum: 1910-22, Series: Superintendents' Annual Narrative and Statistical Reports, Record Group 75: Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, 7th and Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20408 @ https://catalog.archives.gov/id/155854182?objectPage=674, line 38, Table 7 Form of mental disease of those admitted since opening of Asylum