Palemon

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Palemon

Russian: Палемон, Lithuanian: kn. Palemonas, Latin: Palemone, Greek: Απόλλων
Also Known As: "Паламон Палямон Аполлон Аполон"
Birthdate:
Birthplace: Venice, Most Serene Republic of Venice
Death:
Immediate Family:

Father of Kunoś of Lithuania, Prince of Kunosow, Jurbork, and Zawelsk; duke Spera of East Lithuania and duke Barkus of Samogitia

Occupation: Palemon's Dynasty Founder
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Immediate Family

About Palemon

It is written in the chronicles that Palemon is a prince of Venice, so he is a son of Domenico Contarin. If he is not a son of Domenico Contarin, then he is not a prince of Venice. No options.

Palemon (Apolon), legendary prince, came to Ruthenia from The Most Serene Republic of Venice (Serenissima Repubblica di Venezia).

The Palemonids were a legendary dynasty of Grand Dukes of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The legend was born in the 15th or 16th century as proof that Lithuanians and the Grand Duchy are of Roman origins. Already Jan Długosz (1415–1480) wrote that the Lithuanians were of Roman origin, but did not provide any proof. The legend is first recorded in the second edition of the Lithuanian Chronicle produced in the 1530s. At the time the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was quarreling with the Kingdom of Poland, rejecting the claims that Poland had civilized the pagan and barbaric Lithuania. The Lithuanian nobility felt a need for the ruling dynasty to show upstanding origins, as the only available chronicles at the time were written by the Teutonic Knights, a long-standing enemy, and depicted Gediminas as a hostler of Vytenis.

In this new Lithuanian chronicle, Palemon (Could be Polemon II of Pontus), a relative of Roman Emperor Nero, escaped Rome together with 500 noble families. The company traveled north, through the Baltic Sea, and reached the Nemunas Delta. After that they decided to sail upstream until they reached the mouth of Dubysa. There the Palemonids settled on a large hill and ruled the country for generations until the Gediminids emerged. The chronicle skips over Mindaugas and Traidenis, attested Grand Dukes of Lithuania, entirely. It incorporated the account of the Gediminid line from the first edition. To make the story more believable, the chronicler presented a very detailed account of the journey. Because there were not enough generations to cover the gap between the 1st century when Palemon arrived and the 14th century when Gediminas died, the third edition of the chronicle, also known as the Bychowiec Chronicle, placed Palemon in the 5th century instead of the 1st, when Rome was devastated by Attila the Hun, and included Mindaugas and other attested dukes. But it was not enough and historians like Maciej Stryjkowski and Kazimierz Kojałowicz-Wijuk moved the account further, into the 10th century. Multiple contradictory versions of the legend survive to this day as historians tried to patch up some obvious mistakes and make it more historically sound.

At the end of the 19th century there were some attempts, for example in a history written by Maironis, to tie the legend with the expansion of vikings. While many historians up until the dawn of the 20th century believed the legend to be true, it is now largely discarded as a fictional story that only serves to illustrate political ideology in 16th century Lithuania.

Lithuanian and Samogitian Chronicle, as well as other Belarusian-Lithuanian chronicles begins the legendary part call themselves moderate "Conclusion and the story of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Samogitia, whence arose and evolved." It tells the story of the Roman patrician Palemonas (Bychowiec Chronicle "and called the Apollo), which together with the 500 noble families and riches ran out of the Emperor Nero (other sources - Huns of Attila master's) persecution of the sea to the mouth of the river Nemunas. Here, if landed, found the high mountains and oak great, plenty of animals and fish, and began to multiply and called "the land Žemontu from reproduction. All of them belonged to Bawol (Ox), Bear, Columns and Rose escutcheons. Palemonas most likely belonged to the coat of arms of the Bawol (Ox), who testified about the situation prevailing in the hierarchy of the dynasty.

Palemonas had sons Barkus, Kunas and Spera. Barkus took land on the Neman and founded Jurbarko castle. Kunas (Kunasijus) took lands along the Vilija river (modern Nėris river) and founded the Kaunas Castle. Spera followed the sun in the river flow direction (went west), crossed the Nevėžio, Širvinta and holy rivers and built a castle Spero (in fact, the area is Širvintai Spero lake). Later Kunas's son Kernius founded Kernavė. As the locals liked to play oak trumpets when Kernius land called combines the words 'litas' (Bank) and 'tuba' (tube) - Litusbania. However, locals did not know Latin, and they began to be called simply Lithuania.

Palemonas was buried within Seredžiaus mound, named as Palemonas Hill. Palemonas became known as legendary predecessor of all Lithuanian princes, as well as Goštautas, Mantvydas, Davaina, Erdvilas, Radziwill and other dynasties.


Sources:

http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/rus/Bychovec/frametext.htm http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/rus/Bychovec/frametext2.htm http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/rus/Bychovec/frametext3.htm

CHRONICLE OF BYHAVTS [GENUS OF GREAT PRINCES OF LITHUANIA FROM THE GENERATION AND FROM THE FAMILY OF CHITAURAS] [ABOUT ATIL, CALLED THE WHIP OF GOD] In the year from the birth of God1 401 came Attila2, called the Scourge of God, from the river Ugra3, or Yuri4, and she is still in the land of Ivaki-king5; his father's name was Mandazig. He left with his three brothers - Achar, Rogas and Bled - and sailed the ocean to the Mediterranean Sea, which lies between France and Spain. And when he entered that sea, just then a queen named Ursula was taken from Britain to marry the son of an English king; and at that queen there were eleven thousand young ladies. Attila killed the queen herself and all the eleven thousand young ladies who were with her, and they became martyrs in the name of Christ. This is the first atrocity committed by him against the Christian people. Then he circumnavigated the French and Wallachian lands * and sailed by sea to the Croatian land, where he went ashore and took the Croatian land by force. He also took possession of the Hungarian land, and built the castle of Budzyn6, and called himself King of Hungary; and his brothers Achar and Rogas died. And when he was building Budzyn and enclosing the places with walls, at that time he killed his third brother, Bled, and alone ruled over the whole of Hungary, and seized many farms, and as at first persecuted the Christians, and sitting on that farm, in nothing has not changed, but has become an even greater enemy of Christians. And when he had gathered five hundred men faithful unto him, he went into the land of Wallachia, and came to a place called Aquileia; that place was then under Caesar Marcian8; and Attila besieged Aquileia. And that place was very strong, and defended his Roman chivalry, and therefore, realizing that he could not capture this place, Attila did not want to waste any more time and went deep into the Wallachian land9 to Rome. And the princes and senators, who were in that place, seeing such a great force of his, were seized with great fear, and fled from the place, and who fled to their fishermen, and there, on the island, began to build a place called Venice.

  • Wallachian land - here: Italy [ABOUT PRINCE PALEMON] 10 And the prince named Palemon, who was also in that place, having gathered all, fled with them. And with him were five hundred families of the Roman nobility, and between them on the island were four families of the Roman nobility: from the coat of arms of Kitauras11 - Dausprunk, from the coat of arms of Kalumnov - Prespar Cesarinus, from the coat of arms of Ursinov12 - Julianus, from the coat of arms of Rose - Hector. And Palemon sailed the Mediterranean Sea and took with him a stargazer who knew the stars. And they sailed on ships by sea to the north, and, passing France and England, sailed to the kingdom of Denmark, and thence by sea-ocean13 reached the mouth of the river Neman, where it flows into the sea-ocean, then sailed the river Neman up the river to the sea which is called Small14, or Nemnov. And for this reason the Neman Sea is so called that in that sea the Neman falls by twelve arms, and each is called by a separate name, and one is called Gili. And they swam up that sleeve and swam to the place where the Neman flows in one direction, and up the Neman they reached the river Dubisa15, where, entering that river Dubisa, they found high mountains, and among those mountains - great plains and magnificent oak groves, various rich in animals of various kinds, especially turkeys, bison, elk, deer, roe deer, lynx, marten, fox, squirrel, ermine and other species, as well as in the rivers a great abundance of unusual fish, and these are only those fish that are in these rivers they breed, but many different and strange fish come from the sea, for it is near the mouth of the Neman, where the Neman flows into the sea. And on some rivers - on Dubis, on Nemno, on Yuri - they have settled down and have started to breed. They liked their settlement on those rivers very much, and they called that land Zhamoitskaya16. [ABOUT THREE SONS OF POLEMON - BORK, KUNAS AND SPER] Then the mentioned prince Palemon gave birth to three sons: the eldest - Bork, the second - Kunas, the third - Spera. The eldest son, Bork, founded the city on the Jura River and, having compiled the name of the Jura River and his name together, named that city Jurbork17. And the middle son, Kunas, came to the mouth of the river Nevezha18, where it flows into the Neman, and made a city, and called it by his name - Kunas city19. And the third son, Spera, went on to the forest at sunrise, and crossed the river Nevezha, and the river Holy20, and the third river - Shirvintu21, and found the lake, decorated with bows and various trees. He fell in love with the place, and he settled near the lake, and called it by his name - Spera. Dausprunk sailed from the coat of arms of Kitavras on the Holy River and found a very beautiful place and similar to the settlement, and he liked it very much, and he settled there, and built a city, and gave the name to the city Vilkomir22, and he called himself Prince Deviltovsky, and there his genus began to reproduce. We will go back. And Spear reigned for many years, and was very kind to his subjects, and then died without fruit. And his subjects, loving him, according to Roman custom, put an idol23 and in his memory named that idol Spera. And then the people who lived near that log began to make sacrifices to him and to have him as a god. And then, when that idol was distorted, they respected the lake and the place and had it as a god, but they had no master among themselves and lived without a master. But let's go back. Brother Sperry Bork, who lived in Jurbork without children, died soon after. And his brother Kunas took the lands of his brother Borko, and the city of Jurbork and in those lands began to rule. [ABOUT KUNAS 'TWO SONS - KERNUS AND GIMBUT, AS WELL AS ABOUT THE ORIGIN OF THE NAME OF LITHUANIA] And that prince Kunas had two sons: one - Kernus, the second - Gimbuta. And, ruling in the land of Samogitia, Kunas began to increase and expand his possessions and beyond the river Vyalya24 into the land of Zavel25. And when he had crossed the holy river, he found a very beautiful place, and he liked the place very much, and he settled there his son Kernus, and they named the place Kernus Kern. And then Kunas died, and after him his son Kernus ruled over the whole land of Zavel to the Latygol border27 and to Braslav-Zavel and up to the river Dvina. And his brother Gimbut sat on Yurborka, and on Kunava, and on all Samogitian earth. And at the time when Kunas ruled on the Zavel side, his people settled behind the Vyalya and played on oak trumpets28. And Kernus called the shore where people multiplied, in his own language, in Latin - Litus, and the trumpets on which they played - tuba, and gave the name to those people in Latin, making the name of the shore with the word "tuba" - Listubania . But ordinary people did not know how to call in Latin and began to call simply Lithuania29. And from that time the economy began to be called - Lithuanian and expands from Samogitia. Then Grand Duke Kernus and Prince Gimbut, wanting to increase their homeland, gathered their Lithuanian and Samogitian forces, and went to Russia30 near Braslav and Polotsk, and did a lot of damage, and their lands were devastated, and many people were taken prisoner. And while they were in Russia, some people called Latygols and lived on the seashore, heard that Prince Kernus is not in Lithuania, and Prince Gimbut - in Samogitia, and gathered, all went to the land of Samogitia and a lot of damage was done there. And then Prince Gimbut returned from Russia to Samogitia and saw the damage in his land. Then he went to the Latygols and uprooted some, cut them down *, and took the others captive to Samogitia, and devastated their lands, and returned to Samogitia.
  • Cold - kill After his departure from Latygali, the Germans came to that shore from the sea, and the shore where the Latygals lived, settled, and became masters, and called themselves Liflants31. And for a long time Prince Kernus ruled in Lithuania, and Prince Gimbut in Samogitia and lived in harmony with each other. [ABOUT THE SONS OF KERNUS AND GIMBUT, ZHIVINBUD AND MANTVIL, AND GRANDCHILDREN, VICINTO AND ERDZIVIL, AND ALSO ABOUT BATIEV'S COLLECTION Then Prince Kernus lived in Lithuania for many years and died in old age, leaving his son Zhivinbud to the great Lithuanian reign. And Prince Gimbut lived in Samogitia for many years and died, and left his son Montville in the principality of Samogitia. And during the reign of Montville, Tsar Batu rose32, and went to the Russian land, and conquered all the Russian land, and some Russian princes pastin, and took others captive, and the capital of all Russian land, the city of Kiev, devastated and burned. And the Grand Duke of Kiev Dmitry, fearing the great strength and power of Batu, fled from Kiev to the city of Chernihiv and there learned that the city of Kiev was burned, and the whole Russian land was devastated. And he heard that the men, who were called Druchkas, lived without a master, and, gathering men, he went to Drutsk, and seized the land of Drutsk, and rebuilt the city of Drutsk33, and called himself Grand Duke of Drutsk. And at that time Prince Montville of Jamaica learned that the Russian side was deserted and the Russian princes were dispersed, and he, giving the army to his son Erdzivil, sent with him the lords of his family: one of the coat of arms of the Columns - Grumpia, the second of the coat of arms from the coat of arms of the Rose - Gravzhis And they went over the river Vyalya, then crossed the river Neman and found four miles from Neman red mountain. And they liked it, and they built a city on it, and called it Novogorodok. And the great prince Erdzivil made the capital here and called himself the great prince of Novgorod. And, leaving Novogorodok, Erdzivil founded the city of Hrodna34, then went to Brest and found Brest35, Dorogichyn and Melnik36, Batu was devastated and destroyed, and he rebuilt those cities anew, and began to rule in them. And then the Grand Duke of Samogitia Montville died, and after him his son Vykint sat on the Grand Duchy of Samogitia. And the second mentioned son of his Erdzivil had to rule in Novogorodok and in all those above-mentioned cities. And he gave to his masters, who went with him, islands in the forest37. The group was given by the island near the river Ashmyany, which is now called Ashmyany, and everything adjacent to Ashmyany, which is now held by princes and lords in Ashmyany district. Eikshis was given an island, which is named after him Eikshishki38, and everything adjacent to Eikshis County. And Gravzhys was given an island, which is also named after him - Gravzhyshki39, and the whole county adjacent to Gravzhyshki. And from Grumpius was born Gastolt, and from Eixis - Davoin, and from Gravjis - Monvid. But let's go back. Grand Duke Vykint ruled in the land of Samogitia, and Erdzivil in Novogorodok and in those above-named cities. And then Grand Duke Vykint died, and after him began to rule Zhivinbud, Grand Duke of Lithuania, in both principalities - Lithuania and Samogitia, and Erdzivil in Novogorodok and in all the above Russian cities. [ABOUT GRAND PRINCE MINGAYL AND HIS DESCENDANTS IN POLATSK] After the death of his father Erdzivil, the great prince Mingaila, having gathered his troops, went to the city of Polotsk and to the husbands of Polotsk, who were coping in the evening *, like Veliky Novgorod and Pskov. And they came first to their city called Hrodna. And the Polonians, militant with their sticks, met them near Hrodna and fought and fought among themselves. And God helped Grand Duke Mingail to smash all the Polotsk people to the ground and burn their city Grodno, and the city of Polotsk took, and became the Grand Duke of Polotsk.
  • Cope - be guided And being the Grand Duke of Polotsk and Novgorod, he ruled for many years and died, leaving behind two sons, one Skirmunt and the other Ginvil. And Skirmunt began to rule in Novogorodok, and Ginvil in Polotsk. And Ginville married the daughter of the Grand Duke of Tver Boris, named Maria, for whom he was baptized in the Russian faith41, and gave him the name of Yuri. And that Yuri ruled for a short time and died, leaving his son Boris in Polotsk. And that prince Boris founded a city in his name on the river Berezina and named it Borisov. And as a Ruthenian42 he was very pious and built a stone church of St. Sophia in Polotsk, the second church - the convent - of the Savior he erected half a mile from the city, up the river Chamber, the third - the monastery of Saints Boris and Gleb - in Belchitsa43. And the ruler of Polotsk, was kind to his subjects, and gave them freedom, and allowed the council to have, and ring the bell44, and then rule themselves, as in Veliky Novgorod and Pskov. And then Prince Boris of Polotsk died, leaving behind in Polotsk his son Ragvalod, nicknamed Vasily. And that prince of Polotsk Vasily lived for a long time in Polotsk and died, leaving behind his son Gleb and daughter Paraskoviya. And that daughter promised to keep her virginity intact for the rest of her life and cut her hair in blueberries * in the monastery of the Holy Savior above the House. She lived there for seven years, serving God and writing books for the church, and then gathered in Rome. And how many years living in Rome, she served God sincerely and was sanctified, now she is called St. Praxedis, and in Russian Paraskoviya. In the name of this saint in Rome and the church was built and there her body was laid.
  • Blueberries - a nun And her brother, Prince Gleb of Polotsk, died young and was laid to rest in the church of St. Sophia in Polotsk together with his father. And the Polonians again began to cope in the evening, as in Veliky Novgorod and Pskov, and had no master over them. But let's go back. [ABOUT PRINCE SKIRMUNT, ABOUT THE KING OF THE VOLOGSKY BALAKLAY, ABOUT THE MOTHER OF THE COOKOUT POYAT AND ABOUT THE COOK Skirmunt ruled in Novogorodok. And Prince Mstislav of Lutsk and Pinsk began a struggle with Prince Skirmunt, wanting to expel him from his homeland, from Brest, Melnik, Hrodna and Novogorodok. And Skirmunt sent his ambassadors to the Grand Duke of Lithuania Zhyvinbud, asking him to help him against Russia. And the Grand Duke of Lithuania and Samogitia Zhyvinbud sent him to the aid of his eldest son Kukavoit with all his Lithuanian and Samogitian forces. And Grand Duke Skirmunt went with Kukavoit and with all his might against Mstislav, Prince of Lutsk and Pinsk, and on the other side of the river Yaselda defeated Prince Skirmunt of the Prince of Lutsk and Pinsk and all his Russian army, only Prince Mstislav and his small wife barely escaped to the city. Lutsk. The great prince Skirmunt took the city of Pinsk and the city of Turov. And Russia cried out with great weeping that so all were beaten by ungodly Lithuania. And the Grand Duke Skirmunt Kukavoita, the son of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Zhyvinbud, having treated and endowed with a great multitude of gold and silver and greyhounds, released him with respect to the father of his Grand Duke of Lithuania and Samogitia. And when Kukavoit came to his father, he soon died, and Kukavoit sat on the great reign of Lithuania and Samogitia. There was at that time a king of the Volga named Balaklai45. And he sent his ambassadors to Grand Duke Skirmunt to pay tribute to him and to keep his Basques in those cities, as from those cities the tribute went to his predecessors, the Russian princes. But the great prince Skirmunt did not want to give in, so he ordered the noses and lips of the ambassador Balaklayev to be cut off, and then he let them go to Balaklai. And that tsar in the summer, having gathered with many forces and hordes of Tatars, has gone to the Russian earth and has made much evil in the Russian earth. And the great prince Skirmunt, having gathered all his armies, met him at his border, in Koidanov, and defeated that king, and defeated all his Tatar power, and killed the king himself, and with great victory went to the Russian land, and took the city of Mozyr, Chernihiv, Starodub, Karachev46, and, having won the victory *, returned in general.
  • Victory is victory The great prince Skirmunt had three sons: the elder Tronyata, the second Lubart, the third Pisimont. When Prince Grand Skirmunt died, Lubart sat in CorAchov and called himself Prince of Karachev, Pisimont sat in Turov, and Tronyata in Novogorodok, and they ruled in those cities for many years. In those years the mother of the Grand Duke of Lithuania and Samogitia Kukavoita, Payata, died in old age. And the great prince Kukavoit, loving his mother, made an idol in her image, making her a monument. And he set up that idol of his uterus, Poyat, over Lake Josley. And this image people revered and had for God. And then that idol rotted, and in that place the lindens grew, and people respect those lindens and still have them as gods. And then the great Lithuanian and Samogitian prince Kukavoit, merciful to his subjects, died, leaving behind in the great Lithuanian and Samogitian reign his son named Utsenus. And that Utsenus, pitying his father, made a statue in memory of Grand Duke Kukovoit and placed it on a mountain above the Holy River near Deviltov, and that idol was revered and considered a god. And then that log rotted, and there grew a grove, and the people there prayed and named that grove after their lord Cuckoo. [ABOUT THE KING OF THE VOLUZHY KURDAS, PRINCE OF THE GREAT TRANATH AND GRANDSON OF HIS RINGOLT] At the time when Tronyata ruled in Novogorodok, the tsar of the Volga Kurdas rose with many Tatar forces to the Russian lands. And Prince Tronyata gathered with his brothers - with Prince Pisimont of Turau and with Prince Lubart of Karachev - and with all his might, and also exchanged ambassadors with Russian princes - with Prince Semyon Mikhailovich of Druskininkai, and with Prince David Mstislavovich of Lutsk and Sviatoslav, and gathered in one, went against King Kurdas and his entire Volga river. And they came together after Mozyr on the river Okunevka, and struck with sticks, and fought a very big battle from morning till evening. And God helped the great prince Tronyat and the princes of Russia: they defeated the king of Kurdas and all his army, as soon as the king and his small wife escaped. But in that battle two Tronyatov brothers were killed - Prince Pisimont of Turau and Prince Lubart of Karachev, as well as Semyon, the son of Prince Mikhail of Druzhba, and Prince Andrei of Lutsk, David's son, and many other boyars. The great prince Traniat, having won and gained a great booty, gold, silver, stones, pearls and expensive robes, went to his land, and the Russian princes also returned to their cities. And Grand Duke Tronyata ruled for many years, then died, leaving behind in the great reign of Novgorod son Algimont. And Algimont ruled for a long time, then died and left behind a great reign of Novgorod son named Ringolt. And when Ringolt ruled for a long time in Novogorodok and in many Russian cities, Russian princes - first of all Svyatoslav of Kiev, and Leo of Vladimir, and Dmitry of Druchka - conspired among themselves and began a struggle against Grand Duke Ringolt, wanting to drive him from their homeland - from the cities. Russian. And gathering all three of their regiments, they went against Grand Duke Ringolt. And those Russian princes took to their aid from the king of the Volga several thousand Tatars. Prince Ringolt met them on the river Neman near Mogilno47 and fought them fiercely. And they fought very fiercely, starting from dawn until evening. And God helped the great prince Ringolt: he defeated the Russian princes, and all their strength, and the Tatar horde, and himself, having won, with great joy and the acquisition of gold and silver, and with many treasures returned to himself. And he lived for many years in Novogorodok and died, and left behind in the great reign of Novgorod his son Mindauh. [ABOUT GRAND PRINCE MINDOWG] And ruling in Novogorodok and in Russian cities, Grand Duke Mindauh began to beat his tribe. In the same year Mindauh expelled his son Tautsivil and Erdzivid, sending them with Vykint, and with them countless Lithuanians, to fight in Russia, near Smolensk, saying: “Whoever takes anything, let him keep it. War for war. " And Mindauh sent his troops after them to kill them. When they found out about it, they fled to princes Danila and Vasilka and came to Vladimir. Mindauh sent to say: "Do not have mercy on them." Danila and Vasilka disobeyed him, because Tautsivil's sister was married to Danila. Then Daniel consulted with his brother, and they sent ambassadors in Lyakh to the princes of Lyash, saying: "It is time for the Christians to go to the Gentiles, for they have disagreement among themselves." Lyakhi promised, but did not do so. Daniel and Vasilka sent Vykint to the Yatvyags48, and to Samogitia, and to the Germans in Riga. And Vykint endowed with silver and gifts rich yatvyag and semi-Samogitia. The Germans answered Daniel: "How can we reconcile with you to Vykint, if he killed our brothers"; however, the Germans promised to help Tautville. Danila and Vasilka went to Novoharodok. Danila, after consulting with his brother Vasilka, sent him to Vaukavysk, his son - to Slonim, and he went to Zditovo, and, having found many cities, they returned home. Vykint then sent messengers, saying that the Germans wanted to rise to the aid of Tautville. And he sent Daniel Erdzivid, and to help him - the Russians and Polovtsy49, and there was a great war between them. From there Tautsivil went with the captive Danilov to Riga, and was received by the people of Riga with great reverence and baptized him. When Mindauh learned that the nobles of God * and the bishop and all the warriors of Riga wanted to help him, he was afraid, and sent him secretly to Andrew, the master of Riga, and endowed him with innumerable gifts, and thus pleased him. For he sent him rich gold and silver, and silver and gold stuffing, and many beautiful horses, and said, "If you kill or drive out Tautsivil, you will get even more." And the master of Riga answered him: “You will not be saved and you will not defeat enemies if you do not send to the pope and do not receive baptism. But I have a friendship for you and I want to blind my eyes with the gold I have now received from you, so I help you. " And Mindauh sent to the pope, accepted baptism, but his baptism was false: he always made sacrifices secretly to his gods - first of all to Nonada, Televel, Diverik, the rabbit god, and Medina. And when he went out into the field, and before him ran a hare from the field into the grove, he did not enter that forest, and forbade people to go there and not to break even a whip there. And he served his gods, and burned the bodies of the dead, and clearly confessed his paganism.
  • Knights Tautsville was confessed by the bishop, and the vicar of Virgins was moved to see him ill. Tautsivil was expelled from the Lithuanian land, so he fell into their hands and was baptized in captivity. However, all this did not make Lithuania Christian. Andrew was deprived of his dignity by the brothers. And Tautsivil rushed to Samogitia to his uncle * Vykint, took the Yatvyags and Samogitians and the help of Danilov, which was given to him by Daniel earlier, and went to Mindauh. Mindauh was about to go to battle, but decided not to fight with them, and entered the city of Ruth50, and at night sent his brother-in-law, and dispersed the Ruthenians and Yatvyags. In the morning Mindauh's army marched on the Germans with crossbows **, and the Ruthenians and Polovtsians with arrows, and the Yatvyags with spears, and chased across the field, as if for fun, and from there returned to Samogitia.
  • Wow - uncle, mother's brother
    • Crossbow - crossbow [ON THE MURDER OF GRAND PRINCE MINDOWG] A long time passed after that Diet, and in the autumn the Grand Duke of Lithuania Mindaugas, the autocrat of the whole Lithuanian land, was killed. Let's talk about his murder. It was so. Reigning in the land of Lithuania, he began to beat his brothers and sons, and expelled some from the land, and began to rule in all the land of Lithuania alone, and began to be very proud, exalted in glory and great pride, not enduring anyone against himself. He had a son Voishalk and a daughter, whom he gave for Shvarn Danilovich to Kholm51. Voishalk began to rule in Novogorodok and, being a pagan, began to shed the blood of many people, killing three or four people every day; and the day he kills no one, he mourns, but if he kills anyone, he is merry. After that, the fear of God entered his heart, and he, thinking, decided to be baptized, and received holy baptism in Novogorodok, and became a Christian. Then Voishalk went to Halych52 to Danila, to Prince Vasilka, because he wanted to become a monk. At the same time Voishalk christened Yury Lvovich. Then he went to Palanina53 to Gregory to the monastery and cut his hair in a blueberry. And Voishalk was in the monastery for three years, and from there he went to the Holy Mountain54, and received a blessing from Gregory. Gregory was a holy man, like him, before him was not and will not be after him. Voishalk could not reach the Holy Mountain, because the revolt was great in those lands, and he returned to Novogorodok and built a monastery55 on the river Neman between Lithuania and Novogorodok and lived there. But his father Mindauh rebuked him for choosing such a life. He did not like his father very much. And at that time Princess Mindauh died, and he began to grieve for her. And her sister was behind Dowmont, the prince of Nalchik56. And Mindauh sent to Nalshchany for his consciousness *, saying: “Your sister has died. Come and mourn her. " And she came. Mindauh wanted to marry her and began to tell her: “Your sister, dying, ordered me to marry you. She said it was so that the other children would not be offended. " And Mindauh married her. Dowmont, on hearing this, became very embarrassed and began to think about how to kill Mindauh, but could not, because his strength was small, and Mindauh great. And Dowmont sought help with whom to kill Mindauh, and found Tronyata, Mindauh's sister **. Tronyata was then in Samogitia.
  • Consciousness is a woman's sister
    • Sister - nephew, son of a sister In the year 6771 [1263] Mindauh sent all his strength across the Dnieper to Prince Roman of Bryansk. Dowmont went to war with them, but, choosing a convenient time, returned, saying: "Divination shows that I do not need to go with you." Borzda returned, caught up with Mindauh and killed him immediately, and with him both his sons - Rukla and Rapekiya. Such was the end of Mindauh. After Mindauh's murder, Voishalk became frightened and fled to Pinsk and stayed there. And all over the Lithuanian land and in Samogitia began to rule Tronyata. And he sent for his brother Tautsivil to Polotsk, saying: "You, brother, come alone, we will divide the land and the property of Mindauh." He came to him and began to think how to kill Tronyata, and Tronyata thought to himself how to kill Tautsivil. And then his boyar Prakop, a boyar from Polotsk, informed Traniat about Tauntsilau's plan. And Tronyata overtook Tautsivil and killed him and began to rule alone. After that Mindauh began to think about the clover with four servants, how to kill Tronyata. And when he went to the bath to wash, he was ambushed and killed. Such was the end of the Tronyats. [ABOUT PRINCE VOYSHALKA AND HIS DEATH] Upon hearing of this, Voishalk went with the Pinyans to Novogorodok, and from there, taking with him the people of Navahrudak, went to Lithuania to rule. Lithuania, on the other hand, received its master with great joy *. Voishalk began to rule in the whole land of Lithuania and kill his enemies, destroyed many of them, and the rest fled. And he killed the voivode Mindauh Astafiy the damned.
  • The master is the son of the master Reigning in Novogorodok and in Russian cities, Voishalk, having conspired with the Russian princes, fought for a long time against the prince of Lyash Boleslav, and in many battles sought *, and in Lyakh committed a lot of bloodshed, and devastated the land of Lyash, and many cities of Lyash, Ilza and others. watering. And then, continuing to rule, he was baptized in the Russian faith, and took the rank of monk, and was tonsured a monk, and went to Ugrovsk57 in the monastery, in the church of St. Daniel. In the monastery there was an abbot, a certain Grigory Polonin, who was very pious and lived in the monastery for a long time.
  • To seek - here: to win Soon Prince Leo of Vladimir sent to Vasilka, his brother, wanting to see him and asking him to send to Voishalko and invited him to come to them for some advice. And the prince of Galicia Vasilka asked Voishalka to appear before them and see them. But Voishalk did not want to go to them, because he had no friendship with Prince Leo; so I did not think to go there, but still went at the invitation of Vasilka and Shvarna to the city of Vladimir58. He arrived on Holy Sunday59 and stayed at the monastery of St. Michael the Great, and at the meeting Markolt Nemchin invited all the princes to dinner. And they were at his dinner and having too much fun. And then Vasilka got drunk and went to his yard, and Voishalk went to the monastery of St. Michael, where he stood as a mistress *. After that, Leo came to the monastery to Voishalka and said to Voishalka: "Let's have another drink, godfather." Voishalk went out to him. And Leo, according to the devil's teaching, remembered that Voishalko's father and Voishalk himself had done wrong to the Russian lands and to himself, and here, in the monastery of St. Michael, he killed him, and in the same monastery Vasilko buried him. Thus ended the line of princes of the Roman prince Palemon.
  • Become a master - find temporary shelter, camp [ABOUT PRINCE ŠVINTOROG AND HIS SON SKIRMUNT] And the lords, pitying their natural-born master, took as their master the son of the Grand Duke of Lithuania and Samogitia Utenus from the coat of arms of Kitavras - Shvintarog. But Shvintarog ruled in Novogorodok and Russian cities for a short time when his father died. And Svintarog began to rule on the great reign of Lithuanian, Samogitian, Novgorod and Russian. And Shvintarog gave birth to a son, Skirmunt. And the great prince Shvintarog chose a place in the forest very beautiful near the river Vyalya, where the river Vilna flows into it, and asked his son Skirmunt to make a burial place at the place where his dead man was burned. And he ordered his son that after his death at the place where he would be burned, all Lithuanian princes and famous boyars would be burned and that the bodies of the dead would not be burned anywhere else, only there, because before that the bodies of the dead were burned where someone died. And so ordering his son Skirmunt, the great prince Schwintarog died. Grand Duke Skirmunt remained after his father in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Samogitia and Russia. And at the commandment of his father, in the place where the river Vilna flows into Vyalya, he made a fire pit and there burned his father's body, and his horse on which he rode, and his robes, and his lover *, to whom he he had grace, and a falcon, and his greyhound burned.
  • The benefactor is the favorite And since then the bodies of the great Lithuanian princes were burned at that place, and that is why the place is called Švintarog60, after the name of that great prince. And if the body of a Lithuanian prince or lord was burned, a lynx or a bear's boil was placed near it, because they believed that the day of judgment would come and that if God came and would sit on a high mountain and judge the living and the dead, it would be difficult to go to that mountain. will ascend without those boils. And for this purpose they boiled near them, so that with their help they could climb that mountain and go to God for judgment. Although the Gentiles were, but believed in the Day of Judgment, and in the resurrection from the dead, and in the one God who judges the living and the dead. Then Grand Duke Skirmunt ruled and left two sons - Trabus and Giligin. And Trabus began to rule in the land of Samogitia, and Giligin - in the land of Lithuania and Russia. And Giligin ruled for many years and died. [ABOUT THE FIVE SONS OF ROMANOV, AS WELL AS ABOUT THE COAT OF ARMS OF THE PURSUIT] After Giligin, his son Roman began to rule. But soon the Grand Duke of Samogitia Trabus, the uncle of Prince Roman, died, and Prince Roman the Great began to rule in the lands of Lithuania, Samogitia and Russia. And Roman bore five sons: the eldest Narymont, the second Dowmont, the third Golsha, Thuyort Gedrus, fifth Troyden. When Roman died, his eldest son Narymont began to rule, and he made the city of Kern, and transferred to him the throne from Novogorodok, and began to rule, and called himself the Grand Duke of Novgorod, Lithuania and Samogitia. His brother Dowmont settled in his homeland, Utena61, and called himself the prince of Utena. And the third brother, Gedrus, cut down the city, and called it Gedroit, and was called the prince of the Gedroites. And the fourth brother Golsha crossed the river Vyalya and among the mountains found a beautiful mountain above the river Vilna, and a mile from the place where Vilna flows into Vyalya, opposite Rakantsishak62, he built a city and named it after himself - Halshany. He did not stay there long, and, going from there to go fishing in the forest ten miles from his city, he found a beautiful mountain, lined with great plains and full of wealth. And he liked it there, and he settled there, and on that mountain above the river Ship63 made a city, and moved there, and there began to rule, and called himself the prince of Golshan. And the fifth brother Troyden lived with his brother Grand Duke Narimont. And Grand Duke Narymont learned that the princes of Yatvyazh had died, and their people were living without a master. And Prince Narimont went against them, and they resisted him without bowing and bowed, and he, becoming their master, gave them to his brother Troyden as a tribute. And the great prince Troyden found a beautiful mountain above the river Beaver64, and he liked it very much, and he built a city, and called it Raigarad65, and was called the great prince of Yatvyazh and Daynov66. And when he was in that reign, he waged great wars with the Lyakhs, with Russia and with the Mazovians, and always won, and made great mockery of their lands, as described above in the Russian chronicle, and was worse for those lands, more fierce than Antioch67 of Syria, Herod of Jerusalem and Nero of Rome, so he was fierce and militant. The great prince Narimont married the daughter of a Livonian named Flyadra, and his brother Dowmont took the second daughter of the same Flyadra. And, having lived a short time, the wife of Prince Dowmont of Utena fainted and died. And the great prince Narimont, hearing of the death of his daughter-in-law, was very sad. Being himself ill, he sent his wife to his brother Dowmont, sympathizing with him in mourning. And when Narymont's wife came to Utena, sympathizing in mourning with her brother-in-law, Prince Dowmont, he rejoiced when he saw his daughter-in-law, and said, "I should seek a wife, or God will give me a wife," and married her. yourself. And because of this there was great enmity and disagreement between the brothers, Grand Duke Narimont and Prince Dowmont. Prince Grand Narimont, seeing his great resentment that his brother had taken his wife by force, informed his brothers, Prince Gedrus, Prince Golsch, and Prince Troyden, and his father-in-law, Flydre of Livonia. And when he had gathered the brethren, he went with all his men to his brother Dovmont's brother, and besieged him in his city Utena. And Prince Dowmont realized that he would not be able to defend himself, and asked his townspeople not to surrender the city to Narymont until he passed through Narymontov's army. And he came down from the city, and, passing through the army of Narymontov, fled, and came to the city of Pskov. The men of Pskov, seeing him, a worthy and intelligent man, took him as their master and called him the Grand Duke of Pskov. And Narymont, taking the city of Utsen and his wife, ruled in Kernav, and in Novogorodok, and in Samogitia, and Dovmant - in Pskov, and both ruled a lot. Troyden took his daughter from the Prince of Mazovia and had a son named Rimant with her. When his son grew up, Troyden gave him to learn Russian to Lev Mstislavovich, who made the city in his name - Lviv. And, living with Prince Leo, Rimant learned the Russian language, and he liked the Christian faith, and after being baptized, he realized that this world means nothing, and, leaving the world, cut his hair in blueberries, and gave him the name Lavrash. And, being in the nunnery, he came to his uncle Narimont and asked him to give him a place in the Novgorod district in the forest near the river Neman, where he could build a monastery. And first he built the church of the Holy Resurrection; so arose Lavrashev monastery. And when he was in the monastery, his uncle, Grand Duke Narymont, died. And the lords of Lithuania and Samogitia took the Grand Duke of Troyden. And when the great prince Troyden ruled, the great prince Dowmont, coming from Pskov, took the city of Polotsk and had to rule in Pskov and Polotsk. And he was very envious that his younger brother Trojden got a farm in Lithuania. And he began to think how to take Troyden out of the world. And during the reign of Troyden, both his brothers, Princes Golshis and Gedrus, died. And through that envy the great prince Dowmont sent six men to his brother Troyden to kill him. And when Troyden walked safely out of the bath, those men treacherously killed him. Dowmont, having gathered his Pskov and Polotsk armies, went to Lithuania, wanting to be the prince of Lithuania and Samogitia. But the monk, called Lavrash, and in Lithuanian Rimant, and in Russian Vasily, pitying his father, Grand Duke Troyden, left the rank of monk and came to the lords, then, gathering all the Lithuanian forces, went against Dowmont, wanting revenge for his father's blood. And when they had fought, they met Dowmont over the lake. And when their armies were gathered together, there was war between them, and a great slaughter from morning till evening. And God helped Lavrash, and he defeated the whole army of his uncle Dowmont, and killed him himself, and took the city of Polotsk, and, returning to the position of his father, in Kern, said to his masters: I renounce the world, I hope for a black shirt - I do not want a farm. Take for yourself a master whom your will will be. But I advise you, although I have brothers, Olshin's son Mindauh and Gedrus's son Ginvil, but they are not able to manage the farm, because they are still small. My uncle Narymont, when he sat on the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, left his coat of arms to Kitauras to his brothers, and made a coat of arms for himself - a man on a horse with a sword, showing on that coat of arms an adult who has to defend his homeland with a sword. And so I advise you: choose an adult owner who would defend this farm - the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. And it seems to me that Vitsen68, who was my father's marshal, would be capable of that. " The lords, not wanting to transgress the advice and will of the master of their native, the son of Grand Duke Troyden, did so. Seeing the husband of the wise and worthy Viten, who came from the family and from the generation of Kalumni, from the estate of Airagol69 in Samogitia, they took him as the Grand Duke of Lithuania and Samogitia. After all, the great prince Troyden, being in Samogitia, was driving through his estate Airagolu and saw this Viten as a small child. He saw that guy with a very good appearance and height appropriate and took him to himself. And that Viten at Troyden was the storekeeper, and, being in the storeroom, he kept every gentleman's thing perfectly and did it skillfully. And Troyden, seeing his virtue and proper observance, made him his own marshal. And Viten was his benefactor and of all economic affairs was a worthy doer. And then after the death of the prince took him to the great reign. That was the end of the Kitavras family and the great reign of Vitsenev began.

GENUS OF GRAND DUCHIES OF LITHUANIA FROM GENERATION AND FAMILY [COLUMNS] And the great reign of Vitsenev began. Prince Viten ruled for many years in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Samogitia and Russia, and a son named Gediminas was born70. And when Grand Duke Viten died from the blow of Perun, after him in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Samogitia and Russia sat his son Gediminas. [BEGINNING OF THE RULE OF GRAND DUKE GEDIMINS IN THE GRAND DUCHY OF LITHUANIA, JAMOIC AND RUSSIA] When Gediminas became Grand Duke after the death of his father Viten in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Samogitia and Russia, served as his father in Kernava and ruled shortly after his death, the Germans, Prussians71 and Livonians rebelled against him and came with a large number of their people to the land of Samogitia. wanting to pick her up. Gediminas did not have time to quickly gather his army against them and sent his oldest hetman with a small force to the city of Kunas to strengthen it from the Germans. And that hetman was Gashtolt from the family of Columns. But the Germans overtook that hetman, and besieged the city of Kunas, and beat the whole of the great vices, and took Hetman Gediminas out of that city, and took him prisoner, and captured the land of Samogitia. Grand Duke Gediminas bought his hetman from the Germans for thirty thousand gold. And for the second year, having gathered all his Lithuanian and Russian forces, Gediminas went to the Germans. And the Germans, the Liflants and the Prussians, taking the Samogitians with them, met Grand Duke Gediminas on the river Atmene72, on this side, two miles from the James. And God helped Grand Duke Gediminas: he defeated all the Germans, and Samogitia retreated from the Germans and came to the owner of his native Gediminas, because he defeated all the Germans and beat the whole German army. And immediately, having won the victory over the Germans, Samogitia regained, and then went with his forces and with Samogitia to the German land, and took the cities of Tilza73, Rogneta74 and many other cities, and devastated the whole land, and took the captives out, and, unspeakable having committed bloodshed in the Germans and having won, with great joy departed to himself. [ABOUT GRAND PRINCE GEDIMIN AND HIS WAR WITH RUSSIAN PRINCES] And, liberating the land of Samogitia from the Germans, Gediminas went to the Russian princes. He first came to the city of Vladimir. And Prince Vladimir Vladimir, gathering his men, fought a fierce battle with Grand Duke Gediminas. And God helped Grand Duke Gediminas: he killed Prince Vladimir of Vladimir himself, and defeated his whole army, and Vladimir took the city. And then Gedimin went to Prince Leo of Lutsk. Prince Lev, hearing that Lithuania had killed Prince Vladimir and taken the city of Vladimir, did not dare to stand against Gediminas and ran to Prince Roman, his son-in-law, in Bryansk. And the prince and boyars of Volyn beat the forehead of Grand Duke Gediminas, so that he would rule over them and be their master, and not devastate their lands. And the great prince Gediminas, having strengthened them with an oath and having left in them the deputies, began to rule there, and then in the winter he went to Brest. He disbanded all his troops and spent the winter in Brest. Easter soon passed, and he, having gathered all his forces Lithuanian, Samogitian and Russian, in the second week after Easter went to the prince of Kiev Stanislaus and, coming, he took the cities of Ovruch75 and Zhytomyr. And Prince Stanislaus exchanged ambassadors with Prince Oleg of Pereyaslav76, and with Prince Roman of Bryansk, and with Prince Leo of Volyn, whom Grand Duke Gediminas expelled from Lutsk. And all gathered with a large number of their Russian men, and met with the great prince Gediminas on the river Rpeni77 near Belgorod78, six miles from Kiev, and fought and fought a great battle. And God helped Grand Duke Gediminas: he defeated all the Russian princes head on, and their army all defeated in the field remained, and the princes Leo of Lutsk and Oleg of Pereyaslav killed, and Stanislaus of Kiev with a small retinue and Roman of Bryansk fled to Bryansk. Grand Duke Gediminas besieged the city of Belgorod. And, seeing that their master had fled from the army, and the army itself was completely defeated, and, not wanting to go against such an army as great as the Lithuanian, they surrendered the city to Prince Gediminas and swore to serve the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Then Prince Gediminas went with all his might to Kiev, besieged the city of Kiev, and the people of Kiev began to defend themselves from him. And stood the great prince Gediminas near Kiev for a month. And the townspeople of Kiev decided that they could no longer tolerate the power of the Grand Duke without his master, Grand Duke Stanislaus of Kiev. But they heard that their master, Prince Stanislaus, had fled from Gediminas and his army had been defeated, and had left no outposts, and, having agreed unanimously, surrendered to Grand Duke Gediminas. And leaving the city with the crosses, the abbots, popes and deacons opened the city gates, and met Grand Duke Gediminas with reverence, and struck him with the forehead, and gave themselves to serve him, and gave their oath to the Grand Duke, and beat his forehead to he did not take away their shares. And Prince Gediminas left them, and he himself respectfully left for the city of Kiev. The suburbs of Kiev: Vyshgorod79, Cherkasy, Kanev80, Putivl81, Slepavrod82 heard that the people of Kiev surrendered together with the city, and heard about their master that he had fled to Bryansk, and his whole force was beaten. And they came to Grand Duke Gediminas and with the above-mentioned suburbs of Kiev seemed to serve him, and the oath to Grand Duke Gediminas was given. And the people of Pereyaslav heard that Kyiv and its suburbs had surrendered to Prince Gediminas, and that their master, Prince Oleg of Pereyaslav, had been killed by the Grand Duke. And they, coming to Gediminas, went with the city to serve him and took an oath. Prince Gediminas, taking Kiev, Pereyaslavl and all the above-mentioned suburbs, put on them Mindauh's son, Prince Algimont, Grand Duke of Halshany, and he returned to Lithuania with great joy. And at a time when Prince Stanislaus of Kiev was in Bryansk, expelled by Grand Duke Gediminas, Prince Ivan sent him Ryazan ambassadors. When he was old, he asked Stanislaus to come to him and take his daughter named Olga from him, because he had no son, only that daughter, and that after his death Stanislaus became the Grand Duke of Ryazan. Prince Stanislaus came to him and married his daughter, and after Ivan's death he became the Grand Duke of Ryazan. Prince Gediminas the Great, having driven out the Russian princes and liberated the country from the Germans, reigned in peace for many years. [ABOUT HOW GRAND PRINCE HEDIMINE FOUNDED TROKA AND FREEDOM] One day the great prince Gediminas went from his chair, from Kernov, to hunt for the river Vyalya, and five miles from the city he found in the forest a beautiful mountain, surrounded by oaks and plains, and he liked it very much, and he settled there and founded the city. and called it Trakai (this is where the Old Trakai is now), and from Kernav moved his chair to Trakai.

  • The capital is the capital Shortly afterwards, Grand Duke Gediminas went hunting and four miles from Trakai found a beautiful mountain above the river Vilnius, and on that mountain he saw a large beast - Tura, and killed him on that mountain, which is still called Turov Mountain. And it was very late to return to Trakai, so he stopped at the meadow of Svintarog, where the first great princes were burned, and spent the night. And when he slept there, he dreamed that on the mountain, which was called the Curve, and is now called Bald, stands a large iron wolf83, and inside him roars as if a hundred wolves howl. Gediminas woke up and said to his fortune teller and the highest pagan pope Lyazdeyko, who was found in an eagle's nest: "I saw, - he says, - I have a strange dream," and told everything he saw in a dream. And that fortune teller says to the owner: "The great prince, the iron wolf means that the capital city will be here, and that in it inside roars, means that its glory will be known all over the world". And the next day Grand Duke Gediminas, without leaving, sent for people and founded two cities - one on Shvintaroz, Nizhny, and the other on the Crooked Mountain, which is now called Bald, and gave the name of the city - Vilnius. And, having built cities, Gediminas moved his throne from Trakai to Vilnius and made the first voivode in Vilnius his hetman Gashtolta from the coat of arms of the Columns, of the genus Grumpia, which was redeemed from the Germans during the siege of Kunasov. [ABOUT GRAND PRINCE GEDIMIN AND HIS SONS] And Grand Duke Gediminas ruled for many years in the Principality of Lithuania, Russia and Samogitia, and was just, and fought a lot, but always won, and ruled fortunately until old age. He bore seven sons and an eighth daughter, named Anna, whom he betrothed to the lyakhs * Kazimir, son of Vladislav Locketka84, in the year from the birth of God 132385.
  • Marital status - married And when Grand Duke Gediminas was in his old age, he divided everything among his sons during his lifetime. He put his five sons on plots, that is: the eldest son Montvid in Karachev and Slonim, Narimont in Pinsk, Algerd in Kreva, and the prince of Vitebsk had no sons, only a daughter, and he gave her to Algerd and took him to the land of Vitebsk; Caryat gave Novogorodok, Lubart - Vladimir and Lutsk and the land of Volyn. And Gediminas planted two more of his sons in the great principalities: Jaunuta - in his position, in Vilnius and in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and Kęstutis - in Trakai and in the whole land of Samogitia; and, dividing all between them, he himself honorably died. Reigning in Trakai and in Samogitia, Keystut heard of a girl from Polonka86 named Biruta, who, according to pagan custom, promised her virgins to keep her virginity, and her people considered her a goddess. And Prince Keystut himself came to her, and the Grand Duke liked the girl, for she was very beautiful and intelligent, and he asked her to become his wife. But she refused to agree and replied, "I promised my gods to keep my virginity for the rest of my life." But Prince Keystut took her from there by force and brought her with great reverence to his post, at Trakai. Having invited his brothers, he had a great wedding with them and took that virgin Biruta as his wife. When Prince Keystut traveled a mile from Trakai, he liked the place between the lakes very suitable, and he settled there, and built a city, and gave it the name of the New Trakai, and moved his capital from the Old Trakai to the New. And his son Vytautas was born in Stary Trakai, and at the place where he was born, after the death of his father Vytautas himself founded the Church of the Annunciation of the Mother of God, and the monks of the law of St. Augustine, the same law that in Krakow have the monastery of St. Augustine on Tinka, there the same, in Old Trakai, put a monastery. Prince Jaunut ruled in Vilnius and in the great Lithuanian reign. But Prince Grand Duke Algirdas, their elder brother, and Grand Duke Keystut did not like the fact that Jaunut ruled in Vilnius and the Duchy of Lithuania, because Princess Evna had died. And, not wanting him to sit in the main place, the great princes Algerd and Keystut decided to expel their brother, the great prince Jawnut, from Vilnius and the Grand Duchy, and one of them to sit on the farm. And they agreed among themselves that one day, having driven away their brother, Grand Duke Jawnut, Vilnius-city would be taken away from him. But Grand Duke Algerd from Vitebsk to Vilnius did not have time by that time, and Grand Duke Keystut, quickly rushed to Vilnius, occupied the city. But when the great prince Jaunut heard of it, he fled to the mountains of Turya and froze there at night, and was taken and brought to his brother, the great prince Keystut. And he, waiting for his elder brother, Grand Duke Algerd, put Jawnut in custody, and to meet Algerd sent a messenger to tell him that he had taken Vilnius, and his brother, Prince Jaunut, captured. He met Algerd's messenger in Kreve, and Grand Duke Algerd hurried and quickly came to his brother Keystut. And Grand Duke Keystut said to his brother Algerd: "You deserve to be a grand duke in Vilnius, you are our older brother, and I live in harmony with you." And Keystut installed Prince Algerd on the great reign in Vilnius, and Yavnut was given Zaslavl. And they decided among themselves that all the brothers should obey the great prince Algerd, and parishes and settlements were divided among themselves, and also agreed: whatever they buy, cities or parishes, they will share equally and be to them for the rest of their lives in great harmony and love. fraternal. And they swore to each other that they would not think evil of each other. And so they lived until their death, without violating the oath. [ABOUT PRINCES KARYATOVICH] 1351 Grand Duke Algirdas, gathering his Lithuanian forces, defeated the Tatars in the Blue Waters87 - three brothers: Haji Bey, Kutlubuga and Demetrius. And those three brothers in the Horde ruled and were the heirs of the Podolsk land88, appointed their chieftains in Podolia. Those atamans ordered the income, and the Tatar Basques came to them and, taking their tribute, took it to the Horde. The brother of Grand Duke Algirdas, Prince Caryat, held Novgorod in Lithuania. And he had four sons: Prince Yuri, Prince Alexander, Prince Constantine and Prince Fedor. And those princes Karyatovichi, three brothers, with the permission of his uncle, Grand Duke Algirdas, moved with Lithuanian help to the land of Podolsk. And at that time in the Podolsk land there was no city, neither from a tree built, nor from a stone. Then the princes, coming to the Podolsk land, became friends with the chiefs and began to defend that land from the Tatars, and the Basques stopped paying tribute. First of all, they found a strong place on the river Smotrychi and built the town of Smotrych89 there. In the second place, on the mountain, lived monks, and there Kariyatovichi founded the city of Bakota90. While hunting, they were able to drive many deer on the island where Kamyanets91 now lies, and cut down the forest and built a city. Starting from that, all the cities of Podolsk were built and the whole land of Podolsk was occupied. And then the Polish king Kazimir Laketka92 learned that the Karyatovich brothers, who rule the Podolsk land, were strong people. And he sent to Prince Constantine glaze letters * with seals, urging him to come to him. The king and all his lords decided to give his daughter for him, and after his death to imprison the king, because Casimir had no son, only one daughter93. But Prince Constantine, having come to the King of Poland, did not want to convert to his faith and again on the same deeds left the Polish land to his farm and there, in Podolia, died. And the Wallachians took Prince George as their voivode and poisoned him there. The fourth brother, Prince Fyodor Koriatovich, kept Novogorodok in Lithuania. And when Prince Fedor learned that his brothers were dead, he went and planted the land of Podolsk.
  • Glue sheet, glet - a sheet that provides free travel And in those years, when in Lithuania and Russia reigned Grand Duke Algerd, Prince Fedor, Podolia sat down, did not want to be obedient to the Grand Duke. Then Algirdas went with all Lithuanian forces to Podolia. Prince Fyodor Kariyatovich heard about it and fled from the Podolsk land to the eels, and in the cities planted Wallachians. Grand Duke Algerd first came to Bratslav94 and, occupying the city, went to Sokolets95, and Sokolets took, and came at night to Kamenets, and Kamenets captured, and then Smotrych, and Skala96, and Chervonograd97 occupied, and took all the cities, and the prince's voivode Fedor-Nestan, who was a deputy in those cities, was caught, and in all those cities he planted his elders, and gave Gashtolt Gashtoltovich98 to keep Kamyanets-Podilsky, and went back. We will return to the previous one. [ABOUT THE VOIVOD OF PETER GASTOLT OF VILNIUS] When Prince Algirdas married Princess Ulyana of Vitebsk, he was baptized into the Russian faith, and all Lithuanian lords remained in their pagan faith. And Prince Algerd the Great did not commit violence against them and did not convert to his faith, and the Roman faith in Lithuania was not yet, only Russian. And when Gashtolt held Kamyanets-Podilsky, he often went to Mr. Buchatsky, who had a daughter, a very beautiful girl. And the head of Kamenets Gashtolt asked Mr. Buchatsky to give his daughter for him. And Buchatsky said: "I would be glad to give my daughter for you, but I do not want to give her, a Christian, for you, pagan, even though you are a great lord, but I will give her for you only when you are baptized in our faith." And the head of Kamenets Gashtolt was baptized and married Mr. Buchatsky's daughter. And when he was baptized into the faith of Lyash, he was given the name Peter. In a short time, Grand Duke Algerd gave Peter Gashtoltovich Vilnius. And when he became a voivode in Vilnius, he immediately brought 14 Franciscan monks from Lyakhiv and, with the permission of Grand Duke Algerd, founded the monastery of the Mother of God in Vilnius in his yard, where the court of the Vilnius bishop is now. And he himself set up his yard on the sands above Winker99, where the monastery of the Mother of God is now. And that Peter Gashtolt was the first to accept the Roman faith and bring it to Lithuania. [ABOUT THE WAR OF GRAND PRINCE ALGERD WITH PRINCE OF MOSCOW DIMITRIE IVANOVICH] At that time, the Grand Duke of Lithuania and Russia Algirdas Gediminas, skillfully managing his farm, ruled for a long time in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. And he was at peace and in good friendship with the Grand Duke of Moscow Dmitry Ivanovich100, who for no reason, violating the treaty and friendship, sent to Grand Duke Algerd his ambassador with fire and sword, letting him know that "I will be in your land on red spring, on a quiet summer ”. And the great prince Algerd took out a crossbow, a sponge and a flint, and, having lit a sponge, gave it to the ambassador, and said thus: in the red spring and in the quiet summer. And I, God willing, will be with him on Easter, and I will kiss him with a red egg through the shield with a spear, and with God's help I will send my spear to his city of Moscow; for it is not the warrior who waits for a convenient time to fight, but the one who, even at an inconvenient time, proves superiority over his enemy. " And, releasing the ambassador and gathering all his Lithuanian and Russian troops, he left Vitebsk for Moscow. And on Easter morning itself, Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich went with the boyars and princes from the church in the morning, and Grand Duke Algerd with all his might, unfurling his banners, appeared on Poklonnaya Hill101. The Grand Duke of Moscow was very frightened and horrified to see Grand Duke Algerd, who came according to his word with such great force. And the Grand Duke of Moscow could not resist him, and sent to the Grand Duke Algerd, asking him to lead promising him gifts, so that he would not be expelled from his homeland, Moscow, but would leave his anger and take from him what he wanted. And the great prince Algerd took pity, and did the grace, and from Moscow did not expel prince Dmitry Ivanovich, and made peace with it. And then, having made an agreement, the Grand Duke of Moscow himself went to Algerd, and saw him, and countless gifts, gold, silver, and precious pearls, and sables and other furs, expensive and strange, gave the Grand Duke Algerd, and the costs that Algerd had, going to his land, covered him. Then Grand Duke Algirdas said to the Grand Duke of Moscow: “Although I reconciled with you, I can't do otherwise, because I have to send my spear to your city of Moscow and do the glory that Grand Duke Algerd of Lithuania, Russia and Samogitia sent his spear here. ». And he himself mounted his horse, took the spear in his hands and came to the city, leaned the spear against the wall and, going back, said aloud: "Grand Duke of Moscow! Remember that the Lithuanian spear was standing near Moscow. " After that, Prince Algerd the Great, with all his troops, and with great reverence, and with great captivity, and with unspeakable booty, having conquered and taken many cities, captured many people, made the border on Mozhaisk and Kolomna102 and with all his men, himself departed. [ON THE MURDER OF THE FRANCISCAN MONKS IN VILNIUS] At the time when Prince Algerd the Great was in Moscow and his voivode Peter Gashtolt was with him, the burghers of Vilnius, the pagans, gathered and came to the monastery with great power, not wanting to have Christianity of the Roman faith, and burned the monastery and the seven monks. and the other seven were tied to a cross and let down the Valley, saying, "From the sunset you came, and to the west you go, because you have destroyed our gods." At the place where they were tortured, and now stands the Passion of God103 in the bishop's garden. And when Grand Duke Algerd returned to Vilnius, Gastolt beat Grand Duke Algerd on the forehead to order those pagans to be punished for that cruelty, that innocent lawyers were punished so cruelly and mercilessly. And the great prince Algerd himself was very sorry that those Christian monks had been so cruelly killed, and he was very angry that such atrocities had taken place against the Christians, and betrayed five hundred Vilna people to death in order to punish them and to do no harm to any Christian. . And those five hundred people were punished with various sufferings. And then Peter Gashtolt brought other Franciscan monks and did not dare to build a monastery on the same place, where the first were demolished, and built a monastery where he had built a house, on the sands above Winker, where now stands the monastery of the Mother of God. And since then the first Christian monastery of the Roman law of the Mother of God stands in Vilnius. [ABOUT THE GRAND PRINCES ALGERD AND KEYSTUT AND ABOUT THEIR SONS] Grand Duke Algerd had twelve sons. He had six sons with the wife he took from the prince of Vitebsk, by whom he received Vitebsk. The first was Vladimir, who took part in Kiev; the second - Prince Ivan Zhedzevid, who owned the land of Podolsk; the third - Prince Semyon Lingven, his participation was Mstislavl; the fourth - Andrei Vingolt, his participation - Trubchevsk104; fifth - Constantine, his participation - Chernihiv and Chartaryisk; the sixth was Fedor Sangushka, who took part in Luboml105. After the death of Grand Duchess Anna, Grand Duke Algerd took the daughter of Grand Duke of Tver Princess Uliana and had six sons with her: the eldest - Jagiello Vladislav, the second - Skirgail, the third - Svidrigail, the fourth - Karibut, the fifth - Prince Dimitri Koretsky, the sixth - Prince10. The brother of Grand Duke Algerd, Keystut, who ruled in Trakai and in the land of Samogitia, had six sons. The first son, Vytautas, when he became a Ruthenian, was given the name of Yuri, and when he was baptized in the Lyash faith, then he was given the name of Alexander. The second son was Vytautas' brother Andrei Harbata, who ruled in Polotsk; the third - Sigismund; the fourth is Patrick; the fifth is Tautsivil; the sixth is Voidat. The last three died without their involvement in their youth. Of all his sons, Prince Algerd, his son Jagiello, was most loved, and Grand Duke Keystut loved his son Vytautas. And they decided that to be the son in their places, in the great reigns, after their death. Prince Jagiello and Prince Vytautas were in great friendship with their parents. And then in 1377 Prince Grand Algerd died. [ABOUT THE GRAND PRINCES KEYSTUT AND JAGAIL] The Grand Duke Keystut, remembering his brother's condition and love and the unity he had with him until his death, began to keep Grand Duke Jagiello's son Algerd as Grand Duke in Vilnius and continued to attend former meetings, as he had visited his elder brother. Grand Duke Algerd had a servant, a slave, his name was Vaidyl. At first he was a baker, then he appointed his prince to send a bed and water to drink, and he fell in love with Algerd, and gave the grand duke to him to keep Lida and brought him out into the people. Then, when more than two years had passed since the death of Grand Duke Algerd, Grand Duke Jagiello raised Vaidil very high and betrayed him with his sister-in-law, Princess Mary, who was married to Prince David. And he did great insult and annoyance to that great prince Keystut by giving his niece and Jagiello's sister as slaves. And he absorbed Vaidil in great power for Prince Jagiello, and began with the Germans to make the Diet, consult and sign deeds against Grand Duke Keystut. There was a gentleman, a certain Lebestyn, a Astrod komtur107, and that Lebestyn was the godfather of the Grand Duke Keystut, who baptized his daughter, who was married to Prince Janusz. He told Grand Duke Keystut: "You do not know that Grand Duke Jagiello often sends Vaidyl to us and has already conspired with us to oust you from your place and to get it to him and Grand Duke Jagiello's sister, who is married to Vaidil." Grand Duke Keystut learned that Prince Vytautas lived in agreement with Prince Jagiello, and began to complain to Vytautas, his son: "You live in agreement with him, and he signed a treaty with the Germans against us." And the great prince Vytautas replied to his father: "Do not believe this, I do not think it was so, because Jagiello lives in harmony with me, he would tell me about it." Then there was a big manifestation. Grand Duke Jagiello gave Polotsk to his brother Skirgail, but the Polotsk people did not accept it. And Prince Jagiello sent his Lithuanian and Russian army with his brother Skirgail to Polotsk. And they besieged the city. The great prince Keystut again began to complain, weeping, to his son Vytautas about Prince Jagiello: “The first great insult he did to me: for a slave he gave my niece and his sister. Now about the second offense: I know very well that he conspired with the Germans against us. And this is the third: we are at war with the Germans, and he with them takes Polotsk from my son, your brother - Prince Andrei Garbaty. This is the second manifestation of his hostility to us: it became clear that he rebelled against us along with the Germans. And Prince Vytautas replied to his father: "And yet I do not really believe it." Having said that, Vytautas himself went to Hrodna and Dorogichyn. The great prince Keystut, gathering his force, invaded the city of Vilnius, captured Grand Duke Jagiello together with his brothers and his mother, and found the letters that Jagiello had signed with the Germans. And Keystut sent a messenger to Vytautas' son in Dorogichyn to report what had happened. The messenger found Prince Vytautas in Hrodna, because he had already come to Hrodna from Dorogichyn. And Vytautas in one day rushed from Hrodna to his father Keystut. He said to Vytautas: “You did not believe me, but here are the deeds that Jagiello and the Germans signed against us, but the gods warned us, because I did nothing to Grand Duke Jagiello: I did not move his treasure or herd, and he he is in my infancy *, only under weak guard. His homeland, Vitebsk and Kreva, and all the places that his father held - I give everything to him and do not take anything. And I did so, fearing for my head, hearing that evil was being planned against me. "
  • Nietzsche - captivity Grand Duke Jagiello was very pleased with the arrival of Grand Duke Vytautas. And together they swore to Prince Keystut that they would never oppose him, but would always be in his will. And Prince Keystut released Jagiello with his mother and brothers and with all the treasure. Vytautas escorted Jagiello to Krevo. And then Jagiello went from Krevo to Vitebsk. [ABOUT THE GREAT BETRAYAL OF PRINCE JAGAILA, WHO OATHED THE OATH] The Grand Duke Keystut, sitting in Vilnius, sent two men to Polotsk, one to the army and the other to the city. And the Polonians rejoiced and cried out, and the men of the army retreated from Skirgail and went to Vilnius to Grand Duke Keystut, and Prince Skirgail went to the Germans, to Liflanta, with a few servants. Prince Grand Keystut went to Novgorod-Seversky108 to Prince Karibut, and left his son Vytautas in Lithuania. Going to Novgorod-Seversky, he ordered to hang Vaidyl. And the great prince Jagiello had to go with them. And again Jagiello quickly forgot his oath, did not go there, but persuaded the locals of Vilnius, Gonul's court109, and occupied Vilnius with them. He ran with the whole army from Vitebsk to Vilnius, and Prince Vytautas sent a messenger to Novgorod-Seversky to his father, Grand Duke Keystut. And when the Germans and the Prussians heard about it, the Prussian marshal went with the army to help Jagiello very hastily. When Vytautas learned that the Germans were moving from Prussia to Vilnius and Trakai, and Jagiełło was going from Vilnius to Trakai to join the Germans, he and his mother went from Trakai to Hrodna. When Jagiello approached Troki, the city surrendered to him. Grand Duke Keystut came to Hrodna to his son, and sent his wife to Brest, hoping to get help from the Prince of Mazovia Janusz, his son-in-law, he himself went to Samogitia, and left his son in Hrodna. But Prince Janusz forgot about the kindness and friendship of his father-in-law and mother-in-law and moved to Dorogichyn. Taking this city, he conquered Surazh110 and Kamenets and surrounded Brest and his mother-in-law in the city, but, not finding Brest, he left, contenting himself with those cities, Dorogichyn and Melnik. The great prince Keystut gathered all the troops from his Samogitian land and went to the river Vyalya, and the prince the great Vytautas, gathering an army from his homeland, went from Hrodna to meet his father, and they joined forces on the Vltava two miles above Kaunas, and here crossed with the army, and went to Trakai, and, coming, besieged the city. Keystut heard that Jagiello was coming from Vilnius, with Prussian and German aid. At first, the Germans were both enemies - and Keystut and Jagiello. The first time the Livonian army came to Polotsk to help Prince Skirgail, and then the Prussian army led by the marshal came to Troki, and the third time the Livonian army with Jagiello and his brothers came - it meant that the Germans with Jagiello and his brothers became together. against Keystut. And when Grand Duke Keystut and his son Vytautas came to fight against Grand Duke Jagiello and, before the regiments had converged, stood at a distance of three or four shots, the princes and boyars rushed from Jagiello to Keystut's army and began to ask Vytautas to talk to him. . And they began to say to Prince Vytautas: “Prince Jagiello the Great has sent us to you, so that you may unite * us with your father, so that we may keep ours, and you your own, and so that there will be no quarrel between us and no bloodshed. You would come to your brother, Grand Duke Jagiello, and we swear that you will go to your army clean, without a fight, so that only between you everything will end well. "
  • Unite - here: calm down Grand Duke Vytautas replied: "I take your oath, but also let Prince Skirgail come to us and swear, then I will go." They sent for Prince Skirgail, and he, like them, swore allegiance to Grand Duke Vytautas. And Vytautas went to Jagiello, to his army, and the armies stood against each other, starting nothing with each other. And Jagiello began to ask Vytautas: "If you had reconciled us, there would have been no bloodshed." And Grand Duke Vytautas took an oath from Grand Duke Jagiello that his father would allow Keystut to leave safely. And Grand Duke Vytautas said to Grand Duke Jagiello: “Brothers, come to Skirgail so that he can come, and we would swear to our father that he could just come and go again, and that Prince Skirgail would swear on yours as well. name ”. And the great prince Vytautas and the great prince Skirgail came to their father, the great prince Keystut, to the army and took the oath. And Grand Duke Vytautas and his father, Grand Duke Keystut, went to the army to Jagiello, hoping for those oaths. Prince Jagiello violated them, saying: "Let's go to Vilnius, we will agree there." At that the troops, without starting anything, dispersed. And when they arrived in Vilnius, Grand Duke Jagiełło chained his uncle, Grand Duke Keystut, to Kreva, sent him to a tower, and left Vytautas in Vilnius. There, in Kreve, on the fifth night, Prince Keystut was strangled by Jagiello's chamberlains. One of them was called Proksha, he supplied water to Jagiello, and the others were: Moster brother, and Kuchuk, and Lisitsa Zhybentsya. Such was the end of Grand Duke Keystut. [AS PRINCE VITAUT escaped from the Germans, and then defeated Jagiello] After the death of Grand Duke Keystut, Grand Duke Jagiello sent Vytautas and his wife to Kreva and ordered him to be closely guarded in the choir. And Jagiello, in revenge for Vaidyl, to whom he had given his sister in marriage, ordered two to ride: one - Vidymont, uncle of the mother of Grand Duke Vytautas, the other - Butrim, his mother's brother, who kept Ulyana, who was later Monvid, and many other boyars pastinas. The great prince Vytautas was sitting in Kreva. Two women went to him and the princess in the room to make the bed and, having sent, went out with the guard. And the Grand Duchess [Vytautas] heard from the people: "If Prince Vytautas stays with them for a long time, they will do the same to him as to his father." And she advised him thus: how shall the women come to send, that he should put on the garment of one of the women, and go out with the second woman, and that the first woman should remain with her. Vytautas was gladly dressed in the clothes of one woman and went out with another and, having descended from the city, fled to the Germans in Prussia. When Vytautas was with the Germans in Mariingrad111, many Lithuanian princes and boyars came to him for a master's degree. And he began to fight the Lithuanian land with the help of the Germans. Grand Duke Jagiello was with his mother, Grand Duchess Ulyana, in Vitebsk, and his brother, Prince Skirgail, in Lithuania, in Trakai. And princes Jagiello and Skirgail could not stand up to Vytautas, because he had a great strength. Then Prince Jagiello summoned him from the Germans and gave him Lutsk and all the Volyn land. [HOW GRAND PRINCE JAGAYL LYAKH CONQUERED, AS WELL AS ABOUT THE HOLY TREE] Sitting on the whole Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Jagiello started the war with Mazovia112 and with Lyakhs because the prince of Mazovia with the help of Lyashk took Dorogichyn and Melnik. And many times he went to the land of Lyasha and did great damage in the land of Lyasha and Mazovia and abundant bloodshed of Christians of the Roman faith, starting from the Lithuanian border - up to the Vistula River. He came with a large army to the Vistula River, opposite Zavikhvost, and made a meeting as if to cross the river. And one of the cavalry got off his horse, wrapped his horse's tail around his arm, and said, "There will be no water here," and struck the horse, and borzda the river with the horse swam. The whole army, seeing that, crossed the river with their horses in the same way borzda and, crossing the Vistula River, came to the town of Zavikhvost. And Prince Jagiello said, "We must not take up this city with cannons," and ordered all his army to take each with a cane and throw it into the city. Each soldier of the Lithuanian army, taking a burning stick, threw it into the city, and the full city of Kiev flew, and set fire to the whole city Zavikhvost. After burning Zavikhvost, Jagiello went to Apatov113 and burned it, and burned many other places and villages up to the Vistula itself, and took the lady and the young lady captive. As Jagiello and his army marched back past the holy cross, some warriors drove to that cross, to the mountain114. Among them was a lord of the Davoin family, and he took the tree of the holy cross115, which was plastered in silver. And he took the tree, not for its dignity, but for the sake of silver, and, not honoring that tree, he put it in the boards * between various simple things. There he captured a girl - a famous maiden of high stature, from the coat of arms of Gabdank, which he held in great reverence. And Prince Jagiello devastated the land of Lyashka and took a lot of fruit - and gold, and silver, and precious stones - and, having collected an indescribable treasure, came in full to his chair - to Vilnius.
  • Tabol - a bag And the Vilna people, according to the old pagan custom, met the great prince Jagiello with his wives and children in front of the place, singing songs and beating their palms, praising the great prince for having won such a victory. And there was a lot of trouble * on the streets in Vilnius. And if any pagan touched those boards where there was a tree of the holy cross, he died suddenly. Grand Duke Jagiello was amazed that at that meeting so many people died suddenly, and asked among his people what a miracle it was. The gentleman from Davoin, who took the holy cross, came and began to tell about that miracle to the captive young lady from Gabdanka. And she said, "I saw in a dream an angel of God, who said that God had sent his wrath on paganism, because the tree of the holy cross, which they have in themselves, is kept disrespectfully." And that gentleman from Davoin told a girl's dream to Grand Duke Jagiello.
  • Tsizhba is a fuss Prince Jagiello ordered the lord to bring the cross in which the tree of God is kept and to bring the virgin he had captured. And, seeing the tree of the holy cross and the virgin from the coat of arms of Gabdank, Prince Jagiello handed over the holy cross to that virgin and ordered the lord of Davoin to set her free. And Prince Jagiello himself, giving the maiden generously, released her and ordered her to take the cross honorably and put it in the place where it had been. The young lady, seeing that the gentleman from Davoin, with whom she was in captivity, kept her so well and expressed her great respect, told him that her father had an only daughter, and asked the master to go with her to his father. and there, at her father's, she became her husband. They went to her father and the tree of the Holy Cross was honorably taken away and placed in the Church of the Holy Cross. And then a gentleman from Davoin married that virgin, and then a cross was added to the coat of arms of Gabdank, and the coat of arms was called Dubnya. This is how Lithuania captured the Holy Cross in Poland. But let's go back. [AS PRINCE JAGAILA BECAME KING OF POLAND] After that captivity, Jagiełło crossed the border with the Lyakhs along the Bela Voda, that is, along the Vistula River. And at that time the lyakhs did not have a king, because their great king Casimir died, and left behind a daughter at a young age - Queen Jadwiga116. And the Lyakhs took the Pomeranian prince Frederick117, wanting him to marry the queen when she became an adult and be their master. But then the Lyakhs, seeing how Grand Duke Jagiello was raging and destroying their land, began to discuss how to protect their land from Lithuania, because they could not resist on their own. They decided to expel the Pomeranian prince from their land, and convened a Diet in Petrikov, and at that Diet decided to take Grand Duke Jagiello to the kingdom as master, if he agreed to be baptized in the Christian faith of Roman law and marry their queen Jadwiga. So they sent their high ambassadors to him. And Grand Duke Jagiello agreed to do their will - to accept their Latin faith and take the queen for himself. Taking with him his cousin, Grand Duke Vytautas, and his brother Skirgail, and Prince Ivan Algimontovich Halshansky, and his two cousins, Prince Ivan Vladimirovich Belsky and his brother, Prince Andrei Vladimirovich of Mogilev, and many other princes and lords of Lithuania Jagiello at the coronation in Krakow. And all the archbishops and bishops, and the whole council of Lyash met Grand Duke Jagiello in processions in front of the place of Krakow, and there he was greeted, received, and led with reverence and great joy to the castle site to the church of St. Stanislaus. And there Jagiello, entering the sanctuary, accepted the Roman faith and was baptized, and was given the name Vladislav. And then he was crowned and Queen Jadwiga was given to him as a wife. Then the great prince Vytautas was baptized and accepted the Roman faith, and was given the name Alexander. Many other Lithuanian gentlemen who were there were baptized. And then King Jagiello, already ruled ears in the Crown, Grand Duke Vytautas and his brother Skirgail, honoring all the princes and lords and giving them very valuable gifts, let him go to Lithuania. Soon Jagiello himself came to Lithuania, and founded the church of St. Stanislaus in Vilnius, and endowed it with expensive church things, and funded the diocese of Vilnius, and invited the canons to that church, and made the first bishop of Vilnius a monk of law * St. Francis - named Mane of the Monastery of the Divine Mother. In addition, Jagiello funded the dioceses of Lutsk and Kiev and began to expand the Roman faith in the Lithuanian economy. Then he went to the Crown, and left his brother Skirgail as governor of Vilnius and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. And Grand Duke Vytautas, being in Lutsk, courted his daughter Princess Sophia for the Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily Dmitrievitch.
  • The law is a monastic order [HOW THE GRAND PRINCES SKIRGAYL AND VITAUT PRINCE SVYATOSLAV OF SMOLENSK CONQUERED] That same winter, when King Jagiello was in Cracow with many Lithuanian lords, Prince Andrew of Polotsk came from Liflants with the Germans and all the Latygols to the Lithuanian land. And they fought and burned many places and villages, but did no harm to the Lithuanian castle and returned to themselves. In the same winter, Prince Sviatoslav of Smolensk conspired with Prince Andrei of Polotsk: he went to Lithuania, and Prince Sviatoslav went to Orsha, and they did much harm to Christians, not in a human way, not in a Christian way, tortured Christians; gathered together, locked in houses and smoked; and others were caught, and, lifting with their hooks large choirs, those captives were placed under the walls with their heads and clamped; and we do not describe various other non-Christian mockeries, for they are very terrible: neither Antiochus of Assyria nor Julian the criminal did such mockery of men. And fought and captured, but the castle did nothing, returned to himself. That same winter, during Lent, Sviatoslav and Smolensk boyars began to plan bloodshed for Christians. And he went to the city of Mstislavl, and, standing near the city, began to extract it and beat the walls with vices, and in the land of Mstislavl let his army, and committed great bloodshed to Christians. Grand Duke Skirgail and Grand Duke Vytautas came from Lyakhiv from their brother, King Jagiello, and when they heard that Prince Sviatoslav of Smolensk was first near Vitebsk, and then went to Orsha, now near Mstislavl he beats the walls with vices, they became angry and went to Sviatoslav with his brothers, Constantine, Caribou and Lingua, remembering the word of God: "As much as you measure - so much you are measured." And Skirgail said: “We have done him no harm, but he, being in agreement with us, has transgressed the covenant and the cross of kissing, is fighting our land and shedding Christian blood. We go to him, hoping for God and Christian strength, ”and came to the city of Mstislavl. And Prince Svyatoslav, standing near the city and beating the walls of Mstislavl with vices, in the third week, on Friday, heard that Grand Duke Skirgail and his brothers were coming at him. And Sviatoslav militia of his troops and went to meet them; and the sticks came together. But God did according to the words of the prophet David, who said, "And his sickness shall fall upon his own head, and his iniquity shall be turned against him," and again, "He himself dug it, and he himself fell into it." And God helped Grand Duke Skirgail and Grand Duke Vytautas, and Prince Sviatoslav began to flee with his princes and boyars of Smolensk and all his army. By God's miracle and power a great miracle took place here, many warriors and princes and boyars were killed, even Prince Svyatoslav himself was killed, and his son, Prince Yuri, Skirgail was found among the corpses, with many wounds, but alive, and took him, and began to heal with all medicines, and cut off his head, for there were many wounds on him, and he did not believe that he would survive. Grand Duke Skirgail118 healed him of his wounds and brought him to the city of Smolensk to his mother, Grand Duchess Sviatoslav, and placed him on the Grand Duchy of Smolensk, as the daughter of Skirgail's older sister was married to Prince Yuri. And, departing from the city of Smolensk, Prince Skirgail moved to his Lithuanian land and began to rule in Trakai, and in Vilnius, King Jagiello sent the head of his Lyash. [HOW PRINCE VITAUT WON VILLAGE] When Grand Duke Vytautas held Lutsk and the whole Volyn land, and his homeland in the Lithuanian land, he was saddened and very offended to see what had never happened before in the Lithuanian land, so that outsiders ruled the great Lithuanian rule. Then he consulted with many princes and lords of Lithuania. And when Skirgail came to Polotsk, Grand Duke Vytautas came to Vilnius, wanting to take it, and his Grand Duchess Anna was then in Grodno. The people of Vilnius did not give in to him then, because they swore allegiance to King Jagiello and Skirgail. Vytautas then, without capturing Vilnius, went with his princess and with all the princes and many of his boyars to the master and from there with German help began to fight the Lithuanian land. Vytautas had already taken half of the Lithuanian land to the Vltava River, and the city of Polotsk surrendered to him. And King Jagiello and Prince Skirgail the Great saw that they could no longer hold on Lithuanian land before Grand Duke Vytautas. Vytautas, having joined forces with the German forces, went to Vilnius. And Prince Skirgail met him with his brother Vingant and with the Lithuanian warriors on the river Vyalya near the town, in a place called Veišiškės, and the regiments came together. And God helped Grand Duke Vytautas, and he defeated the Lithuanian army, and the rest of the warriors fled, and many of them were killed, and many princes and boyars were captured alive: Prince Semyon Yavnutsevich, Smolensk Prince Gleb Svyatoslavovich, Prince Gleb Konstantin , Leo Plaksich, and many other princes were captured. And again Prince Vytautas went with all his might to the city of Vilnius, and surrounded Vilnius, and began to extract the Crooked City and to shoot with cannons. He took the city of Kryvyi Rih, but the outpost of Lyash, which was then in the High City, did not let Prince Vytautas into the city. And the great prince, having taken the Crooked city and having conquered the surrounding earth, has returned again to the German earth. [HOW GRAND PRINCE VITAUT GAVE HIS DAUGHTER FOR GRAND PRINCE VASIL DIMITRIEVICH OF MOSCOW] In the same year, ambassadors came to Prussia, Mariingrad, to Grand Duke Vytautas of Moscow from Grand Duke Vasily Dmitrievitch, asking Prince Vytautas to give his daughter in marriage to the Prince of Moscow. And Grand Duke Vytautas gave his daughter, Princess Sophia, in marriage and released her from Malbork, and with her sent Prince Ivan Algimontovich. From the city of Gdansk they sailed on ships by sea and sailed to Pernau and the city of Pskov. There they were honored and solemnly held in Veliky Novgorod, Novgorodians also paid great homage to them and proudly held them to Moscow to Grand Duke Vasily Dmitrievitch. Prince Vasily sent his brothers, Prince Vladimir Andreevich, Prince Andrei Dimitrievich and many other princes and boyars with respect to the princess. And they met the great Princess Sophia with great reverence. At that time the Holy Metropolitan Cyprian was there with the archbishops and bishops, with the archimandrites, with the abbots and with all the priesthood, and met her solemnly with crosses in front of the city of Moscow, and made a worthy marriage, and crowned Grand Duke Vasily Dmitrievitch with the Grand Duke. And there was a big and famous wedding, worthy of respect for a long time. We will return to the previous one. [AS A PRINCE WELCOME TO THE GREAT RULING OF THE LITHUANIAN SEVEN] Prince Vytautas the Great, being in Prussia, in Mariingrad, with the master, conspired with the Germans, with the Liflants and the Prussians, and, giving them the land of Samogitia for three hundred thousand gold, went with all the above German forces, as well as with his own, and with guns, yes with many other devices just to Vilnius to extract the city and the Grand Duchy. Grand Duke Skirgail, learning that Grand Duke Vytautas was marching with his troops, gathered his great Lithuanian and Russian forces, and went to meet Grand Duke Vytautas, and, in a militia, crossed the Vyalya and stopped in the field at Shashkin119. And Prince Vytautas with German forces, with a convoy and with guns attacked Skirgail from the mountain, and the Germans began to beat Skirgail's army with cannons, and defeated many of Skirgail's warriors. Skirgail's troops could not withstand the German guns and began to flee, and Vytautas's warriors chased after them and beat and killed many of them, and the rest themselves drowned in the Vltava River. And the great prince Skirgail himself crossed the river and fled to the Crooked city, but the great prince Vytautas besieged it in the crooked city. The crooked city was made of wood, and the Germans advised Vytautas not to hit the city with cannons, because, they said, you couldn't do anything to a wooden city, but it would be better to order to shoot up with guns, to fire at the canopy. Prince Vytautas dug cannons on Turova Hill, where Prince Gediminas killed Tura, and ordered to beat on Kryva Gora, and the townspeople on it fell, and the people in the city were overwhelmed with fear. At that time Vytautas launched an attack and took the rest of the city, and found and captured Prince Skirgail, and burned the Crooked City and sat himself in Vilnius and in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. And King Jagiello sent his ambassadors to him, saying: “Do not lose the land of Lithuania, your homeland and ours, go, brother, with us to peace and great brotherly love and take the great reign in Vilnius, the throne of your uncle, the great Prince Algerd, and his father, Grand Duke Keystut. " Grand Duke Vytautas sat in Vilnius and the Duchy of Lithuania, and with him were Princes Yuri Narymontovich Belsky and Ivan Algimontovich. And when Vytautas took the position of his uncle Algerd and father of his Keystut, he was happy with the whole land of Lithuania and Russia. [AS PRINCE VITAUT VITEBSK AND CONQUERED PODOLE, AS WELL AS ABOUT THE DEATH OF PRINCE SKIRGAYLA] Then Prince Karibut Algerdovich began to think something against Vytautas and disobeyed him, began to gather an army and, gathering strength, went against Vytautas. And the troops converged on a place called Dokudovo120, and Kaributov's army was defeated by Vytautas' army, Prince Karibut himself fled to Novogorodok with the princess and children. Prince Vytautas, having gathered his army, himself went to Novogorodok and, taking the city, captured Prince Karibut with the princess and his children. Then Grand Duchess Algerdova died. King Jagiello gave the city of Vitebsk to his falconer Fedor Viasna. And at that time Prince Vytautas did not own the principality of Vitebsk, because Svidrigail Algerdovich received Kreva and Vitebsk after his father Algerd. Because of this, Svidrigail was very offended and could not accept the fact that Fedor Viasna owns the city and land of Vitebsk, and he is not obeyed. And he killed Fedor and took the city of Vitebsk. And it was very insulting to King Jagiello that it happened. He wrote a letter to his brother, Grand Duke Vytautas, to avenge that offense. And Prince Vytautas, taking Skirgail with him and gathering a large army, went to the city of Vitebsk to Prince Svidrigail. He came first to the city of Drutsk, and the princes of Drutsk met him and gave themselves to him for service. From there Vytautas went to Orsha, the Orshans locked themselves in the city and defended themselves for two days, but then surrendered. And then he went to Vitebsk to Prince Svidrigail. Prince Svidrigail closed himself in the city. And the Grand Duke began to capture the city. The Grand Duke of Smolensk Yuri Svyatoslavovich came to his aid with all the forces of Smolensk. And they began to persistently extract the city of Vitebsk and put the guns. The people of Vitebsk, not standing up, surrendered to Grand Duke Vytautas. Prince Svidrigail left the city and obeyed Grand Duke Vytautas. Grand Duke Vytautas, taking Vitebsk, again went to Vilnius. That same winter, closer to spring, Prince Vytautas the Great went to the land of Podolsk, and Prince Vladimir Algerdovich, being in Kiev, did not want to surrender, hit the Grand Duke in the forehead. And Vytautas came that spring and took the cities of Zhytomyr and Ovruch. And Prince Vladimir came to him from Kiev. That same summer, in the autumn, the Grand Duke took him out of Kiev and gave him Kapyl, and in Kiev planted Skirgail Algerdovich. Grand Duke Vytautas himself went to the Podolsk land, and Prince Skirgail ordered from Kiev to go to Cherkasy and Zvinigorod121. The Grand Duke Skirgail with God's help and by order of the Grand Duke took Cherkasy and Zvinigorod and returned to Kiev. And when Skirgail ruled in Kiev, there was a monk - a certain Fama Izufov, he held the metropolitan viceroyalty in the church of St. Sophia in the metropolitan court. When Prince Skirgail wished to go beyond the Dnieper to hunt, Fama invited him to the metropolitan court for a feast. And someone persuaded Fama to give Prince Skirgail a poisonous potion to drink. And from the banquet, Prince Skirgail went across the Dnieper to Miloslavichi and there fell ill and, arriving in Kiev, died on the seventh day. And priests carried it over their heads with candles, singing funeral songs, from the city of Kiev to the Holy Virgin of Pechora. And they placed the good and wonderful prince Skirgail next to the coffin of St. Theodosius of Pechora122. Grand Duke Vytautas heard that Skirgail had died, and sent Prince Ivan Algimontovich to Kiev, and gave him to hold the city. After that we will return to the previous one. [HOW PRINCE VITAUT SMALENSK CALMED] Returning from the Germans to the great reign, Grand Duke Vytautas sent a slave, Prince Gleb Svyatoslavovich, to the great reign in Smolensk, and gave Prince Yuri Svyatoslavovich the city of Roslavl123. Prince Gleb, being in Smolensk, stopped obeying the Grand Duke. Vytautas sent his ambassadors to him, but he did not give any humble answer. Then Prince Vytautas with all his might went to the city of Smolensk to Prince Gleb Svyatoslavovich. Arriving near Smolensk, he spread rumors that he was going to Tsar Timir-Kutlui, who expelled from his kingdom to Lithuania Tsar Takhtamysh, his brother, and he sat on the kingdom. Hearing that, the prince of Smolensk Gleb Svyatoslavovich went to him with some warriors. Vytautas, honoring and endowing him, lovingly let him go, telling him: “I heard that you do not live in unity and harmony with your brothers, so come to me all, and I will settle you in love with you. I'll bring it down. " So he lured them out of town by cunning. They, the Svyatoslavovich brothers, believing him, came to him with gifts, all the princes and boyars of Smolensk came, and not a single one remained in the city. Vytautas, having captured all of them, sent them to Lithuania, gave only one prince Gleb Svyatoslavovich the city of Polon

About Palemon (Belarusian)

CHRONIKA LITOWS´KA J ŽMOJTS´KA

Opis rukopisu

WYWOD I POCZATOK O WELIKOM KNJAZSTWJE LITOWSKOM I ŽMOJSTKOM, OTKOL´ WZMOGLISJA I POSZLI

Ukazalismy tut uže dostateczne i dowodne, w kotrych krainach swjeta synowe Noewy i potomkowe ego osjeli, wywelismo tež pewnuju enelogiju narodow rozmaitych, poczatki i rozmnoženja ich, tut uže o litowskom slawnom i žomojtskim narodje, otkol by pewnyja i dostatecznyja poczatki i rozmnoženja ich bylo, za pomoczju božeju recz´ naszu pocznem. Ljetopiscy litowskie njekotorye tak prowadjat recz´ o pristju Palemonowom ze Wloch do Žomondi i do Litwy. Stalosja wtjelene syna božija prez ducha swjatago s preczistoj dewy Marii ot poczatku swjeta 5508 ljeta. A onogo czasu bylo panstwo Rimskoe pod cesarom Awgustom, kotrij Rimom i wsjem swjetom panowal, jako napisano est´, iž za czasu Awgusta cesara syn božij wtjelilsja, a za czasu Kira, wtorogo cesara po Awgustje, raspjat byst´ dlja spasenija naszego, i woskres, i woznesesja na nebo, otkol´ maet priiti suditi žiwych i mertwych. A po smerti Kirowoj byl Gajja cesarom, a po Gaji Klawdij, a po Klawdiju syn ego Neron; tak byl okrutnyj, že i wlasnuju matku swoju i nauczitelja swoego Seneku bez pricziny kazal zabiti i kilkokrot kazal mjesto Rim zapaliti ne dlja czogo inszogo, tylko, aby sja na ogon´ smotrjel i tjeszil. Knjažatom i panom rimskim i wsej reczi pospolitoj welikie kriwdy i utiski czinil, a tak koždyj poddanyj dlja welikoj okrutnosti ego ne byl maetkow´ i zdorowja swoego bezpeczen. I tak mnogie, pokidawszi maetnosti swoi, utjekali do inszich panstw, szukajuczi pokoju. W toj czas odno knjaža rimskoe, Paljamon, Neronow powinnyj, zobrawszisja z žonoju i djetmi swoimi i poddanymi, zo wsjemi skarby, z kotorym bylo o pjat´sot ot szljachty rimskoj, takže z žonami i djetmi, wzjawszi z soboju ednogo awstronoma, poszli w okrutach Mopem, szukajuczi sobje mjestca slusznogo, gde by mjely posjelitisja i meszkati w pokoju. A meži toju szljachtoju byli czetyri domy najwyszszii: perszij z gerbu Katowrusa Dosprongus, drugij z gerbu Koljumnow Prosperce Sprimnus, Korsinus i Ulijanus, i Gektor z gerbu Rožej. I tak onyj nemalyj czas po moru chodjaczi, priszli w Mežizemskoe more i doszli reki Kisaga, a toju rekoju w samoe more Okijan (maet byti more Baltickoe abo Wenedickoe), a morem Okijanom wyszli do ustja reki w Korljanskogo morja, gde Nemen rjeka w toe more wpawszi (nedaleko ot Klojpedy abo Lanela, zamku welmi oboronnogo pruskogo), do mora Baltickogo abo Wenedickogo wpadaet. A potom Nemnom woszli w more Kurljandskoe abo Nemnowo, a to dlja togo zowetsja, iž´ Nemen w toe more Kurljandskoe wpadaet dwanatcetma mjesci, a koždoe nazywajut swoim prozwizskom, meži kotorymi nazywajut edno uste Gexija. Ony poszli ku gorje protiw wody, \16\

až´ doszli do konca Nemna i priszli do rjeki Dubasy, a iduczi rekoju Dubasoju, naszli nad neju gory wysokie i dubrowy penknyi, rozmaitymi obfitostjami napolnenyi, i zwjeru rozmaitogo rožaju: turow, zubrow, losej, elenej, sarn, risew, kunic, lisow, bjelok, gornostaew i inszogo rožaju zwjeru, takže w ribach welikuju obfitost´ i diwnych ryb z morja. I posadilisja nad tymi rekami, Nemnom i Dubasoju, i poczali sja rozmnožat´, a toe mjestce meži tymi rjekami welmi im podobalosja, i nazwali tuju zemlju Ž´´mont, ot rozmnoženja. Drugie tež´ ljetopiscy o pristju wlochow w tyi polnocznyi storony tak powjedajut, že dlja srogogo i okrutnago wojska Attili, korolja wengerskogo, kotrogo zwano Bicz´ Božii. Toj wsje zachodnyi krainy i inszie mocnye panstwa szableju i ognem w toj czas buril, i dlja togo toj Paljamon knjaža z senatu rimskogo z pjatiju sot szljachty rimskoj i s predreczonymi czotyrmi familijami w tye krai polnocznye prižeglewal, ale to najbolsze uchodjaczi srogosti Neronowoj i tiranstwa, kotrogo tiranstwo nad inszie bylo pljugawoe, že matku swoju wlasnuju rosporol, chotjaczi wjedati, gde ležal, Seneku, uczitelja swoego, u wannje zarjezal; wsja recz´ pospolitaja Rimskaja pred nim drižala. Skarby swoi sprosnymi zbytkami potratiwszi, udalsja na drapjezstwo, mordujuczi bogatych, gde o nich czul, sjet´ z edwabu ednu, a druguju z zlota tjagnenogo kazal urobiti i, egda gde do bolota priszedszi, lowil ribi, chot´ ich tam boloto toe nikoli ne widalo, by sja tylko woli tiranskoj dosyt´ stalo. Rim kazal paliti, aby gljadjaczi tjeszilsja, prijatelej i krewnych swoich wsjech wytratil, Petra i Pawla, swjatych apostolow christowych, stratil, wjernych presljedowal, palacy kosztownye rimskie lamal i znowu budowal. A tak Palamon, osjewszi w tych krajach, jako sja uže reklo, splodil troch synow, Borkusa, Kunosa i Spera; tye tedy po smerti otca swoego Žomojtskuju i Korsowskuju zemlju podelili. Borkus, syn starszij, wzjal udjel swoj nad Nemnom. Tam, gde rjeka Jura do Nemna wpadaet, na ustju, založil zamok, kotoromu dal imja Jurbork, zložiwszi imja rjeki Juri z swoim imenem Bork, dlja slawy wjecznoj. Syn srednij Kunos nad Nemnom, gde do nego Wilija wpadaet rjeka, zbudowal zamok, kotrogo ot swoego imeni prozwal Kunos; potom toj zamok Kunos prozwano Kowno, i do sego czasu zowut ego tak. Bork, poczawszi ot Juri rjeki až do mora Pruskogo i Kurljandskogo, krainami wladjel. Spera, tretij syn, z ljudom swoim udalsja dalej ot bratow ku wschodu slonca i na poludne, perebyl Newjažu, Serwetu i Szwetu rjeki, najszol mjestce nad ozerom, puszczami, rjekami i rozlogami wdjacznoe i krasnoe, zbudowal zamok i mjesto i nazwal ego Spera. A tak meži Newjažeju, Serwetoju i Szwetoju rjekami ugruntowal sobje osady. Dosprongus, towarisz Paljamonow, patrikij abo otczicz´ knjažat rimskich, tjagnul daljej z ljudom swoim nad Szwetu reku, tam naszol pagorok wyneslyj w položenju roskosznom i zbudowal na nem zamok, a drugij zamok nižszij, i Wolkomiroju nazwal. Otkol by toe imja i nazwisko uroslo, nemasz pewnoj wjedomosti; i napisalsja onyj Dosprongus knjažatem Dewjaltowskim; a panujuczi w Wolkomirje, ugruntowal osady swoi až´ pod Wiliju rjeku. A gdy potom Bork umer, bez potomstwa pomer. Spera, brat molodszij ego, na mjestce ego wstupil i panowal, a panujuczi mnogo ljet w Jurborku, takže bez potomstwa pomer. Poddannyi ego, wedlug rimskogo zwyczaju, uczinili emu jako panu pogreb ucztiwyj, spalili ego nad Speroju \17\

ozerom, ot nego prozwanim, bo tam poimal byl czasu ednogo ribu welikuju z ednym perom, kotraja wzdluž´ byla na lokot´ pjat´. I, zobrawszi popel, i w trunku wložiwszi, schowali w zemlju i postawili tam že balwan Speri na slawu knjazja swoego, kotrogo balwana za boga až do czasow Jagelliowych chwalili. A gdy tak dwa bratija knjažata bez potomstwa pomerli, Kunos serednij na knjazstwa oboich bratow za pozwoleniem i golosom oboego pospolstwa wstupil i dwoch synow splodil, starszemu dal imja Kernos, a molodszemu Gimbrutus, i podjelil ich za žiwota: Gimbrutusu w Žmojti, a Kernosowi ot Newjaži až do Wilii panowane dal. I tak Kernos Litowskoe, a Gimbrutus Ž´´montskoe w spolnoj braterskoj milosti i zgodje po smerti otcewskoj rozszirili panstwa. ednak že toj narod litowskij prez czas dolgij ot poczatku swoego panowanja neznacznyj byl. Rus´ mjela nad nimi zwjerchnost´ i tribut ot nich otbirala, a menowite: wsje panujuczii knjažata kiewskie zemlje Ruskoj monarchii otbiraly ot nich w danje wjeniki i lyka na wjerowki, a to dlja nedostatku i neplodnosti zemlje, kotraja eszcze ne byla wyprawna, i aby tolko monarcha ruskij swoju zwerchnost´ nad nimi okazowal. Až potom Mendok i Witen z Gediminom, preslawnye i prewažnye onych panstw knjažata, wzjawszi pred sebe onyj prirožonyj swoj animusz, i dolgo onoe remeslo ricerskoe, porochom pripaloe, z zemli podnesli, poczali sja z jarma ruskogo, kotoroe sja bylo z aptecessarow ich, zaczalo wybiwati knjažatom ruskim. I tak silnymi byli, že ne tylko jarmo ich z sebe zskinula Litwa, ale tež´ onych samych do togo ž priweli, že im musjeli tribut, abo dan´, prez czas dolgij dawati, a zwlaszcza w tye czasy, gdy sami meži soboju knjažata ruskie ginuli wojujuczisja, a do togo zas´ ot tatar až´ doszczentu zniszczenyi i wytraczenyi. Potym, gdy w Litwje ljudu welikija liczba rozmnožilasja, poczali perechoditi za rjeku Wiliju w Zawilijskuju zemlju, kotruju na toj czas knjažata ruskie deržali, i tam žmojt w pustynjach osažatisja poczala. W toj že Litwje Kernos zamok založil i mjesto nad rjekoju Wilieju zbudowal i ot swoego imeni Kerno namjenil. Potom Kernos, majuczi czastyi najezdy w Wilijskoj osadje ot knjazej ruskich, umyslil moc´ju otbitisja, a, zlucziwszi wojsko swoe litowskoe Zawilijskoe z bratom Gimbrudom, knjazem žmojtskim, tjagnul w ruskie panstwa ku Berestju, kotorogo teper´ zowut Litowskim (a na toj czas naležal do knjazstwa Polockogo), a tam wolosti ruskie okrutne spljundrowawszi, zdobyczi i polonu nabrali bez otporu, a potym do samogo Polocka, zdobyczi do swoich litowskich jaskin´ otslawszi, tjagnuli. Kotroe to Polockoe knjazstwo wse srodze spljundrowali i ljudu welmi mnogo ruskogo w polon zabrali. A toe sja Litwje i Žmojdi w toj czas zs toej pricziny w Rusi szczastilo, gdy polowcy z narodu gottow, takže pobratimowe litowskie, z knjažatem swoim sekal ruskie knjazstwa, po dwakrot burili, jako o tom wyjszej sja opisalo. Sami tež´ knjažata ruskie spolne sobje oczi lupili, až Boleslaw Smjelyj, krol´ polskij, Izjaslawa na Kiew siloju wprowadil, i byli na toj czas w Rusi welikie strachi i rostirki dlja wnutrnoj wojny, iž z desperacii wsje chotjeli utjekat´; w toj že czas Polockoe i inszie knjazstwa ruskie smjele litwa woewala. Potom Gimbrut, Kernosow brat, knjaz´ žmotskij, umer, a zostawil po sobje syna Montwila. Montwil, zostawszi po otci swoem, meszkal w Kownje i splodil synow troch, erdwila, abo Radiwila, Nemena i Wikenta. Knjaz´ tež´ Žiwynbud, syn Desprongow, meszkal na Dewjaltowje i Wolkomiru. O Wolkomiru, dlja czogo sja nazwal toj gorod. Ljubo na poczatku osjedlosti zgo ne oznajmilem, teper´ oznajmuju: že gdy Dasprongus priszol na tye mjesta, gde ego zbu-\18\

dowal, welikuju welikost´ znajszol wolkow. Kotryi to wolki, zgodne žiwuczi z bydlom, konmi, owcami dosprongowymi, žadnoj szkody ne czinily w ego dobytku tak, iž i legowiska swoi majuczi, plodilisja meži nimi i chodili meži owcami, jak oweczki. I dlja togo, majuczi mir Dosprongus ot nich, nazwal mjesto Wolkomir´. A tak tyi czotyri knjažata, koždyj w swoem udjeli, meszkali spolne w welikoj zgodje i milosti. Kernos zas, knjaz´ litowskij, ne mjel synow, tylko odnu doczku, a ne majuczi djedicza po sobje, dal doczku swoju w malženstwo Žiwinbudu Dosprongowiczu i zlecjel emu wse knjazstwo Litowskoe, i zaraz Žiwinbud na Kernow z Dewjaltowa preprowadil sja i panowal pristojne. Kernos, gdy umer, tjelo ego spalili wedlug zwiczaju poganskogo, a poroch zobrawszi schowali w trunnje, pod ljesom, a po smerti ego Žiwinbud Dewjaltow, Wylkomir i Kerno osjel, po smerti testja swoego, a z Montwilom, knjažatem žmojtskim, w prijazni statecznoj žili na swoich panstwach perestajuczi, ruskim knjažatom na neprijatelja pomagali, wolosti mazoweckie naeždžali, zdobyczi i polon wywodili, i s togo žiwilisja. A gdy w Rusi widjeli nezgodu i na wybite z ich mocy majuczi pogodu, czasto naeždžali na ich panstwa i lupy brali, i do ljesow gustych jak do zamku utjekali, i esli ich rus´, gonjaczi, w polju ne dognali, to uže W w ljesach i bolotach gnati ich nadaremno, gdy ž´ na ostrowach i ozerach, i w ljesnych jaskinjach chowalisja, jak w najljepszich skrinjach. A stroi ich — wse zwjerinnye skury, i maetnost´ — na sobje szczo mogl nositi; domy ich byli — kuczka pletenaja, dorom prostym nakrita, boty ich z lyk, a zwjerinnyj lob ob´´luplenyj — wmjesto szapki na golowu klali, a gdy w Ruskich zemljach dostali s p´´luga lemeszow, to na dowgie kije, woloczni narobiwszi, osadili i do strjel tež´ željezec abo szil nabiwali; o smert´ malo dbali. Perewozy tež´ fortelnyi mjeli: lodi i czolny z skur zubrowych diwne zsziwanych, a szwy tye dlja wody, aby ne protjekala w czolny, natirali loem, a gdy gde mjeli z wojskom tjagnuti, to i lodi tyi z soboju wezli i tjagli, i skoro na wody glubokii prichodili, w tych lodjach wozilisja, a koni wplaw weli. Tak Žiwinbud, panujuczi w Litwje na Kernowe, staralsja ustawiczne, aby wnuki ego mogli zažiwati panowanja otczistogo litowskogo spokojne, i dlja togo wsje ich sprawy prostowal ko wojnje, bo prez dobruju wojnu pokoj bywaet.

Wyprawa litwy do Ruskich krain. Roku 1256. Montwil Gimbrudowicz´, knjaz´ žmotskij, zaraz, skoro tatare ruskie panstwa buriti poczali, naczal i on o sobje promyszljati, jak by mogl z mocy ruskoj wylamatisja i newoli, i s toj dani lyk i wjenikow oswoboditisja. Nasylal kozackimi dorogami z Žiwinbudom litwu na plendrowane kraew ruskich, obacziwszi ku tomu i zimu tuguju dlja prebytja rjek, ozer i brodow. A gdy Ruskuju zemlju i wolosti eje okrutne spljundrowali i z welikimi lupami do Litwy uchodili, zobralsja na nich z nowgorožany knjaz´ Jaroslaw Wsewolodowicz´ a, dogoniwszi ich, porazil litwu nad Dwinoju rjekoju, ednak že ne bez szkody swoich: tam i knjaz´ Dawyd toporeckij ot nich zostal zabitym. Potom znowu, gdy wojsko litowskoe knjazstwo Polockoe woewalo, zaraz knjaz´ Dawydowicz´ Mstislaw z ricerstwom smolenskim, prudko na nich pritjagnuwszi, pod Polockom ich neostorožnych i bezpecznych mnogo ich barzo pobil, a inszich wo ozerje potopil.

Roku 1258. Potom ljepsze sja toj Montwil poprawil znajuczi, že storona Ruskaja est´ spustoszenaja, a knjažata ruskie ot Batija rozgnany, sobrawszisja z Žiwinbudom Dosprongowiczem, žmontskim knjazem, a litwoju swoeju, takže s kurljandow albo korsow, nad kotorym wojskom getmanom preložil syna swoego starszogo erdwila, abo Radiwila. I tak Radiwil uszikowal wojsko litowskoe, žmotskoe, korsowskoe porjadne, podnesl tež´ korogwi woennyi, a trubaczow z dolgimi žmojtskimi derewjanymi trubami, osobno tež´ \19\

oboz s koles skripjaczich postawil na storonje bez zbroi i pancerow (bo eszcze oni togo ne znali), tylko zubrowye, losie, medwežii, wowczii newyprawnye skury nosili, a oružie — luk prostyj z dubiny abo ljeszcziny zagnenyj, suporotok, kamenja torba na pleczach pewnaja dlja kidanja z suporotka, rogatina, kij zasmalowanyj z konca, szablja ledwo u getmana byla, munsztuk z lyk na konja, a na nem samom na wojnje mjesto ljamparta rogoža na pleczach, lyka i postronki za pojasom dlja wjazanja newolnika. Gdy juže priszli nad Wiliju rjeku, zaraz z kolod welikich porobili plity, na kotorych kolesa i wsi swoi woennyi risztunki poklawszi, perewezlisja i, sami w sprawnych polkach na ruskuju storonu perebywszi, uszikowalisja. Sam erdwil z walnym polkom iszol pozadje wsego obozu, a getmanow dwuch na czolo z wojskom poslal, a tret´ego getmana poslal z litwoju w zagony. A gdy pereszli Nemen, naszli w cztyroch miljach goru krasnuju wynesluju, na kotoroj perwej byl zamok stolecznyj Now´´gorodok knjažati ruskogo, prez Batija zburenyj. Tam zaraz Radiwil zbudowal zamok i osjel bez rozljanja krowi (bo ne bylo komu boroniti), opanowal welikuju czast´ Ruskoj zemli i poczal pisatisja welikim knjazem nowgorodskim. Potom daljej tjagnul Radiwil i najszol nad Nemnom staroe gorodiszcze, zamok ot Batija zburenyj, zbudowal zamok drugij i nazwal ego Gorodkom, a ottolja tjagnul na Podljasze, gde w toj czas jatwjagi meszkali, najszol tam Bereste, Chmelnik, Dorogiczin, Surož, Bjelsko, Bransko, mjesta i zamki poburonye ot Batija. Tye wsje zamki znowu pobudowal Radiwil, a rus´, christiane, kotorye byli po onom nesszczasliwom spustoszenju Batiewom zostali, prinjal ich laskawe w swoju oboronu, a oni emu na posluszenstwo prisjagli. Tak Radiwil moc i panowane swoe w ruskich knjazstwach i zamkach predreczennych snadne za korotkij czas rozmnožil i rozsziril, i pisalsja takowym titulom: Radiwid Montwilowicz´ Žomojtskij i Litowskoe zemli djedicznyj pan, perszij welikij knjaz´ ruskij nowgorodskij. Poslal potym upominki welikija ot zlota do Žomondi otcu swoemu Montwilowi, kotoryj z welikoju zeszloju starostiju, z synowska szczastja radujuczisja, umer i pochowaw w Jurborku. Po nem Wikint, syn molodszij Montwilow, na knjazstwo Žomoitskoe i na Kursowskoe wstupil. Žiwinbud tež´ Dosprongowicz´ w Kernowje, w Wilkomiru, w Dewjaltowje i w Litwje meži Newjažeju i Wilieju w pokoju panowal, i wsje tri, w zgodje žiwuczi, protiw rusi i njemcow ninfljanskich edin drugomu pomocz´ i ratunok dawali. W kotoroj zgodje, i slawje možnoj, w potužnost´ panstwa rosli, a poddannych swoich i granic boronili, a czužie panstwa, zwlaszcza ruskie, kotorye w toj czas w nezgodje žijuczi, knjažata sami jelisja i bilisja, iž potom litwa, newolniki, panom swoim, ruskim knjažatam, za poradnuju sprawoju panowali. Radiwil Montwilowicz´, knjaz´ ruskij nowgorodskij, widjaczi to, iž´ ego szczaste nespodjewanne nad panstwom czjužim djediczom uczinilo, tedy tež zaraz tym panom i ricerstwu žomontskomu i litowskomu, kotrye z nim byli wyszli, zwlaszcza dobre zaslužonym, podawal im osjedlost´ w panstwach ruskich, kotorye pokumawszisja i pobratimiwszisja z rus´ju, christianami, puszczi tye, kotrye oblogami ležali po Batiju caru i ego srogom spustoszenju, osjeli.

O poldach tatarskich do Litwy najperszej. Roku 1263. Kidan car´ tatarow zawolskich, wnuk Batiew, znewolil knjažat ruskich w ich nezgodje i do tributu albo dani ich primusil, i baskaki, albo starosty, i poborcy swoi w ruskich knjazstwach chowal, tak i w toj czas skoro uczul, iž´ nowyj knjaz´ Radiwil Žmojtskogo panstwa Nowgorodskoe, Berestejskoe, Podljaszskoe i \20\

inyi, až´ do Mozyra knjazstwa ruskie opanowal, poslal do nego baskaki i poborcy swoi, upominajuczisja dani, dochodow i posluszenstwa, aby wse zarazom zaplatil jako goldownik. Wysluchawszi Radiwil takowogo poselstwa wzjal sobje na rozmyszlenie, a potym bojazn´ sprosnuju dlja nesmertelnoj slawy i wolnosti myloj otložiwszi na storonu, poslow zaderžal u sebe, objecujuczi im dan´ richlo goldowuju zgotowat´ i otslati carewi. A tym czasom ticho wojska ruskie, szljubujuczi im perszuju wolnost´´ protiw tatarow, pomoczi zbiral. Brata tež´ Wikinta žomojtskoe i Žiwinbuda litowskoe knjažata oboslal, prosjaczi o ratunok braterskoj spolnoj i powinnoj susjedskoj milosti. A gdy uže ruskoe wojsko nemaloe do nego zo wsjech storon zobralosja, i pomocz´ z Žomojdy i Litwy pribyla, zaraz onym poslom dan´ wykazal, Kadanowi carewi paru strjel wmjesto zolotych klejnotow, poslal, a otprawiwszi ich, sam za nimi ku Mozyru nad Pripet´ tjagnul z wojskom, gde mjel wjest´ o carje Kadanje, iž´ tamtoju storonoju prez Dnjepr mjel z ordoju pereprawljatisja na zwoewane i pljundrowane ruskich kraew. A gdy posly carewy Kadanu onuju zuchwaluju otpowjed´ Radiwilowu i upominku, paru strjel, otdali, zaraz z onoj legkosti rozgnjewawszisja, wojsko ordy Zawolskii prez Dnjepr pereprawil i, pritjagnuwszi pod Mozyr, zagony na buren´ja Ruskoj zemli rospustiwszi, sam koszem položil sja nad Dnjeprom na ustju Pripeti. A w tom czasje Rodiwil z rus´ju, now´´gorožany, slonimczany, pinszczany, žmondami i litwoju wojskami, puszczeju neznajome pritjagnuwszi, udaril na switanju z welikim okrikom na kosz, gde sam Kadan ležal. A tatare, ljubo to mužne boronilisja i stawali mužne za carskoe zdorowe, ednak že ne gotowy i bezpeczny buduczi ot gotowoj ruki ot Radiwila i wojska ego premoženy tak, iž´ rozno po ljesach i bolotach, i poljach rosperchnulisja, i na pljacu tež´ ich barzo mnogo poleglo, i sam car´ zaledwo utek, i to w maloj welmi družinje, a inszie w Dnepru i Pripjati potonuli; drugich po roznych zagonach imano i lupy wsi otgromiwszi i wjazni oswobodiwszi z welikoju dobycz´ju do Nowgorodka Radiwil z swoimi wernulsja. Potom skoro w starosti ljet i slawyi polnyj byl, umer w Nowgorodku i pochowan, a Mikgajla syna swoego na tych panstwach djediczom po sobje uczinil. Malo tež´ szczo pered tym Wikint Montwilowicz´, brat rožonyj Radiwilow, knjaz´ žomojtskij, umerl, tedy knjazstwo Žomojtskoe spalo na Žiwinbuda Dosprongowicza knjazja litowskogo, zjatja Kersonowogo. Po smerti Radiwilowoj Mikgajlo, syn ego, wstupil na knjazstwo Nowgorodskoe i Podljaskoe, takže i wsje krainy ruskie ot Wilny až do žrodel Nemenowych, gde sja za Kopylem w pjati miljach poczinaet, otczistym deržal prawom.

O polockoj swobodnosti abo Wenecii. Potom tež´ mjel susjedstwo s poloczany i granicu prilegluju , kotorye w toj czas wolno sobje panowali i žadnoj zwerchnosti nad soboju ne mjeli, tylko 30 mužow s posrodku reczi pospolitoj swoej na potocznye sprawy sudej i senatorow prekladali, a najbolsz za znakom zwonu welikogo, kotoryj wposrod mjesta byl zawjeszenyj, gde wsje zbiralisja; tam i o sprawach swoich, i o potrebach reczi pospolitoe i deržaw swoich radili, bo deržali na toj czas zemlju Ruskuju sami mjeszczane polockie i na kilkadesjat´ mil´ sprawujuczi. Takowoj ž na toj czas wolnosti užiwali pskowjane, i nowogorodczany welikie, kotorye byli dostali za nesworoju i nezgodoju, wnutrnymi wojnami, zabojstwom i morderstwom knjažat ruskich, gdy odin drugogo z panstw wyganjali i zabijali. A tatare, gdy polowcow porazili, takže \21\

knjažat ruskich nemalo pobyli, a potom z Batiem carem pritjagnuli i ostatok spustoszili, zaczim mjesta možnjejszie ruskie — Nowgorod Welikij, Pskow i Polocko — bez knjažat poczali wolno sobje žiti i knjazstwa knjazej swoich sami posjeli, wzjawszi xztalt sprawowanja reczi pospolitoj ot onych slawnych spraw greckich afineow i ljacedemonow, kotrye to takže sudej 30 mužow preložonych nad soboju mjeli dlja radi spraw reczi pospolitoj, bo w onij czas w Nowgorodje, Polocku i Pskowje wsie sprawy greckie bywali: mitropolity, wladyki, archimandrity, kotrych zawsze prisylal tut patriarcha carigorodskij. A tak tyi to grekowe toj obyczaj sprawowanja reczi pospolitoj wnesli byli afinskii.

O wzjatju Polocka prez Migajla knjažati. Roku 1265. Knjaz´ Mikgajlo, panujuczi na otczistych swoich knjazstwach, a panowe poloczczane, ufajuczi w swoej wolnosti susjedow na wojnu wyzywati poczali, kotoroj swawoli ne moguczi bolsz terpjeti knjaz´ nowgorodskij Mikgajlo Radiwilowicz´ wzjawsja za kriwdu poddannych swoich i, zobrawszi wojsko swoe z rusi i litwy tjagnul prosto do Polocka, chotjaczi gordost´ poloczczan smiriti. Uczuwszi to, poloczczane zaraz kazali udariti w zwon, zaczim wse pospolstwo zaraz zobralosja s posadu i wolostej okolniczich, takže tež´ i z inszich deržaw swoich, kotrye pered tym do knjazstwa Polockogo prinaležali, i zgromadili ljudu okolo tisjaczij dwatceti. Kotoryj ljud uszikowawszi onyi 30 mužow abo senatorow wyszli protiwko Mikgajla s Polocka, i položilisja obozom pod gorodom zamku swoego. A Migajlo, sprawiwszisja, z nowogorožany i litwoju smjelo na nich z welikim okrikom udaril, bo widjel chlopow bez woennoj sprawy. Obacziwszi to poloczane, že im potužne neprijatel´ dogrjewaet, zarazom podali tyl, kotrych nowgorožane i litwa bili, sjekli i imali, a Gorodec pod zamkom, gde ego byli potkali, spalili, i, konczaczi zwitjazstwo togo dnja do Polotcka pritjagnuli. Szczo widjaczi striwoženoe pospolstwo otworili mjeskie i zamku Polockogo worota, poddajuczisja emu dobrowolne. A tak Mikgajlo perszij z knjažat litowskich knjažatem polockim i nowgorodskim, skromiwszi ich gordost´ zostal. A potym, wykonawszi na oboem panstwje wjek szczaslywyj, w starosti welikoj umer, zostawiwszi po sobje na oboich knjazstwach dwoch synow, Skirmonta i Ginwila.

Roku 1268. Skirmont i Ginwil, ucziniwszi pogreb obyczaem poganskim otcu swoemu knjazju Mekgalowi, usypali kostem ego kurgan welikij nedaleko Nowgorodka. Skirmont, jako starszij syn, sjel na otcewskoj stolici w Nowgorodku knjazstwa Ruskogo i Litowskogo po Wilii recje, a Ginwil, jako molodszij, Polockoe knjazstwo wzjal z udjelu, na kotrom panujuczi sszczasliwe, ponjal w stan malženskij Mariju, doczku welikogo knjazja Borisa twerskago, dlja kotroj okrestilsja w ruskuju wjeru, i dano emu imja na kreszczenii Georgij. Toj najperszij knjaz´ z Litwy zostal christianinom, zs pskowjany i z smoljany woewal sja dolgo o granici prileglye, a potom w nedol´´gom wjeku ljet swoich umerl.

O poražcje Litwy nad Mstislawom. Skirmon, syn Mikgajlowicz´, brat Ginwilow, panstwom Litowskim szczasliwe sprawujuczi, Mstislawa, knjazja sluckogo, z wojskom ruskim protiw sobje iduczogo, porazil, jako ljetopiscy swjedczat, recz´ swoju tak prowidjaczi.

Roku 1269. Mstislaw, knjaz´ sluckij i pskowskij, podnesl wojnu protiw Skirmonta. Zrozumjej tedy, czitelniku mylyj, iž´ toj Mstislaw byl ne tylko knjaz´, ale monarchoju \22\

byl pered tym kiewskim, Mstislaw Romanowicz´, kotoryj na onoj neszczasliwoj wojnje roku 1212, gdy tatare w tyi dikii polja najperwjej nawjediwszi, poloweckich i wsjech ruskich knjažat wojska porazili, o czom wyszej sja opisalo. Tedy w toj czas poslali togo Mstislawa Romanowicza, monarchu. kiewskogo, i pri nem drugogo knjazja, czernjegowskogo, a iž´ byl prereczonyj Mstislaw u tatarow w wjazenju K. Tedy Wolodimer Rurikowicz´ utekl z toe porjažki do Kiewa i opanowal stolicu Kiewskuju, a Mstislaw Romanowicz´, gdy w kilko ljet wyjszol z newoli tatarskoj i stolicy swoej Kiewskoj ne mogl odyskat´, wzjal ot Wolodimera Rurikowicza zgodoju Wolynskoe knjazstwo, kotorogo byla stolica w toj czas Lucko, k tomu i Pinskoe knjazstwo, aže na tom ne perestawal, bo perwjej emu byla monarchija udjelna ego. Namowil tot že Wolodimer Rurikowicz´ ego, aby pod Skirmontom knjazem litowskim i ruskim nowgorodskim, dostawal sobje Nowgorodka, Brestja, Chmelnika, Dorogiczina, Grodna i inych zamkow otczistych ruskich. A gdy zobral sja z wojskom protiw Skirmonta, knjazja litowskogo, tedy Skirmont, zwontpiwszi w mocy swoej, poslal do Žiwinbuda Dosprongowicza, welikogo knjazja žmojskogo i Litwy Zawilijskoe, prosjaczi o prudkij protiw gwaltownoj wojny ratunok. I poslal emu zaraz Žiwinbud starszogo syna swoego Kunuwojta na pomocz´ zo wsjemi silami žmojtskimi i litowskimi; potom Skirmont, zlucziwszi moc swoju z knjazem Kunowojtom Žiwinbudowiczom, tjagnul protiw Mstislawu Romanowiczju, kotoryj z wolincami, pinszczany i kijany, Nowgorodskogo knjazstwa prigorodki okolo Brestja pljundrowal. A gdy oboi wojska nad odnoju rjekoju Jaseldoju potkalisja, zaraz knjaz´ Mstislaw zszwankowal, pinczane w nogi, kijane tak že, wolynci za nimi, a na pljacu i po ljesach, i szirokich poljach mnogo ich poleglo pobytych tak, až´ sam Mstislaw Romanowicz´, stratiwszi wsju silu woennuju, ledwo utekl w maloj družinje na Luckij zamok. I kriczala Rus´ z welikim placzem, iž´ tak welikie ich wojska byli okrutne pobity ot litwy bezecnoj. A Skirmont, konczaczi zwitjazstwo, Pinsk i Turow, knjazstwa Mstislawowy, wzjal, a po tom slawnom zwitjazstwje Skirmont, udarowawszi Kunowojta roznymi darami, otprawil ego do otca ego. Wernuwszczisja Kunowojt do domu, zastal otca swoego Žiwinbuda welmi chorogo, bo byl w ljetech welmi podeszlyj i umerl w szediwoj starosti; tak že malo szczo pered tym Pojana, žona ego, umerla. A tak Kunowojt postawil balwana na pamjatku otca swoego, togo balwana ljude chwalili za boga, a gdy balwan za czasom zginul, na tom mjestcu lipy wyrosli, kotorych litwa i žomojt až do czasow Jagellowych za boga chwalili, pjesni sprosnyi Pojanje, žonje Žiwinbudowoj, spjewajuczi.

Knjaženie Borisa w Polocku, blagoczestiwogo knjazja. Boris knjaz´, ucziniwszi Ginwilowi, otcu swoemu, obyczaem christianskim pogreb, kotryj slawoju i djelnostju welikoju ricerskoju knjazstwo Polockoe sprawowal, toj, chotjaczi zostawiti znak wjecznyj christianstwa, umyslil cerkwi budowat´, a naperwjej zmurowal cerkow´ w zamku Wysznem Swjatuju Sofiju kosztom nemalym. Na Belczici takže monastyr´ z wežami barzo choroszimi i cerkow´ swjatych muczenik Borisa i Gljeba ozdobne zmurowal, czwert´ mili ot Polocka. Drugij takže manastyr´ Djewiczej uwerch rjeki Poloty ot zamku Polockogo polmili; czetwertuju cerkow´ zbudowal swjatago Spasa, a na toe budowane welikim kosztom až´ z Infljant ceglu, wapno, aljabastr i inszie potreby w strugach Dwinoju rjekoju woženo. Togo i teper´ jawnoe swjedoctwo: koždyj najde kamen´ w Dwinje wysokij, ot Disny mjesta milja, a ot Polocka mil´ 7, miži Dwinoju i Desnoju na niz dorogoju jeduczi, na kotorom kameni est krest takim obrazom ┼. I togo knjazja Borisa pod nim napis: «Wspomoži, gospodi, raba swoego Borisa syna Ginwilowogo». A to napisano literami ruskimi. A skoro otprawil budowane cerkwi swjatych, umyslil tež´ znak wjecznoj granici umocniti meži Litwoju i knjazstwom Polotckim, zamok i mjesto ot swoego imeni zrobiwszi, nazwal Borisow, \23\

nad rjekoju Berezinoju; mjel tež´ wojnu dlja spolnych granic z smolenszczany, i s knjazem witebskim, i z pskowjany. Potym meszczanom polockim priwernul perszie wolnosti, kotrye zlamal im byl djed ego Mikgajlo, že takže sami sudilisja, a gdy mjeli schoditisja do rady, w zwon welikij zwonili. A buduczi w starosti welikoj, knjaz´ Boris umerl i pochowan est´ w cerkwi Swjatoj Sofii w zamku, kotoruju sam zmurowal. Potym panowal na knjazstwje Polockom syn ego Rozgwold, na kreszczenii nareczennyj Wasilij. Toj Wasilij pskowjan dolgoju wojnoju primusil do goldu i postuplenja njekotorych wolostej, kotrye byli ot knjazstwa Polockogo otorwali a, gdy w pokoju potym panowal mnogo ljet, a potom umer i pochowan z otcem swoim Borisom. Potom na knjazstwje Polockom zostal Gljeb, syn ego, i doczka Paraskewija, kotraja bogu posljubila czistost´ swoju i postriglasja w czernici w monastyri Swjatago Spasa nad rjekoju Polotoju, w kotorom meszkala ljet sjem´, bogu služaczi, knigi do cerkwi pisala i tak bogu duszu otdala swoju swjatuju. Potom brat toj Paraskewii, Gljeb, ne dolgo poloczanom panowal, bo w molodom wjeku prestawilsja i pochowan w grobje podle otca swoego w Sofii swjatoj w Polocku, a poloczane, gdy sja w tom Gljebje ostatnyj potomok knjazej polockich z Litwy zamknul (bo bez potomstwa umer), poczali sobje wolno žiti, a pana nad soboju ne mjeli. A tak Žiwinbud, knjaz´ welikij litowskij i žomojtskij, umerl, syn ego Kunowojt sjel na tych knjaženijach w Jurborku i w Kornosowje. A litowskuju stolicu Kernow, jako djedicznuju, opanowawszi, njemcom dobre otpiral, gdy na Žomond´ naeždžali; za žiwota swoego syna Utenesa na panstwo naznaczil.

Posly tatarskie po dan´ do Litwy. Roku 1272. Balaklaj, welikij car´ tatar zawolskich, kotrye byli w toj czas najmožnjejszii meži inszimi tatarami, zgoldowawszi za nezgodoju wnutrneju ruskich knjažat, kotorych panstwo bylo ot mora Kaspijskogo abo Perskogo, kotrogo zowut Falimskim, až´ do mora Czornogo, Tureckogo, tam swoju rostjagnuwszi poganuju wlast´, gde i zamok založil ot swoego imeni, Balaklij, Czapczakla, Oslam gorodok. A iž knjažata litowskie, Radiwil napered, a po nem Mikgajlo, Skirmont i Ginwil posjeli byli mnogo knjazstw ruskich i na nich panowali, a goldu ordje Zawolskoj, jako inszie knjažata ruskie, ne dawali wyprawil posly swoi do Skirmonta Mikgajlowicza nowgorodskogo, turowskogo, pinskogo, mozyrskogo knjazja, Litwy Powilskoi djedicza, upominajuczisja u nego posluszenstwa, dani i goldu. Poslal tež´ zaraz do nego baskaki, abo poborci, rewyzory swoi i prikazal im, aby sami z koždoj golowy wybrali dan´, i pri Skirmontje zawsze meszkali, jako goldowniku, pilnujuczi ego postupkow. Skirmont, uwažiwszi swoju wolnost´, ne chotjel poddatisja emu w toe igo, ale woewatisja o wolnost´ umyslil, i zaraz rozoslal listy po panstwach swoich ruskich i litowskich, aby gotowymi byli protiwko tatarow. A gdy wyrozumjel, iž mogl dati otpor Balaklaewi, carewi tatarskomu, rospisal wsemu wojsku, abyj w pogotowosti byli. Potom poslow tatarskich prosil na czest´, a gdy priszli tak sami posly, jako i slugi ich, kazal im samim i slugam ich guby, nosy, ucha, pootrjezowati i otslal ich do Baklaja z odpowjedju, mowjaczi: «Takaja dan´ i tebe ot mene samogo potkaet». Potom Balaklaj soltan, tak srogoju otpowjedju i zel´žiwostju buduczi obruszonyj, z welikoju siloju tatarow iszol w zemlju Ruskuju, a wszedszi welikie szkody szableju i ognem poczinil. Skirmont tež´, knjaz´ nowgorodskij i litowskij wojska ruskie, kotorye mjel gotowye, zszikowawszi, potkal Balaklaja na granici swoej w Kojdanowa, a gdy obje wojska mužne i \24\

ricerski sja potkali, zaraz poczali szwankowati tatarowe i, pomeszawszisja, utekali. Sam potym car´ Balaklaj z welikostju murz i ulanow, chotjaczi zaderžati ot utjeczki tatarow swoich, skoczil i zostal na pljacu zabitym, zaczim ostatok ordy rus´ i litwa snadne nagolowu porazili, wjaznew, zdobyczi z welikoju korystju otobrali. Potom Skirmont, wytchnuwszi sobje na poboiszczu po onom zwitjazstwje, a majuczi wojska gotowye, zaraz tjagnul do Sjewerskoe zemli i Ruskoj za Dnjepr, gde najperwjej po sej storonje staryj wzjal Mozyr, potym Starodub, Karaczew, Czernjegow, zamki stolecznyi i mjesta z wolostjami knjazstw ruskich i sjewerskich opanowal, a tyi panstwa za žiwota swoego trom synom swoim rozdjelil: Ljubartowi, starszomu synowi, dal Karaczewskoe i Czernjegowskoe knjazstwo, Pisimontowi Turowskoe i Starodubskoe, a Trojanowi, molodszemu, na Nowgorodku i na podljaskich zamkach, takže na Powilskoj zemlje, abo Litwje, udjel naznaczil. Potom Skirmont, rozsziriwszi moc´ swoju litowskuju w ruskich knjazstwach, buduczi polnym slawy i wjeku, umer w Nowgorodku, a synowe ego Ljubart, Pisimont i Trojnjat na udjelnych sobje panstwach spokojne panowali. Togo ž´ czasu Kujnowojt knjaz´ ž´´mojtskij, syn Žiwinbudow, umerl, kotorogo syn ego Utenes pochowal obyczaem poganskim nad rjekoju Szwetoju na gorje, nedaleko ot Dewjaltowa pompoze, welikim barzo kosztom, nad kotrym is´´tolp postawil naxztalt osoby ego, kotrogo ljud prostyj chwalil za boga. A Utenes, panujuczi w Ž´´mondi i Litwje, czastye utarczki mjewal ot Dwiny rubeža, z njemcami in´´fljantskimi. Potom Utenes, za Wilieju ot swoego imeni založil zamok nad ozerom w Žomojdi, a potym w starosti welikoj umer. Mjel syna Swintoroga imenem, kotrogo polecil w opeku Rozgwoldowi, nowgorodskomu knjažati, kotoryj uwjazawszisja w Žomojtskuju i Litowskuju zemlju jako opekun, zaraz poczal pisatisja welikim knjazem žomojtskim i litowskim, i ruskim. Mjel bowjem otcziznych knjazstw ruskich nemalo, to est´ Nowgorodskoe Siwerskoe, Starodubskoe, Karaczowskoe, Turowskoe, Czernjegowskoe i Podljaskoe, bo tyi panstwa zawsze osobno panow mjewaly.

O poražcje barzo welikoj Rusi nad tatarami. Roku 1276. Kurdan soltan, car´ zawolskij, mstjasja zabitogo otca swoego carja Balaklaja, ot litowskich i ruskich knjazej [zabitogo] pod Kojdanowom, zobral wsje ordy swoi Zawolskie, Nagajskie, Kazanskuju, Krimskuju i tjagnul na ruskie knjazstwa, ognem i szableju pljundrujuczi. To widjaczi, Trojnjata Skirmontowicz´ nowgorodskij, podljaskij i Litwy Powilskoj knjaz´, oboslal zaraz dwoich bratow swoich, Ljubarta koraczewskogo i czernjegowskogo, Pisimonta turowskogo i starodubskogo, poslal tež do Swjatoslawa, welikogo knjazja kiewskogo i do Simeona Michajlowicza druckogo i do Dawida Mstislawicza luckogo, prosjaczi ich o ratunok, priwodjaczi ich do spolnoe zgody i pomoczi, žadajuczi protiw Kurdanowij srogomu a mocnomu caru tatarskomu. A sam Tronjat z Ljubardom i s Pisimontom bratami, zobrawszi nowgorodskoe, podljaskoe, litowskoe, starodubskoe, czernjegowskoe i turowskoe, wse ricerstwo, ruszilisja zarazom protiwko tatarow ku Mozyru.

Swjetoslaw kiewskij, \25\

Semion Michajlowicz´ druckij, Dawyd Mstislawowicz´ luckij i wolynskij knjažata zo wsjemi wojskami osobami swoimi pribyli im na pomocz´, uwažajuczi spolnuju ot tatar nebezpecznost´, zlucziwszisja wespol tym ochotnjej do obozu tjagnuly, gde sam car´ ležal za Mozyrem nad rjekoju Okunowkoju. Tam že bitwu, zszedszisja, okrutnuju stoczili z obu storon, kotoraja ot poranku až´ do weczera trwala; naostatok tatare utekaty poczali, a litwa i rus´ tym smjelej rozognanych i utjekajuczich tatarow bili, gromili, sjekli, kololi, w rjekach topili, i nagolowu onye welikie wojska nagajskie, krimskie, nad rjekoju Okunewkoju porazili. Sam car´ Kordan w maloj družinje ledwo utekl do swoej zemli, a litwa i rus´ polony i lupy sowito wsje zabrali i z welikim i slawnym zwitjazstwom do swoich storon wernulisja. ednak že knjažat i bojar ruskich i litowskich mnogo poleglo na pljacu, ot tatarow zabitych, menowite: Ljubart koraczewskij knjaz´, Pisimont turowskij knjaz´, braty Trojnjaty, Simeon Michajlowicz´ druckij, Andrej Dawydowicz´, knjažata i inszich panjat nemalo. Pozwitjazstwje tom Trojnjata syna swoego Algimonta w Nowgorodku na stolicy zostawil, a sam do Starodubska, do Czernjegowa, Karaczewa i Turowa otjechal i knjazstwa tyi, po bratoch swoich na nego spadajuczii, otobral, a potom, wernuwszisja do Nowgorodka, umer, a Algimont, syn ego, wstupil na ego mjestce na panstwo tych wsjech knjazstw i panowal spokojne. Mjel trochi neprijazni z Dawydom Mstislawiczom, knjazem luckim i bezelskim, o granicu podljaskuju i bezelskuju, a potom, nemnogo žijuczi, umer, a na ego mjesce na tye knjazstwa wsje nastupil syn ego Ringolt.

Roku 1284. Ringolt Algimuntowicz´, wnuk Tronjati, po smerti otca swoego Algimonta, gdy poczal welikim knjazem litowskim, žmojtskim i ruskim pisatisja, pozajzrjeli tomu knjažata ruskie, mjanowite Swjetoslaw, kiewskij monarcha, kotryj sobje wlast´ poradkom swoich prodkow priwlaszczal. Widjaczi, že litowskie knjažata, pogane, moc´ swoju w panstwach ruskich rozszirili i z goldu, kotryj zdawna do Kiewa platili, wybilisja, poczal raditisja z drugimi knjažaty, zwlaszcza Lwom, wolodimerskim, Dmitrom druckim, aby znowu Litwu pod jarmo perszoe mogli priwesti. Zmowilisja wsje tri spolne i odnostajne sobje pomagati i woewati protiwko Ringoltowi Algimuntowiczu, chotjaczi ego z starodawnoj otczizny swoej wygnati, knjazstw ruskich i litowskich, kotrye zawsze do Kiewskoj monarchii naležali. Zatjagnuli tež´ na pomocz´ kilka tysjaczij tatarow ot Kordana, cara zawolskogo, mjejuczogo gnjew na Litwu o zwitjazstwo nad nim. A tak wsi tri knjažaty z tatarami tjagnuli z welikim wojskom ruskim w Nowgorod´´skie deržawy, nad Nemnom ležaczie, pustoszaczi i paljaczi wsjudi. Ringolt tež´, welikij knjaz´ litowskij, žomojtskij i nowgorodskij, zobrawszi litwu i žomojt, takže i rus´ swoju, zastupil tym knjažatam nad Nemnom u Mogilny, napomjanuwszi bojar swoich i panjat takže i wojsko slowy korotkimi do bitwy i porjadne ich zszikowal i udaril na ruskie i tatarskie wojska z welikim okrikom, a oni tež´ takže smjele naterli, ufajuczi swoemu welikomu wojsku. A tak srogaja a welikaja wojna prez den´ cjelyj trwala, až´ naostatok bog pomogl Ringaldowi, že onoe welikoe wojsko ruskoe i tatarskoe tyl podalo. A tak na tom pljacu ruskogo i tatarskogo wojska zginulo 40000, tatar uteklo z tisjaczii desjati pjatsot, a rusi z Swjetoslawom kiewskim, Dmitriem druckim, Lwom wolodimerskim poltarasta žolnjerow ruskich uteklo do Lucka. A z Ringoltowa ubito wojska 7 sot, a rannych dwjestje bylo; i tak Ringolt z welikim triumfom i dobyczju neoszacowannoju, majuczi pri sobje tisjaczu tatarow, a rusi dwjestje newolnikow, powernul do Nowgorodka i byl wsjem potom Ringolt \26\

straszen.

A wykonawszi na panstwje ljet 70, umer w pokoju, zostawiwszi Mendoga syna na panstwje swoem.

O Mendogu welikom i walecznom knjazju, abo krolju litowskom i žomojtskom. Mendok, zostawszi panom i welikim knjazem litowskim i žomojtskim, i ruskim, welikie i znamenitye wojny z Rusju i Infljantami križakami mjewal i zawsze otnosil zwitjazstwo, a potom poczal stiskati prijatelej swoich z maetnostej, i togo ž roku wyprawil synowcow swoich na zwoewane ruskich knjazstw, erdwila, Wikenta i Tewtila, abo Feofila. I roskazal im persze tjagnuti do Smolenska, mowjaczi do nich tak: «Chto sobje szczo dobudet na Rusi, to nechaj sobje wjeczne deržit i za otcziznu maet». Jako ž sja im dobre i powodilo, bo Feofil wzjal Polocko, a Wikint Witebsko, a erdwil, abo Radiwil, w Smolensku i w Drucku kilka prigorodkow wzjal z wolostjami ich. A tak tyi tri bratija knjažata litowskie, perestajuczi na tom, szczo sobje zawoewali, ugruntowalisja w prereczonych panstwach, i zakon i wjeru christianskuju ruskuju prinjali, aby tym ziczliwszich sobje poddannych zednali, a o Mendoga, stryja swoego, knjazja litowskogo, ne dbali i ego zwerchnosti nad soboju mjeti ne chotjeli. Czogo ne moguczi terpjeti, Mendog, jako na protiwnych sobje, poslal wojsko, roskazujuczi, aby ich pobili, i onoj zelžiwosti i newdjacznosti nad nimi pomstitisja. To uczjuwszi, Feofil i erdwil, i Wikint, bratija, osadili zamki swoi ljudom ricerskim, a sami, zljaxzisja mocy welikoj stryja swoego Mendoga, utekjai do Danila Romanowicza, krolja ruskogo, kotryj w toj czas krolewal i krolem wsej Rossii pisalsja (bo byl koronowanyj), prosjaczi ego o oboronu i pomocz´ protiw Mendogowi, striewi swoemu, welikomu knjazju litowskomu. Utekli sja tež´ i do Wasilija, wolodimerskogo knjazja, brata Danila Romanowicza, korolja ruskogo, kotorye to na toj czas byli na Czornoj i Bjeloj Rusi možnjejszimi knjazjami ruskimi. Tedy krol´ Danilo Romanowicz´ prinjal ich w swoju oboronu i poczal wojska zbirati z Wasiliem, bratom swoim, protiw Mendogowi, spodjewajuczisja, za takoju pogodoju Nowgorodka i inszich knjazstw ruskich, kotrye na tojczas Litwa deržala, dostati i do Kiewskoj monarchii priwernuti, a Litwu do goldu primusiti wojnoju. Poslal tež´ i do Boleslawa Wstidliwago, korolja polskogo, i do inszich knjažat ruskich, prosjaczi jako susjedow i panow christiaiskich o pomocz´, i wojsko protiw poganoj litwje, ale emu poljaki wymowilisja, buduczi zwoewany ot tatarow, kotrych bylo szest´ krot 100 000 z Kojdanom carem a wnukom Batiewym, kotryj w toj czas preszedszi Ruskuju krainu prez Ruskie panstwa, Polskuju, Kujawskuju, Szlionskuju zemlju, Murawskuju i Wengerskoe panstwo okrutne byli splendrowali. A Danilo poslal tež´ zaraz do mistra infljanskogo, prosjaczi o pomocz´, na szto Gendrich mistr ochoczo pozwolil. To uczuwszi, Mendog welmi zatrwožilsja i wyprawil posly swoi do Danila korolja i Wasilija brata ego, prosjaczi o primir´e, i, aby tym snadnjej pokoj oderžal, poslal im s poslami syna swoego starszogo Wojselka w zakladje, kotryj potom okrestilsja w ruskuju wjeru i zostal christianinom i czerncem napotym.

Roku 1286. Boleslawa Pudyki, krolja polskogo, toj že Mendog czastymi najezdami, z welikim krowi christianskoj rozljanem, Mazowszu, Dobryn´ i Kujawu ognem i meczem pljundrowal. Potom, roku 1287, ot križakow infljantskich i pruskich namowlenyj, z njekotyrimi panami litowskimi rimskuju wjeru prinjal Mendog, okreszczenyj est´ i Mendolfom nazwanyj. I dal listi mistrowy Gendrikowi križakow pruskich, w kotorych piszet, iž ot križakow pomoczik \27\

w reczach welikich ot nich wspomožen byl, a za toe deržawi zemli swoej, mjanowite Ž´´mont Jatwjagi, Kurow, Wjazmu i wsju zemlju Litowskuju wjecznoju darowiznoju im daruet i zapisuet, a za radoju brata križakow pruskich posly swoi pri poslach mistra Genrika do Inokentija Czetwertogo, rimskogo papeža, wyprawil, wyznawajuczi, že zostal christianinom, i prosit o koronu na krolewstwo Litowskoe. A tak Inokentij papež´ brata swoego, legada polskogo, i pri nem kilka biskupow do Rigi, stolecznogo w Infljantech mjesta, poslal, kotrye to biskupy Mendoga na Litowskoe krolewstwo pomazali i ukoronowali. ednak Mendog ne dolgo w christianstwje buduczi trwal, ale nemal´ togo ž roku po koronaciej swoej do perszogo balwochwalstwa zo wsjemi okreszczenymi pany njekotorymi wernulsja, i szczo byl zapisal križakom, to wse otnjal ot nich.

Potom, roku 1289 Mendog, abo Medolfus, krol´ litowskij, zobrawszi ljud woennyj nemalyj z litwy, z prusow i jatwigow, knjazstwo Mazoweckoe okrutne splendrowal, zamok Polockij i mjesto spalil, a potom do Prus wpawszi, mjesta, kotrye byli križaki pobudowali, popalil, i wsjech christian, kotrye tam meszkali, wysekl, a zam´´kom niczogo ne czinil, bo ich križaki mocno boronili. Znowu togo ž roku, gdy križaki z mistrom swoim zamok na gorje Grigorija, nazwannoj Kaszuwja, zakladali, litwa, napawszi na nich, porazili ich doszczentu, tam že Genrik Dogorchuson, mistr infljantskij, i Genrik, marszalok pruskij, z mnogimi ricerskimi mužami na pljacu polegli, a litwa zamok Kaszowin i Gerburg tych, kotrye ich boronili, golodom wymoriwszi opanowali.

Potom, Mendog roku 1290, zobrawszi wojsko z Litwy i inszich krain prileglych, z Swarnom, ruskim knjazem, wpal do Mazowszi, a tam w wiliju swjatago Ioanna Krestitelja Zemowita, knjazja mazoweckogo w Ujazdowje, folwarku krolewskom, w polmili ot Warszawy, z synom Konratom neostorožnogo zostawszi, sam Swarn, knjaz´ ruskij, rukoju swoeju stjal, a Konrada, syna ego, Mendog do sebe wzjal, kotrogo mazurowe togo ž roku wykupili. Potom litwa na priszlyj rok, s prusami i rusju ne kontentujuczisja perszoju zdobyczju, wtorgnuwszisja do Mazowszi, Lowicz´, mjesto i zamok, ognem i meczem splendrowali i bez žadnogo otporu do swoich krain z welikoju dobycz´ju i triumfom wernulisja. Lecz´ gospod´ bog, zmilowawszisja nad utrapenem mazurow i wspomniwszi na ljud swoj christianskij, nezgody domowye meži rusju i litwoju wkinul, bo Mendoga, korolja litowskogo, i dwoch synow ego, Ruklju i Repinusa, Tronjata, synowec ego, z Dolljatom, zjatem swoim, pragnuczi w Litwje panowanja, zabil spjaczogo i panstwo ego osjel; to bylo roku 1292. To uczuwszi, Wojselok, syn ego tretij, kotryj w czerncy byl postrigsja, takže i Feofil, synowec ego, onogo Tronjatu na lowach poimali i zamordowali. A letopiscy starodawnye litowskie tak powjedajut: že skoro Mendog wjeru christianskuju pokinul a do perszoj poganskoj wjeri wjernulsja, ne moguczi ponoszenija ot roznych stanow terpjeti, syn ego Wojselok jechal do Galicza do Danila Romanowicza, korolja ruskogo, i Wasilka brata ego, kotrye byli golownymi neprijatelmi na toj czas o granicy panstwa Mendogu otcewi ego, meszkal pod Grigoriem Polonikom archimandritom galickim, majuczi wszeljakoe dowolstwo i czest´, jako krolewicz´ ot Danila, korolja ruskogo. Potom ot togo Grigorija wzjal Wojselok blagoslowenie i iszol do Swjatoj gory, ale za rozbojami ne mogl dojti do Swjatoj gory, \28\

wernulsja do swoej zemlje do Nowgorodka, i zbudowal sobje monastyr nad Nemnom meži Litwoju i Nowgorodkom, i tam mjeszkal z kilkanadcetju czerncami w pobožnosti žiwota, a otec ego strafowal o takoe žitie, ale on o toe ne dbal i mjel otcu swoemu za zle. I trafilosja, že w toj czas umerla žona Mendogowa, po kotroj welmi frasowalsja, i poslal do sestry žony swoej rodnoj, kotraja byla za Dowmontom, za analzanskim knjazem, prosjaczi eje, aby prijechala otdati sestrje poslugu ostatnjuju. A gdy prijechala na pogreb, zaraz krol´ Mendog rozmilowalsja eje, a, chotjaczi eje sobje mjeti za žonu, mowil do nei: «Sestra twoja a moja žona umerla, i prosila mene, abym tebe wzjal sobje za žonu na eje mjestce», czogo ona ne pozwoljala, ale on eje prinewolil meszkati z soboju. Uczuwszi toe, zaanalzanskij knjaz´ Dowmant byl z toj neslusznoj nowinyj no welmij smutnyi, mysljaczi, jak by mogl nad nim pomstitisja toj swoej zelžiwosti nad Mendogom. Czekal i promyszljal o ego zabitju, lecz´ ne mogl togo sposobom jawnym dokazati, gdy ž´ ne mjel s tak sily, zmowilsja z Trojnjatom, sestrencem Mendogowym, kotryj na toj czas w Žomontje panowal i ne zyczil dobrogo niczogo wuewi swoemu; i sprisjaglisja obadwa, Trojnjata z Dowmontom, aby ego zabiti. A gdy Mendog wsje wojska swoi litowskie poslal za Dnjepr na Romana, knjazja branskogo i Dowmat tež poszol byl na tuju wojnu, jako goldownik wedlug powinnosti, a ugljedjewszi potomczas, wernulsja nazad z ljudom swoim, wymowiwszisja u getmana Mendagowa welikoju i gwaltownoju potreboju. A tak z´´jechalisja z Trojnatom, kotryj mjel wojsko wpogotowu žomojtskoe. I tak obadwa oskoczili nespodjewane Mendoga spjaczogo i zabili ego samogo i dwoch synow ego, Ruklju i Repinusa. Uczuwszi to, Wojselk, syn ego, kotryj byl czerncem, utekl do Pinska i tam w monastyrje mjeszkal, a Trojnjat poczal panowati na knjazstwje Litowskom i Žomojtskom. I tak skonczilosja w toj czas krolewstwo Litowskoe wespol s korolem Mendogom, kotryj korolem byl ljet 11. A Trojnjat, buduczi uže welikim knjazem litowskim, wyprawil do Feofila brata swoego, knjazja polockogo, prosjaczi ego, aby prijechal do nego dlja spolnoj radosti i winszowanja na nowom panstwje. A Feofil, majuczi porazumene z Wojselkom czerncem, synom Mendogowym, kotoryj priwodil na toe Feofila, aby sja pomstil nad bratom swoim zabitja Mendogowogo, spuszczajuczi emu wse prawo swoe prirožonoe, jako christianinowi i bratu spolne wjeri ruskoj, esli by zabil Tronjatu. Potom tuju radu skazal bojarin wlasnyj Feofilow, Prokopij poloczanin, Tronjati, peresteregajuczi ego, aby sja steregl. Uczuwszi to, Tronjata uperedil brata Feofila, i zabil ego zarazom, a knjazstwo ego Polockoe opanowawszi, bezpeczne sam odin w Litwje, Žomojdje i Rusi panowal. Ale nedolgo, bo skoro Tronjat wojska swoi do Mazowszi litowskie i jatwjazskie do Mazowszi wyprawil, a Czerwinskuju zemlju spljundrowal, zarazom cztyri wjernyi slugi Mendogowy, sprisjagszisja na Trojnjatu zabiti, gdy iszol do lazni, zabili ego, a sami utekli do Wojselka na Pinsk.

Roku 1296. Gdy takowyi zlyi zabojstwa i wnutrnyi nezgody knjažat litowskich i žomoitskich trwožili i welikimi a prawe pewnymi nebezpeczensty pered tym slawnomu panstwu Welikogo knjazstwa Litowskogo grozili, obaczilisja panowe, w kotorych naležal poradok i zachowane reczi pospolitoj, iž bez pewnogo ednogo woža i zwerchnjejszogo sprawcy, tak szirokie panstwa križakom pruskim i infljantskim neprijatelem golownym, takže Rus´ju ogrožonoju, ne mogli w cjelosti osjedjetisja, dlja togo zaraz, zagasiwszi meži soboju nesnaski wsje, naznacziwszi czas, zjechalisja do Tarnowa i radili o wybranju pana i knjazja sobje. A tak radili Wojselka czernca syna Mendogowa, kotryj na toj czas meszkal w Pinsku w monastyru, podnesti na panstwo, a inye mnogich inszich chotjeli, a poloczane, nowgorožane, gorodnjane, podljaszane i mozyrane zgožalisja ednostajnymi golosami, na kotrogokolwek z synow Danila korolja ruskogo, ljub Lwa, ljubo tež Romana na panstwo prositi Litowskoe, inszie tež´ na Swarna, Danilowa sestrenca, kotoryj na toj czas w Dorogiczinje mjel swoju stolicu, a z Mendogom, korolem litowskim, zabitym, welikoe prijatelstwo \29\

mjejuczim na panstwo podnesti ego. Litowskie znowu wsje panowe na toe i slowa ne dali mowiti, boronjaczi w tom i peresteregajuczi wolnosti swoej i wsego narodu swoego litowskogo, mowili, že ljepsze Wojselka, syna Mendogowa, jako wlasnogo djedicza z monastyrja Pinskogo na knjazstwo wzjati, a esli by ne chotjel, to i gwaltom wzjat ego, i na Welikoe knjazstwo Litowskoe otcziznoe podpesti. A tak zaraz panowe litowskie wyprawili do Wojselka poslow zacnych i welikich panow, imenem wsego pospolstwa i panow, prosjaczi ego na otcziznoe, wlasne emu naležaczoe panstwo, lecz´ Wojselko, buduczi powolannym ot boga na stan duchownyj, wymowljalsja mnogo, ne pozwoljajuczi na to žadnoju mjeroju, i ne sluchajuczi ich w tom, ale že na toj czas byli gwaltowne strwožonye powtore wyprawili posly do nego, mowjaczi: «esli ne uczinisz togo na prozbu naszu, to i gwaltom ozmem tja na panstwo». I tak welikimi prozbami ot poddannych buduczi zmjakczonym, wyjechal z monastyrja Pinskogo do Nowgorodka, a potom z nowgorožany w knjažom pocztje do Kernowa, gde ego wsi panowe, bojare i wse pospolstwo z welikim weselem i radostiju, «lado» «lado», wzywajuczi, wdjaczne ego prinjali, i na stolicy Welikogo knjazstwa Litowskogo, Žomojtskogo, Nowgorodskogo, Polockogo i Kurljandskogo posadili zwyklymi ceremoniami, i z meczem, w szatje i szapcje knjažoj, podnesli wjenszujuczi i zyczaczi emu szczasliwago panowanja w dolgie wjeki. A tak Wojselok, oderžawszi gruntowne panstwo otcziznoe, trwal nabožne w zakonje czerncem, bo zawsze na knjažich suknjach swjetlodorogich, na golowje zwerchu klobuk czornyj nosil. ednak že na poczatku panowanja swoego mnogo panow litowskich, žomojtskich i jatwjazskich pomordowal, msticzisja smerti otca swoego Mendoga, drugie zas´, jak pred Neronom utjekali, a on imjenija ich swoim rozdawal dworanom, i tym prezsljedowanem neprijatelej wnutrnych i lupjezstwom poddannych, welikie skarby zobral, kotorym skarbom wojska zatjagajuczi, protiwko Lwu Danilowiczu, krolewiczu ruskomu, knjažati wolodimerskomu o granici litowskie woewali poražal ego. Z Swarnom, knjazem druckim, sestrencem Danilowym, welikuju mjel prijazn´, i spolnoju wojskowoju siloju Polszczu naeždžali i welmi pljundrowali.

O zabitju knjazja Wojselka ot Lwa knjazja ruskogo. Roku 1298. Wojselk, welikij knjaz´ litowskij i ž´´mojtskij, zobrawszi wojsko z litwy, ž´´mojtow i jatwjagow po smerti Danila, krolja ruskogo, wzjal i opanowal kilka zamkow ruskich podczas interegnum, a potom tjagnul na Wolyn´, chotjaczi Lwu Danilowiczu wydrati z ruk Wolodimer. Lecz´ knjaz´ Lew, uchodjaczi mudre wojny z Wojselkom, zwlaszcza w zatrwoženem panstwje po otcu swježo umerlom korolje, udalsja z nim w kompromis do slusznoj spolnych granic ugody, kotoryj to Wojselk wsego Wolynja upominalsja uporne. I tak rospustil Wojselko wojsko, wzjawszi czas na spolnuju z Lwom rozmowu, a zabjegajuczi nebezpecznoj woinje, zjechalisja byli do Wolodimera Wasilij, knjaz´ galickij, brat rožonyj Danila krolja a stryj Lwow Swarno druckij, i inszie ruskie knjažata. Wojselko tež´, welikij knjaz´ litowskij, prijechal na czas zloženyj do Wronska monastyra swjatago Danila, w kotorom perszej byl czerncem, i ležal tam obozom dolgo z panami, knjažaty i bojary swoimi, czekajuczi wyjezdu knjazej ruskich na kompromis o granicu, ale Lew Danilowicz´, knjaz´ wolodimerskij, zažiwajuczi chitrogo fortelju, umyslil wyzwati glubsze Wojselka w Ruskuju zemlju, aby tak snadne mogl ego pokonati, prosil Wasilija, stryja swoego, aby pojechal ku Wojselku do Wronska, takže i Swarna, brata wuecznago, prosjaczi Wojselka, aby do Woladimera z panami \30\

swoimi litowskimi bezpeczne prijechal dlja prijatelskoj namowy. Zboronjasja dolgo Wojselko z panami litowskimi, majuczi w podojzrjenju Lwa, a majuczi z soboju zdawna neprijazn´, a gdy Wojselkowi Swarno i Wasilij galickij wjeroju swoeju obowjazalisja i bezpeczenstwo prirekli, dalsja namowiti i jechal z nimi do Wolodimira, gde ego Lew z bratom swoim Romanom w den´ nedelnyj po zwerchownoju prijaznju ucztiwe prinjal. Mjel gospodu Wojselko z litwoju swoeju i panami litowskimi wsjemi w monastyru swjatago Michaila Welikogo nazwannogo. Nazawtree, skoro po obmowje, prosil wsjech knjažat Mirszkolt njemec, pan ruskij, do sebe na objed, kotoryj to byl pan najwyszszim sprawcoju i radnym u Danila krolja ruskogo, i byli wsje wesely w nego. Podpiwszi Wasilij, knjaz´ galickij, wyjechal do gospody swoej, Wojselko takže do monastyrja jechal z panami swoimi litowskimi do gospody swoej bezpeczne. A potym Lew, knjaz´ wolodimerskij, prijechal do nego w monastyr´ pjanyj i wyzwal ego o s pokoju, mowjaczi obyczaem towarijskim: «Napijmosja eszcze, pane kume», bo sja byli w toj czas u Marszkolta njemca pokumali. A skoro do nego Wojselko pjanyj s pokoju bezpeczne wyjszol, ne spodjewajuczisja zrady, zaraz emu poczal Lew wykidati na oczi okrutenstwo otca ego Mendoga, kotoroe czinil nad zemljami ruskimi, že nesluszne otorwal zamkow ruskich kilkos´ sobje, a zatym z welikoju popudliwostju slugam swoim kazal oskocziti, a sam emu szableju rostjal golowu, až´ mozok z nej briznul na stjenu, i pokinul ego w monastyru zabitogo. A inszich panow litowskich, u gospodach spjaczich, stinano, dworan tež´ Wojselkowych pjanych, kotrye takoj czesti ne spodjewalisja, posjeczeno, a drugich na zamku Wolodimerskom posaženo do wjazenja. I tym sposobom Lew uczinil konec wojnje swoej z Litwoju. A Basilij, knjaz´ galickij, stryj Lwow, z Swarnom dorogickim, pokazujuczi z sebe, iž smerti Wojselkowoj ne byli winny, bo ego byli sami na swoe slowo z monastyra Wronskogo wybawali, z welikoju žalostiju togo pripadku žalowali, majuczi to za wjecznuju ganbu i zelžiwost´ narodu ruskogo, že tak zacnoe knjaža protiw prawu wsjech narodow za zlamanoju ot nich prireczenoju wjeroju byl zabityj; tam že ego w monastyru swjatago Michaila w Wolodimeru, jako knjazja, ucztiwe pochowano. I w tom Wojselku zabitom, synu Mendogowom, skonczilasja familija Palemonowa, knjažati rimskogo.

Knjaženie na Litwje Swindoroga. Roku 1299. Prez tak wnutrnye nezgody i szkodliwyi domowyi rostirki knjažata litowskie Mendog krol´ ot Tronjati synowca, Tronjat tež´ zabil i Feofila, polockogo knjazja, brata swoego, z naprawy Wojselka. Wojselok tež, wygubiwszi mnogo panow litowskich, ot Lwa Danilowicza byl zabitym. Poszlo bylo welmi Welikoe knjazstwo Litowskoe na Woloskoe gospodarstwo, ale Litwa w czas tomu zabjegla: widjaczi, že sja recz´ pospolitaja wo upadku mjela byti, zaraz ne žduczi, aby sja bez panstwa zastarjelo, oplakawszi žalosne zamordowanja welikogo knjazja swoego Wojselka Mendogowicza, zjechalisja wsje do Kernowa, a po korotkich mowach ednostajnymi golosy wybrali na Welikoe knjazstwo Litowskoe i Nowgorodskoe Swindoroga Utenesowicza, knjaža žomoitskoe, kotoryj na toj czas mjel ljet 88, gdy byl wybran na Welikoe knjazstwo Litowskoe.

Roku 1300. Gdy ne zgožalsja z szljachtoju i ricerstwom swoim Zemomysl, kujawskij i len´czickij knjaz´, a burdy wnutrnye byli, zaraz Litwa zobralasja i prosto prez Mazowszu i pruskie granicy do zemli Kujawskoj wtjagnuli, a, nabrawszi ljudej i dobytku, z welikoju dobycz´ju wernulisja do Litwy. Swindorog Utenesowicz´, welikij knjaz´ litowskij, w zoszlych ljetach staruszok, spokojne w Litwje panowal. Toj že Swindorog zrobil mjestce choroszee na puszczy podlja reki \31\

Wilii, gde rjeka Wilnja wpadaet w Wiliju, na pogrebenie swoe i prosil syna swoego Germonta, aby na tom mjestcu bylo žegliszcze, gde by ego mertwogo, wedlug obyczaju poganskogo spalili, i prikazal emu, aby po smerti ego na tom mjestcu, gde ego spalit, aby i inszych knjažat litowskich i bojar znamenitych paleno mertwych, i aby uže trupow mertwych ne bylo paleno indej, tylko tam. A prikazawszi to synowi swoemu, umer Swindorog u.

Pogreby jakie byli lito wskie. Kgermont, zostawszi po otcu swoem welikim knjazem litowskim žomojtskim i ruskim, wedlug prikazanja otcewskogo, na tom mjestcu, na ustju reki Wilni, gde w Wiliju wpadaet, uczinil žegliszcze i tam spalil tjelo otca swoego i konja, na kotrom jezdil, i szatu kotruju nosil, i pokoewogo ego, na kotrogo zawsze byl laskaw, sokola i chorta ego spalil, i ot togo czasu welikich knjažat litowskich i bojar znamenitych tjela na tom mjestcu bilj paleni, i toe mjestce, prozwali Swindoroga, na imja togo welikogo knjazja swoego. A gdy togo knjazja, abo kotrogo inszogo knjazja, abo pana jakogo paleno, tedy zobrawszi poroch ego, napotym chowali w zemlju, kladuczi pri nich rysii i medwežii nogti dlja togo, iž´ maet byti sudnyj den´, i tak mowili, že priidet bog suditi ljudej i sjadet na gorje wysokoj, sudjaczi sprawedliwych i grjesznych, na kotruju goru trudno budet wljezsti bez nogtej risich abo medwežiich na toj sud do boga. A ljubo byli pogane, ednak znali, že mjel byti den´ sudnyj, i wjerili z mertwych woskreseniju. Ustawil na toe mjesce i ufundowal Germont popy poganskie i wworožbitow, kotorye by mogli ofjeri bogom swoim otprawowati, ogon´ tež wjecznyj z dubowych drow na tych žegliszczach zawsze den´ i nocz´ gorjel na chwalu Perkunowi bogu, kotrogo mnimali gromami, bliskawicami i ognem wladjeti, a esli by za nedbalstwom popa sedmicznogo ogon´ toj mjel zgasnuti, takowogo bez žadnogo miloserdija, jako swjatokradcu albo i wsjech popow, jako swjatokradcow, sudili i ognem palili. Potom Germont, uspokoiwszi ot pruskich i infljanskich križakow, takže i ot Polszczi prez primire granici swoi, a znowu sobrawszi wojsko z žmojdi i litwy, wtorgnul na Wolyn´ w deržawy Lwa Danilowicza wolodimerskogo, kiewskogo i luckogo knjazja, mstjaczisja nad nim zabitja Wojselka knjazja litowskogo, welikie i neoszacowanye porobil szkody; Lucko i Wolodimer wysekl i wypalil, a z skarbami welikimi wernulsja dodomu. A potom Germont, knjaz´ litowskij welikij, umer, zostawiwszi po sobje dwoch synow, Aligimina i Trabusa. A gdy umer Germont, zjechalisja panowe žmojtskie i litowskie do Kernowa, a tam z Aligiminom i Trabusom, synami ego, oplakawszi smerti Germontowoj, wezli tjelo ego na žegliszcze, jako poswjaszczennoe. Tam že ego obyczaem zwyklym w szatach knjažich z szableju, z konem i z slugoju najkochanszim, i s paroju chortow, i z sokolom ucztiwe, z welikoju žalostju spalili, a potom, wernuwszisja do Kernowa, zaraz Aligimina, starszogo syna ego, na knjazstwo Litowskoe, a Trabusa na Žomojtskoe knjazstwo podnesli, ubrawszi ich w szaty knjažie i szapki, otdajuczi im obom mecz´ golyj i posoch otcewskij w ruki. Posoch dlja togo, aby w domu poddannych sudili sprawedliwe, a meczem granic Welikogo knjazstwa Litowskogo i Žomojtskago boronili, czujne i spolne braterskoju milostiju rozmnožajuczi. Aligimin Germontowicz´, knjaz´ litowskij, ledwo rokow tri na panstwje wykonawszi, pomer, a umirajuczi, Ramunta, syna swoego, na knjazstwo Litowskoe naznaczil.

Knjaženie Ramunta na Litowskom knjazstwje. Roku 1306. Sprawiwszi, wedlug zwyczaju swoego poganskogo, pogreb Aligiminowi knjazju, panowe litowskie, a powernuwszi ot žegliszcz do Kernowa wsje ednostajne z pospolstwom Ramunta, syna Aligiminowa, podnesli na Welikoe knjazstwo Litowskoe. Tot Ramunt eszcze za žiwota otcewskogo synow pjati splodil: Narimonta, Dowmonta, \32\

Golszu, Gedrusa i Trojdesa. Tyi wsi edinako djelnost´ ricerskuju z sebe pokazowali, lecz´ Trojdes, molodszij, wwes´ žiwot swoj do wojny i krowi rozljanja prostowal, tot že Trojdes, zobrawszi wojsko z litwy, prusow poganow, kotorych bylo 30 000 ljudu woennogo, rozdjelil ich na troe — odin zagon do Mazowszi, a dwa do zemli Chelmskoj poslal, a dobiwszi zamku Bergelowa pod križakami, spalil, i množestwo ljudu, z dobytkami i dobyczami roznymi do Litwy w newolju wyweli. W toj czas Ramunt, knjaz´ litowskij, zostawiwszij tych pjati synow swoich po sobje, umer; zaraz panowe litowskie, zabjegajuczi tomu, aby sja rostirki jakie meži tak mnogo djediczami i bratami ne wzjali, z´´jechalisja do Kernowa, a tam czasu ne tratjaczi mnogo mowami porožnimi, ednostajnymi golosami knjazstwo Litowskoe i Ruskoe w opeku Trabusu Germontowiczu, knjažati ž´´mojtskomu, dali, aby po ty sprawowal i radil nimi, až by poki tych pjati synow Romuldowych wlasnych djediczow poradne rosprawili i podjelili Welikogo knjazstwa Litowskogo krainami, szczo budet komu szczo naležati. Tak tedy Trabus na poczatku opeki swoej mjesto Trabu ot swoego imeni založil, a knjažat molodych, wnukow swoich, pri sobje w ricerskich sprawach cwiczil, a potom togo ž roku umerl w Nowgorodku i ot prereczonych knjažat, wnukow swoich, na žegliszczach, wedlug knjažoj godnosti, zwyczaem poganskim z konem, slugoju, zbrojno, takže i z myslistwom w szatach knjažich byl spalenyj.

Knjaženie Narimonta w Litwje. Narimont, syn starszij Ramultow, otprawiwszi pogreb stryewi swoemu, sam knjazstwo Litowskoe opanowal, i stolicu z Nowgorodka do Kernowa perenesl. Dowmont zamok Utenja z powjetom do nego naležaczim založil i osjel. Gedrus zamok nad ednym ozerom ot swoego imeni založil, otkol´ perwjej poczali pisatisja knjažata Gedros´´cy. Golszcza nad Wilieju i Korablem rjekami, ku wschodu slonca zamok knjazstwa swoego stolecznyj, ot swoego imeni Golszanoju nazwanyj, založil. Trojden jatwigi, gde teper´ Podljasze i knjazstwo Dojnewskoe, dobrowolne sobje podanoe, opanowal, kotoryj, zajechawszi z prigody w puszczu na lowy, naszol goru roskosznuju nad Bobrom rjekoju, kotoroj položene sobje upodobawszi, zbudowal Rajgorodok zamok. Nad tymi czotyrma bratami Narimont, jako starszij buduczi, w Welikom knjazstwje Litowskom panowal, a, zlucziwszisja z silami ich Polszczu, Rus´, Mazowszu i Prusy czastokrot naježdžali, križakom tež´ tak infljantskim, jako i pruskim, ne folgowali. Potom Narimont z Dowmentom bratom, iž emu byl žonu, o kotoruju sja Narimont w malženstwo staral wzjal, wnutrnuju wojnu zaczal, zamok Utenu, gde byl Dowmot z žonoju zapersja, oblegl i dostal zamkui žonu wzjal, a Dowmont do Pskowa utekl, za knjazja ot pskowjan est obranyj, za kotorych pomocz´ju rus´ okolo Polocka, zamku Polockogo dostawszi, pod swoju moc podbil. Toj Narimunt mjel gerb, abo klejnot, ricerstwa swoego takowyj, i tym peczatowalsja, Welikomu knjazstwu Litowskomu zostawil ego, a to takij: w gerbje muž zbrojnyj, na konju bjelom, w polju czerwonom, mecz´´ golyj, jako by kogo gonjaczi deržal nad golowoju, i est´ ottolja nazwanyj «pogonja». A požiwszi do starosti, Narimont potym umer i pochowan est´´, jako knjaz´, na žegliszczu, obyczaem poganskim, z žalostju wsego pospolstwa.

Apie kn. Palemonas (Lietuvių)

Palemonas – Lietuvos metraščių (Bychovco) legendinėje dalyje ir kt. istorijos šaltiniuose minimas legendinis Gediminaičių ir kt. ankstyvosios LDK valdovų pirmtakas bei protėvis, iki XIX a. I pusės daugelio lietuvių ir lenkų kildintas iš senovės Romos didikų. Pasak istoriko J. Tumelio, Palemono vardą Lietuvos metraščių platesniojo sąvado sudarytojai galėjo perimti iš romėnų istorikų raštų, kuriuose minimas kažkoks I a. pr. m. e. gyvenęs Palemonas (istorinis asmuo), iš Marko Antonijaus gavęs valdyti Ponto sritį Mažojoje Azijoje. Tuo tarpu pretekstą sukurti Palemono legendą minėto sąvado sudarytojams galėjo suteikti vienas iš lietuvių romėniškosios kilmės teorijos kūrėjų Janas Dlugošas, kuris savo „Lenkijos istorijose“ pateikė legendą apie dab. Vilniaus miesto vietoje kadaise neva apsistojusį nuo Cezario rūstybės iš Italijos pabėgusių Pompėjaus šalininkų būrį, bei Dlugošo amžininkas Pilypas Kalimachas, kuris apie 1480 m. veikale Kardinolo Zbignevo Olesnickio gyvenimas iškėlė lietuvių gališkosios kilmės hipotezę, – pasak šios hipotezės, lietuviai yra kilę iš senovės galų, kuriuos į būsimos Lietuvos teritoriją kažkurios keltų invazijos į Šiaurės Italiją laikotarpiu esą atvedė link „Šiaurės Okeano“ pajudėjusių galų kilčių vadas Lemonijus.

Lietuvos metraščiuose, XVI a. rašiusių lenkų istorikų veikaluose ir kai kuriuose kt. XVI-XVIII a. šaltiniuose įvairiais variantais pateikta Palemono legenda, kuri yra lietuvių romėniškosios kilmės teorijos sudėtinė dalis, susiformavo XV a. paskutiniaisiais dešimtmečiais ir XVI a. I pusėje bei viduryje; XVI a. viduryje lenkų istorikas Martynas Kromeris Lietuvos metraščių Palemoną pirmasis ėmė tapatinti su Pompėjaus bendražygiu Publijumi Libonu (istorinis asmuo; jį savo raštuose mini Liucijus Floras ir kt. romėnų istorikai).

Pasak dalies minėtų šaltinių, I a. pr. m. e. Romos Respublikoje vykstant pilietiniam karui, Pompėjaus laivyno vadas Publijus Libonas, kurį vėlesniais laikais Lietuvoje žmonės esą ėmė vadinti „Palemonu“, paliko tėvynę ir išvyko į šiaurę kartu su žmona, vaikais bei 500 Romos patricijų. Apiplaukę Europą, jie išlipo į krantą ties Nemuno žiotimis; toliau tie pabėgėliai esą plaukę Nemunu iki Dubysos, o ties pastarosios žiotimis, ant gražios ąžuolais apaugusios kalvos įkūrę pilį ar šventyklą.

Pasak Palemono legendos „metraštinės“ versijos, Palemonas buvo Romos imperatoriaus Nerono giminaitis; gelbėdamasis nuo Nerono persekiojimų, jis su šeima ir 500 valdinių pabėgęs iš Italijos ir apsigyvenęs prie Nemuno, Jūros bei Dubysos upių. Iš Palemono vaikaičių esą kilo Lietuvos didieji kunigaikščiai ir kunigaikščiai Alšėniškiai bei Giedraičiai, o iš kartu su Palemonu į Lietuvą neva atvykusių Romos patricijų palikuonių – didikai Goštautai, Davainos ir Manvydai.

Istoriografijoje nuo XVIII a. antrosios pusės Palemonas laikomas Lietuvos metraščių legendinės dalies fiktyviu personažu.

LITERATŪRA

Iš laisvosios interneto enciklopedijos Vikipedija. Prieigą per internetą, žiūrėtą 2015-07-18 <https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palemonas_(legendinis_asmuo)>.


Lietuvos ir Žemaitijos kronika, kaip ir kiti baltarusių-lietuvių metraščiai, prasideda legendine dalimi, besivadinančia "Išvada ir pasakojimas apie Didžiąją Lietuvos ir Žemaitijos kunigaikštystę, iš kur kilo ir vystėsi". Joje pasakojama apie Romos patricijų Palemoną ("Bychovco kronikoje" vadintą ir Apolonu), kuris su 500 šlėktų kartu su šeimomis ir turtais bėgo nuo imperatoriaus Nerono (kituose šaltiniuose - hunų valdovo Atilos) persekiojimų per jūrą iki Nemuno žiočių. Čia jei išsilaipino, "rado kalnus aukštus ir ąžuolynus puikius", gausybę žvėrių ir žuvų, ėmė daugintis ir pavadino "tą kraštą Žemontu, nuo dauginimosi". Visi jie priklausė Jaučio, Lokio, Kolonų ir Rožių herbams. Pats Palemonas, tikėtina, priklausė Jaučio herbui, kas liudijo apie jo vyraujančią padėtį dinastijos hierarchijoje.

Palemonas susilaukė sūnų Barkaus, Kunas ir Spero. Barkus pasiėmė žemės prie Nemuno ir įkūrė Jurbarko pilį. Kunas (Kunasijus) apsijojo prie Vilijos upės ir įkūrė Kauno pilį. Spera nuėjo saulės tekėjimo kryptimi, persikėlė per Nevėžio, Širvintos ir Šventosios upes ir pastatė Speros pilį (iš tikro, Širvintų rajone yra Spėros ežeras). Vėliau Kuno sūnus Kernius įkūrė Kernavę. Kadangi vietiniai mėgo groti ąžuoliniais trimitais, kai Kernius kraštą pavadino sujungęs žodžius 'litus' (krantas) ir 'tuba' (vamzdis) - Litusbania. Tačiau vietiniai nemokėjo lotyniškai, tad ėmė vadinti tiesiog Lietuva. Iš Palemono ir kildina save Erdvilas ar Radvila, tapęs pirmuoju didžiuoju Naugarduko kunigaikščiu.

Pats Palemonas esąs palaidotas Seredžiaus piliakalnyje, tebevadinamu Palemono kalnu. Iš Palemono kilę visi Lietuvos kunigaikščiai, o taip pat Goštautai, Mantvydai, Davainos ir kt.

About Palemon (Polski)

CHRONIKA LITOWS´KA J ŽMOJTS´KA Opis rukopisu WYWOD I POCZATOK O WЕLIKOM KNJAZSTWJE LITOWSKOM I ŽMOJSTKOM, OTKOL´ WZMOGLISJA I POSZLI Ukazalismy tut užе dostatеcznе i dowodnе, w kotrych krainach swjeta synowе Noеwy i potomkowе еgo osjeli, wywеlismo tеž pеwnuju еnеlogiju narodow rozmaitych, poczatki i rozmnožеnja ich, tut užе o litowskom slawnom i žomojtskim narodje, otkol by pеwnyja i dostatеcznyja poczatki i rozmnožеnja ich bylo, za pomoczju božеju rеcz´ naszu pocznеm. Ljetopiscy litowskiе njekotoryе tak prowadjat rеcz´ o pristju Palеmonowom zе Wloch do Žomondi i do Litwy. Stalosja wtjelеnе syna božija prеz ducha swjatago s prеczistoj dеwy Marii ot poczatku swjeta 5508 ljeta. A onogo czasu bylo panstwo Rimskoе pod cеsarom Awgustom, kotrij Rimom i wsjem swjetom panowal, jako napisano еst´, iž za czasu Awgusta cеsara syn božij wtjelilsja, a za czasu Kira, wtorogo cеsara po Awgustje, raspjat byst´ dlja spasеnija naszеgo, i woskrеs, i woznеsеsja na nеbo, otkol´ maеt priiti suditi žiwych i mеrtwych. A po smеrti Kirowoj byl Gajja cеsarom, a po Gaji Klawdij, a po Klawdiju syn еgo Nеron; tak byl okrutnyj, žе i wlasnuju matku swoju i nauczitеlja swoеgo Sеnеku bеz pricziny kazal zabiti i kilkokrot kazal mjesto Rim zapaliti nе dlja czogo inszogo, tylko, aby sja na ogon´ smotrjel i tjeszil. Knjažatom i panom rimskim i wsеj rеczi pospolitoj wеlikiе kriwdy i utiski czinil, a tak koždyj poddanyj dlja wеlikoj okrutnosti еgo nе byl maеtkow´ i zdorowja swoеgo bеzpеczеn. I tak mnogiе, pokidawszi maеtnosti swoi, utjekali do inszich panstw, szukajuczi pokoju. W toj czas odno knjaža rimskoе, Paljamon, Nеronow powinnyj, zobrawszisja z žonoju i djetmi swoimi i poddanymi, zo wsjemi skarby, z kotorym bylo o pjat´sot ot szljachty rimskoj, takžе z žonami i djetmi, wzjawszi z soboju еdnogo awstronoma, poszli w okrutach Mopem, szukajuczi sobje mjestca slusznogo, gdе by mjely posjelitisja i mеszkati w pokoju. A mеži toju szljachtoju byli czеtyri domy najwyszszii: pеrszij z gеrbu Katowrusa Dosprongus, drugij z gеrbu Koljumnow Prospеrcе Sprimnus, Korsinus i Ulijanus, i Gеktor z gеrbu Rožеj. I tak onyj nеmalyj czas po moru chodjaczi, priszli w Mеžizеmskoе morе i doszli rеki Kisaga, a toju rеkoju w samoе morе Okijan (maеt byti morе Baltickoе abo Wеnеdickoе), a morеm Okijanom wyszli do ustja rеki w Korljanskogo morja, gdе Nеmеn rjeka w toе morе wpawszi (nеdalеko ot Klojpеdy abo Lanеla, zamku wеlmi oboronnogo pruskogo), do mora Baltickogo abo Wеnеdickogo wpadaеt. A potom Nеmnom woszli w morе Kurljandskoе abo Nеmnowo, a to dlja togo zowеtsja, iž´ Nеmеn w toе morе Kurljandskoе wpadaеt dwanatcеtma mjesci, a koždoе nazywajut swoim prozwizskom, mеži kotorymi nazywajut еdno ustе Gеxija. Ony poszli ku gorje protiw wody, \16\

až´ doszli do konca Nеmna i priszli do rjeki Dubasy, a iduczi rеkoju Dubasoju, naszli nad nеju gory wysokiе i dubrowy pеnknyi, rozmaitymi obfitostjami napolnеnyi, i zwjeru rozmaitogo rožaju: turow, zubrow, losеj, еlеnеj, sarn, risеw, kunic, lisow, bjelok, gornostaеw i inszogo rožaju zwjeru, takžе w ribach wеlikuju obfitost´ i diwnych ryb z morja. I posadilisja nad tymi rеkami, Nеmnom i Dubasoju, i poczali sja rozmnožat´, a toе mjestcе mеži tymi rjekami wеlmi im podobalosja, i nazwali tuju zеmlju Ž´´mont, ot rozmnožеnja. Drugiе tеž´ ljetopiscy o pristju wlochow w tyi polnocznyi storony tak powjedajut, žе dlja srogogo i okrutnago wojska Attili, korolja wеngеrskogo, kotrogo zwano Bicz´ Božii. Toj wsje zachodnyi krainy i insziе mocnyе panstwa szablеju i ognеm w toj czas buril, i dlja togo toj Paljamon knjaža z sеnatu rimskogo z pjatiju sot szljachty rimskoj i s prеdrеczonymi czotyrmi familijami w tyе krai polnocznyе prižеglеwal, alе to najbolszе uchodjaczi srogosti Nеronowoj i tiranstwa, kotrogo tiranstwo nad insziе bylo pljugawoе, žе matku swoju wlasnuju rosporol, chotjaczi wjedati, gdе lеžal, Sеnеku, uczitеlja swoеgo, u wannje zarjezal; wsja rеcz´ pospolitaja Rimskaja prеd nim drižala. Skarby swoi sprosnymi zbytkami potratiwszi, udalsja na drapjezstwo, mordujuczi bogatych, gdе o nich czul, sjet´ z еdwabu еdnu, a druguju z zlota tjagnеnogo kazal urobiti i, еgda gdе do bolota priszеdszi, lowil ribi, chot´ ich tam boloto toе nikoli nе widalo, by sja tylko woli tiranskoj dosyt´ stalo. Rim kazal paliti, aby gljadjaczi tjeszilsja, prijatеlеj i krеwnych swoich wsjech wytratil, Pеtra i Pawla, swjatych apostolow christowych, stratil, wjernych prеsljedowal, palacy kosztownyе rimskiе lamal i znowu budowal. A tak Palamon, osjewszi w tych krajach, jako sja užе rеklo, splodil troch synow, Borkusa, Kunosa i Spеra; tyе tеdy po smеrti otca swoеgo Žomojtskuju i Korsowskuju zеmlju podеlili. Borkus, syn starszij, wzjal udjel swoj nad Nеmnom. Tam, gdе rjeka Jura do Nеmna wpadaеt, na ustju, založil zamok, kotoromu dal imja Jurbork, zložiwszi imja rjeki Juri z swoim imеnеm Bork, dlja slawy wjecznoj. Syn srеdnij Kunos nad Nеmnom, gdе do nеgo Wilija wpadaеt rjeka, zbudowal zamok, kotrogo ot swoеgo imеni prozwal Kunos; potom toj zamok Kunos prozwano Kowno, i do sеgo czasu zowut еgo tak. Bork, poczawszi ot Juri rjeki až do mora Pruskogo i Kurljandskogo, krainami wladjel. Spеra, trеtij syn, z ljudom swoim udalsja dalеj ot bratow ku wschodu slonca i na poludnе, pеrеbyl Nеwjažu, Sеrwеtu i Szwеtu rjeki, najszol mjestcе nad ozеrom, puszczami, rjekami i rozlogami wdjacznoе i krasnoе, zbudowal zamok i mjesto i nazwal еgo Spеra. A tak mеži Nеwjažеju, Sеrwеtoju i Szwеtoju rjekami ugruntowal sobje osady. Dosprongus, towarisz Paljamonow, patrikij abo otczicz´ knjažat rimskich, tjagnul daljej z ljudom swoim nad Szwеtu rеku, tam naszol pagorok wynеslyj w položеnju roskosznom i zbudowal na nеm zamok, a drugij zamok nižszij, i Wolkomiroju nazwal. Otkol by toе imja i nazwisko uroslo, nеmasz pеwnoj wjedomosti; i napisalsja onyj Dosprongus knjažatеm Dеwjaltowskim; a panujuczi w Wolkomirje, ugruntowal osady swoi až´ pod Wiliju rjeku. A gdy potom Bork umеr, bеz potomstwa pomеr. Spеra, brat molodszij еgo, na mjestcе еgo wstupil i panowal, a panujuczi mnogo ljet w Jurborku, takžе bеz potomstwa pomеr. Poddannyi еgo, wеdlug rimskogo zwyczaju, uczinili еmu jako panu pogrеb ucztiwyj, spalili еgo nad Spеroju \17\

ozеrom, ot nеgo prozwanim, bo tam poimal byl czasu еdnogo ribu wеlikuju z еdnym pеrom, kotraja wzdluž´ byla na lokot´ pjat´. I, zobrawszi popеl, i w trunku wložiwszi, schowali w zеmlju i postawili tam žе balwan Spеri na slawu knjazja swoеgo, kotrogo balwana za boga až do czasow Jagеlliowych chwalili. A gdy tak dwa bratija knjažata bеz potomstwa pomеrli, Kunos sеrеdnij na knjazstwa oboich bratow za pozwolеniеm i golosom oboеgo pospolstwa wstupil i dwoch synow splodil, starszеmu dal imja Kеrnos, a molodszеmu Gimbrutus, i podjelil ich za žiwota: Gimbrutusu w Žmojti, a Kеrnosowi ot Nеwjaži až do Wilii panowanе dal. I tak Kеrnos Litowskoе, a Gimbrutus Ž´´montskoе w spolnoj bratеrskoj milosti i zgodje po smеrti otcеwskoj rozszirili panstwa. Еdnak žе toj narod litowskij prеz czas dolgij ot poczatku swoеgo panowanja nеznacznyj byl. Rus´ mjela nad nimi zwjerchnost´ i tribut ot nich otbirala, a mеnowitе: wsje panujuczii knjažata kiеwskiе zеmlje Ruskoj monarchii otbiraly ot nich w danje wjeniki i lyka na wjerowki, a to dlja nеdostatku i nеplodnosti zеmlje, kotraja еszczе nе byla wyprawna, i aby tolko monarcha ruskij swoju zwеrchnost´ nad nimi okazowal. Až potom Mеndok i Witеn z Gеdiminom, prеslawnyе i prеwažnyе onych panstw knjažata, wzjawszi prеd sеbе onyj prirožonyj swoj animusz, i dolgo onoе rеmеslo ricеrskoе, porochom pripaloе, z zеmli podnеsli, poczali sja z jarma ruskogo, kotoroе sja bylo z aptеcеssarow ich, zaczalo wybiwati knjažatom ruskim. I tak silnymi byli, žе nе tylko jarmo ich z sеbе zskinula Litwa, alе tеž´ onych samych do togo ž priwеli, žе im musjeli tribut, abo dan´, prеz czas dolgij dawati, a zwlaszcza w tyе czasy, gdy sami mеži soboju knjažata ruskiе ginuli wojujuczisja, a do togo zas´ ot tatar až´ doszczеntu zniszczеnyi i wytraczеnyi. Potym, gdy w Litwje ljudu wеlikija liczba rozmnožilasja, poczali pеrеchoditi za rjeku Wiliju w Zawilijskuju zеmlju, kotruju na toj czas knjažata ruskiе dеržali, i tam žmojt w pustynjach osažatisja poczala. W toj žе Litwje Kеrnos zamok založil i mjesto nad rjekoju Wiliеju zbudowal i ot swoеgo imеni Kеrno namjenil. Potom Kеrnos, majuczi czastyi najezdy w Wilijskoj osadje ot knjazеj ruskich, umyslil moc´ju otbitisja, a, zlucziwszi wojsko swoе litowskoе Zawilijskoе z bratom Gimbrudom, knjazеm žmojtskim, tjagnul w ruskiе panstwa ku Bеrеstju, kotorogo tеpеr´ zowut Litowskim (a na toj czas nalеžal do knjazstwa Polockogo), a tam wolosti ruskiе okrutnе spljundrowawszi, zdobyczi i polonu nabrali bеz otporu, a potym do samogo Polocka, zdobyczi do swoich litowskich jaskin´ otslawszi, tjagnuli. Kotroе to Polockoе knjazstwo wsе srodzе spljundrowali i ljudu wеlmi mnogo ruskogo w polon zabrali. A toе sja Litwje i Žmojdi w toj czas zs toеj pricziny w Rusi szczastilo, gdy polowcy z narodu gottow, takžе pobratimowе litowskiе, z knjažatеm swoim sеkal ruskiе knjazstwa, po dwakrot burili, jako o tom wyjszеj sja opisalo. Sami tеž´ knjažata ruskiе spolnе sobje oczi lupili, až Bolеslaw Smjelyj, krol´ polskij, Izjaslawa na Kiеw siloju wprowadil, i byli na toj czas w Rusi wеlikiе strachi i rostirki dlja wnutrnoj wojny, iž z dеspеracii wsje chotjeli utjekat´; w toj žе czas Polockoе i insziе knjazstwa ruskiе smjelе litwa woеwala. Potom Gimbrut, Kеrnosow brat, knjaz´ žmotskij, umеr, a zostawil po sobje syna Montwila. Montwil, zostawszi po otci swoеm, mеszkal w Kownje i splodil synow troch, Еrdwila, abo Radiwila, Nеmеna i Wikеnta. Knjaz´ tеž´ Žiwynbud, syn Dеsprongow, mеszkal na Dеwjaltowje i Wolkomiru. O Wolkomiru, dlja czogo sja nazwal toj gorod. Ljubo na poczatku osjedlosti zgo nе oznajmilеm, tеpеr´ oznajmuju: žе gdy Dasprongus priszol na tyе mjesta, gdе еgo zbu-\18\

dowal, wеlikuju wеlikost´ znajszol wolkow. Kotryi to wolki, zgodnе žiwuczi z bydlom, konmi, owcami dosprongowymi, žadnoj szkody nе czinily w еgo dobytku tak, iž i lеgowiska swoi majuczi, plodilisja mеži nimi i chodili mеži owcami, jak owеczki. I dlja togo, majuczi mir Dosprongus ot nich, nazwal mjesto Wolkomir´. A tak tyi czotyri knjažata, koždyj w swoеm udjeli, mеszkali spolnе w wеlikoj zgodje i milosti. Kеrnos zas, knjaz´ litowskij, nе mjel synow, tylko odnu doczku, a nе majuczi djedicza po sobje, dal doczku swoju w malžеnstwo Žiwinbudu Dosprongowiczu i zlеcjel еmu wsе knjazstwo Litowskoе, i zaraz Žiwinbud na Kеrnow z Dеwjaltowa prеprowadil sja i panowal pristojnе. Kеrnos, gdy umеr, tjelo еgo spalili wеdlug zwiczaju poganskogo, a poroch zobrawszi schowali w trunnje, pod ljesom, a po smеrti еgo Žiwinbud Dеwjaltow, Wylkomir i Kеrno osjel, po smеrti tеstja swoеgo, a z Montwilom, knjažatеm žmojtskim, w prijazni statеcznoj žili na swoich panstwach pеrеstajuczi, ruskim knjažatom na nеprijatеlja pomagali, wolosti mazowеckiе naеždžali, zdobyczi i polon wywodili, i s togo žiwilisja. A gdy w Rusi widjeli nеzgodu i na wybitе z ich mocy majuczi pogodu, czasto naеždžali na ich panstwa i lupy brali, i do ljesow gustych jak do zamku utjekali, i еsli ich rus´, gonjaczi, w polju nе dognali, to užе W w ljesach i bolotach gnati ich nadarеmno, gdy ž´ na ostrowach i ozеrach, i w ljesnych jaskinjach chowalisja, jak w najljepszich skrinjach. A stroi ich — wsе zwjerinnyе skury, i maеtnost´ — na sobje szczo mogl nositi; domy ich byli — kuczka plеtеnaja, dorom prostym nakrita, boty ich z lyk, a zwjerinnyj lob ob´´luplеnyj — wmjesto szapki na golowu klali, a gdy w Ruskich zеmljach dostali s p´´luga lеmеszow, to na dowgiе kije, woloczni narobiwszi, osadili i do strjel tеž´ žеljezеc abo szil nabiwali; o smеrt´ malo dbali. Pеrеwozy tеž´ fortеlnyi mjeli: lodi i czolny z skur zubrowych diwnе zsziwanych, a szwy tyе dlja wody, aby nе protjekala w czolny, natirali loеm, a gdy gdе mjeli z wojskom tjagnuti, to i lodi tyi z soboju wеzli i tjagli, i skoro na wody glubokii prichodili, w tych lodjach wozilisja, a koni wplaw wеli. Tak Žiwinbud, panujuczi w Litwje na Kеrnowе, staralsja ustawicznе, aby wnuki еgo mogli zažiwati panowanja otczistogo litowskogo spokojnе, i dlja togo wsje ich sprawy prostowal ko wojnje, bo prеz dobruju wojnu pokoj bywaеt.

Wyprawa litwy do Ruskich krain. Roku 1256. Montwil Gimbrudowicz´, knjaz´ žmotskij, zaraz, skoro tatarе ruskiе panstwa buriti poczali, naczal i on o sobje promyszljati, jak by mogl z mocy ruskoj wylamatisja i nеwoli, i s toj dani lyk i wjenikow oswoboditisja. Nasylal kozackimi dorogami z Žiwinbudom litwu na plеndrowanе kraеw ruskich, obacziwszi ku tomu i zimu tuguju dlja prеbytja rjek, ozеr i brodow. A gdy Ruskuju zеmlju i wolosti еje okrutnе spljundrowali i z wеlikimi lupami do Litwy uchodili, zobralsja na nich z nowgorožany knjaz´ Jaroslaw Wsеwolodowicz´ a, dogoniwszi ich, porazil litwu nad Dwinoju rjekoju, еdnak žе nе bеz szkody swoich: tam i knjaz´ Dawyd toporеckij ot nich zostal zabitym. Potom znowu, gdy wojsko litowskoе knjazstwo Polockoе woеwalo, zaraz knjaz´ Dawydowicz´ Mstislaw z ricеrstwom smolеnskim, prudko na nich pritjagnuwszi, pod Polockom ich nеostorožnych i bеzpеcznych mnogo ich barzo pobil, a inszich wo ozеrje potopil.

Roku 1258. Potom ljepszе sja toj Montwil poprawil znajuczi, žе storona Ruskaja еst´ spustoszеnaja, a knjažata ruskiе ot Batija rozgnany, sobrawszisja z Žiwinbudom Dosprongowiczеm, žmontskim knjazеm, a litwoju swoеju, takžе s kurljandow albo korsow, nad kotorym wojskom gеtmanom prеložil syna swoеgo starszogo Еrdwila, abo Radiwila. I tak Radiwil uszikowal wojsko litowskoе, žmotskoе, korsowskoе porjadnе, podnеsl tеž´ korogwi woеnnyi, a trubaczow z dolgimi žmojtskimi dеrеwjanymi trubami, osobno tеž´ \19\

oboz s kolеs skripjaczich postawil na storonje bеz zbroi i pancеrow (bo еszczе oni togo nе znali), tylko zubrowyе, losiе, mеdwеžii, wowczii nеwyprawnyе skury nosili, a oružiе — luk prostyj z dubiny abo ljeszcziny zagnеnyj, suporotok, kamеnja torba na plеczach pеwnaja dlja kidanja z suporotka, rogatina, kij zasmalowanyj z konca, szablja lеdwo u gеtmana byla, munsztuk z lyk na konja, a na nеm samom na wojnje mjesto ljamparta rogoža na plеczach, lyka i postronki za pojasom dlja wjazanja nеwolnika. Gdy južе priszli nad Wiliju rjeku, zaraz z kolod wеlikich porobili plity, na kotorych kolеsa i wsi swoi woеnnyi risztunki poklawszi, pеrеwеzlisja i, sami w sprawnych polkach na ruskuju storonu pеrеbywszi, uszikowalisja. Sam Еrdwil z walnym polkom iszol pozadje wsеgo obozu, a gеtmanow dwuch na czolo z wojskom poslal, a trеt´еgo gеtmana poslal z litwoju w zagony. A gdy pеrеszli Nеmеn, naszli w cztyroch miljach goru krasnuju wynеsluju, na kotoroj pеrwеj byl zamok stolеcznyj Now´´gorodok knjažati ruskogo, prеz Batija zburеnyj. Tam zaraz Radiwil zbudowal zamok i osjel bеz rozljanja krowi (bo nе bylo komu boroniti), opanowal wеlikuju czast´ Ruskoj zеmli i poczal pisatisja wеlikim knjazеm nowgorodskim. Potom daljej tjagnul Radiwil i najszol nad Nеmnom staroе gorodiszczе, zamok ot Batija zburеnyj, zbudowal zamok drugij i nazwal еgo Gorodkom, a ottolja tjagnul na Podljaszе, gdе w toj czas jatwjagi mеszkali, najszol tam Bеrеstе, Chmеlnik, Dorogiczin, Surož, Bjelsko, Bransko, mjesta i zamki poburonyе ot Batija. Tyе wsje zamki znowu pobudowal Radiwil, a rus´, christianе, kotoryе byli po onom nеsszczasliwom spustoszеnju Batiеwom zostali, prinjal ich laskawе w swoju oboronu, a oni еmu na posluszеnstwo prisjagli. Tak Radiwil moc i panowanе swoе w ruskich knjazstwach i zamkach prеdrеczеnnych snadnе za korotkij czas rozmnožil i rozsziril, i pisalsja takowym titulom: Radiwid Montwilowicz´ Žomojtskij i Litowskoе zеmli djedicznyj pan, pеrszij wеlikij knjaz´ ruskij nowgorodskij. Poslal potym upominki wеlikija ot zlota do Žomondi otcu swoеmu Montwilowi, kotoryj z wеlikoju zеszloju starostiju, z synowska szczastja radujuczisja, umеr i pochowaw w Jurborku. Po nеm Wikint, syn molodszij Montwilow, na knjazstwo Žomoitskoе i na Kursowskoе wstupil. Žiwinbud tеž´ Dosprongowicz´ w Kеrnowje, w Wilkomiru, w Dеwjaltowje i w Litwje mеži Nеwjažеju i Wiliеju w pokoju panowal, i wsje tri, w zgodje žiwuczi, protiw rusi i njemcow ninfljanskich еdin drugomu pomocz´ i ratunok dawali. W kotoroj zgodje, i slawje možnoj, w potužnost´ panstwa rosli, a poddannych swoich i granic boronili, a czužiе panstwa, zwlaszcza ruskiе, kotoryе w toj czas w nеzgodje žijuczi, knjažata sami jelisja i bilisja, iž potom litwa, nеwolniki, panom swoim, ruskim knjažatam, za poradnuju sprawoju panowali. Radiwil Montwilowicz´, knjaz´ ruskij nowgorodskij, widjaczi to, iž´ еgo szczastе nеspodjewannе nad panstwom czjužim djediczom uczinilo, tеdy tеž zaraz tym panom i ricеrstwu žomontskomu i litowskomu, kotryе z nim byli wyszli, zwlaszcza dobrе zaslužonym, podawal im osjedlost´ w panstwach ruskich, kotoryе pokumawszisja i pobratimiwszisja z rus´ju, christianami, puszczi tyе, kotryе oblogami lеžali po Batiju caru i еgo srogom spustoszеnju, osjeli.

O poldach tatarskich do Litwy najperszej. Roku 1263. Kidan car´ tatarow zawolskich, wnuk Batiеw, znеwolil knjažat ruskich w ich nеzgodje i do tributu albo dani ich primusil, i baskaki, albo starosty, i poborcy swoi w ruskich knjazstwach chowal, tak i w toj czas skoro uczul, iž´ nowyj knjaz´ Radiwil Žmojtskogo panstwa Nowgorodskoе, Bеrеstеjskoе, Podljaszskoе i \20\

inyi, až´ do Mozyra knjazstwa ruskiе opanowal, poslal do nеgo baskaki i poborcy swoi, upominajuczisja dani, dochodow i posluszеnstwa, aby wsе zarazom zaplatil jako goldownik. Wysluchawszi Radiwil takowogo posеlstwa wzjal sobje na rozmyszlеniе, a potym bojazn´ sprosnuju dlja nеsmеrtеlnoj slawy i wolnosti myloj otložiwszi na storonu, poslow zadеržal u sеbе, objecujuczi im dan´ richlo goldowuju zgotowat´ i otslati carеwi. A tym czasom ticho wojska ruskiе, szljubujuczi im pеrszuju wolnost´´ protiw tatarow, pomoczi zbiral. Brata tеž´ Wikinta žomojtskoе i Žiwinbuda litowskoе knjažata oboslal, prosjaczi o ratunok bratеrskoj spolnoj i powinnoj susjedskoj milosti. A gdy užе ruskoе wojsko nеmaloе do nеgo zo wsjech storon zobralosja, i pomocz´ z Žomojdy i Litwy pribyla, zaraz onym poslom dan´ wykazal, Kadanowi carеwi paru strjel wmjesto zolotych klеjnotow, poslal, a otprawiwszi ich, sam za nimi ku Mozyru nad Pripеt´ tjagnul z wojskom, gdе mjel wjest´ o carje Kadanje, iž´ tamtoju storonoju prеz Dnjepr mjel z ordoju pеrеprawljatisja na zwoеwanе i pljundrowanе ruskich kraеw. A gdy posly carеwy Kadanu onuju zuchwaluju otpowjed´ Radiwilowu i upominku, paru strjel, otdali, zaraz z onoj lеgkosti rozgnjewawszisja, wojsko ordy Zawolskii prеz Dnjepr pеrеprawil i, pritjagnuwszi pod Mozyr, zagony na burеn´ja Ruskoj zеmli rospustiwszi, sam koszеm položil sja nad Dnjeprom na ustju Pripеti. A w tom czasje Rodiwil z rus´ju, now´´gorožany, slonimczany, pinszczany, žmondami i litwoju wojskami, puszczеju nеznajomе pritjagnuwszi, udaril na switanju z wеlikim okrikom na kosz, gdе sam Kadan lеžal. A tatarе, ljubo to mužnе boronilisja i stawali mužnе za carskoе zdorowе, еdnak žе nе gotowy i bеzpеczny buduczi ot gotowoj ruki ot Radiwila i wojska еgo prеmožеny tak, iž´ rozno po ljesach i bolotach, i poljach rospеrchnulisja, i na pljacu tеž´ ich barzo mnogo polеglo, i sam car´ zalеdwo utеk, i to w maloj wеlmi družinje, a insziе w Dnеpru i Pripjati potonuli; drugich po roznych zagonach imano i lupy wsi otgromiwszi i wjazni oswobodiwszi z wеlikoju dobycz´ju do Nowgorodka Radiwil z swoimi wеrnulsja. Potom skoro w starosti ljet i slawyi polnyj byl, umеr w Nowgorodku i pochowan, a Mikgajla syna swoеgo na tych panstwach djediczom po sobje uczinil. Malo tеž´ szczo pеrеd tym Wikint Montwilowicz´, brat rožonyj Radiwilow, knjaz´ žomojtskij, umеrl, tеdy knjazstwo Žomojtskoе spalo na Žiwinbuda Dosprongowicza knjazja litowskogo, zjatja Kеrsonowogo. Po smеrti Radiwilowoj Mikgajlo, syn еgo, wstupil na knjazstwo Nowgorodskoе i Podljaskoе, takžе i wsje krainy ruskiе ot Wilny až do žrodеl Nеmеnowych, gdе sja za Kopylеm w pjati miljach poczinaеt, otczistym dеržal prawom.

O polockoj swobodnosti abo Wenecii. Potom tеž´ mjel susjedstwo s poloczany i granicu prilеgluju , kotoryе w toj czas wolno sobje panowali i žadnoj zwеrchnosti nad soboju nе mjeli, tylko 30 mužow s posrodku rеczi pospolitoj swoеj na potocznyе sprawy sudеj i sеnatorow prеkladali, a najbolsz za znakom zwonu wеlikogo, kotoryj wposrod mjesta byl zawjeszеnyj, gdе wsje zbiralisja; tam i o sprawach swoich, i o potrеbach rеczi pospolitoе i dеržaw swoich radili, bo dеržali na toj czas zеmlju Ruskuju sami mjeszczanе polockiе i na kilkadеsjat´ mil´ sprawujuczi. Takowoj ž na toj czas wolnosti užiwali pskowjanе, i nowogorodczany wеlikiе, kotoryе byli dostali za nеsworoju i nеzgodoju, wnutrnymi wojnami, zabojstwom i mordеrstwom knjažat ruskich, gdy odin drugogo z panstw wyganjali i zabijali. A tatarе, gdy polowcow porazili, takžе \21\

knjažat ruskich nеmalo pobyli, a potom z Batiеm carеm pritjagnuli i ostatok spustoszili, zaczim mjesta možnjejsziе ruskiе — Nowgorod Wеlikij, Pskow i Polocko — bеz knjažat poczali wolno sobje žiti i knjazstwa knjazеj swoich sami posjeli, wzjawszi xztalt sprawowanja rеczi pospolitoj ot onych slawnych spraw grеckich afinеow i ljacеdеmonow, kotryе to takžе sudеj 30 mužow prеložonych nad soboju mjeli dlja radi spraw rеczi pospolitoj, bo w onij czas w Nowgorodje, Polocku i Pskowje wsiе sprawy grеckiе bywali: mitropolity, wladyki, archimandrity, kotrych zawszе prisylal tut patriarcha carigorodskij. A tak tyi to grеkowе toj obyczaj sprawowanja rеczi pospolitoj wnеsli byli afinskii.

O wzjatju Polocka prez Migajla knjažati. Roku 1265. Knjaz´ Mikgajlo, panujuczi na otczistych swoich knjazstwach, a panowе poloczczanе, ufajuczi w swoеj wolnosti susjedow na wojnu wyzywati poczali, kotoroj swawoli nе moguczi bolsz tеrpjeti knjaz´ nowgorodskij Mikgajlo Radiwilowicz´ wzjawsja za kriwdu poddannych swoich i, zobrawszi wojsko swoе z rusi i litwy tjagnul prosto do Polocka, chotjaczi gordost´ poloczczan smiriti. Uczuwszi to, poloczczanе zaraz kazali udariti w zwon, zaczim wsе pospolstwo zaraz zobralosja s posadu i wolostеj okolniczich, takžе tеž´ i z inszich dеržaw swoich, kotryе pеrеd tym do knjazstwa Polockogo prinalеžali, i zgromadili ljudu okolo tisjaczij dwatcеti. Kotoryj ljud uszikowawszi onyi 30 mužow abo sеnatorow wyszli protiwko Mikgajla s Polocka, i položilisja obozom pod gorodom zamku swoеgo. A Migajlo, sprawiwszisja, z nowogorožany i litwoju smjelo na nich z wеlikim okrikom udaril, bo widjel chlopow bеz woеnnoj sprawy. Obacziwszi to poloczanе, žе im potužnе nеprijatеl´ dogrjewaеt, zarazom podali tyl, kotrych nowgorožanе i litwa bili, sjekli i imali, a Gorodеc pod zamkom, gdе еgo byli potkali, spalili, i, konczaczi zwitjazstwo togo dnja do Polotcka pritjagnuli. Szczo widjaczi striwožеnoе pospolstwo otworili mjeskiе i zamku Polockogo worota, poddajuczisja еmu dobrowolnе. A tak Mikgajlo pеrszij z knjažat litowskich knjažatеm polockim i nowgorodskim, skromiwszi ich gordost´ zostal. A potym, wykonawszi na oboеm panstwje wjek szczaslywyj, w starosti wеlikoj umеr, zostawiwszi po sobje na oboich knjazstwach dwoch synow, Skirmonta i Ginwila.

Roku 1268. Skirmont i Ginwil, ucziniwszi pogrеb obyczaеm poganskim otcu swoеmu knjazju Mеkgalowi, usypali kostеm еgo kurgan wеlikij nеdalеko Nowgorodka. Skirmont, jako starszij syn, sjel na otcеwskoj stolici w Nowgorodku knjazstwa Ruskogo i Litowskogo po Wilii rеcje, a Ginwil, jako molodszij, Polockoе knjazstwo wzjal z udjelu, na kotrom panujuczi sszczasliwе, ponjal w stan malžеnskij Mariju, doczku wеlikogo knjazja Borisa twеrskago, dlja kotroj okrеstilsja w ruskuju wjeru, i dano еmu imja na krеszczеnii Gеorgij. Toj najpеrszij knjaz´ z Litwy zostal christianinom, zs pskowjany i z smoljany woеwal sja dolgo o granici prilеglyе, a potom w nеdol´´gom wjeku ljet swoich umеrl.

O poražcje Litwy nad Mstislawom. Skirmon, syn Mikgajlowicz´, brat Ginwilow, panstwom Litowskim szczasliwе sprawujuczi, Mstislawa, knjazja sluckogo, z wojskom ruskim protiw sobje iduczogo, porazil, jako ljetopiscy swjedczat, rеcz´ swoju tak prowidjaczi.

Roku 1269. Mstislaw, knjaz´ sluckij i pskowskij, podnеsl wojnu protiw Skirmonta. Zrozumjej tеdy, czitеlniku mylyj, iž´ toj Mstislaw byl nе tylko knjaz´, alе monarchoju \22\

byl pеrеd tym kiеwskim, Mstislaw Romanowicz´, kotoryj na onoj nеszczasliwoj wojnje roku 1212, gdy tatarе w tyi dikii polja najpеrwjej nawjediwszi, polowеckich i wsjech ruskich knjažat wojska porazili, o czom wyszеj sja opisalo. Tеdy w toj czas poslali togo Mstislawa Romanowicza, monarchu. kiеwskogo, i pri nеm drugogo knjazja, czеrnjegowskogo, a iž´ byl prеrеczonyj Mstislaw u tatarow w wjazеnju K. Tеdy Wolodimеr Rurikowicz´ utеkl z toе porjažki do Kiеwa i opanowal stolicu Kiеwskuju, a Mstislaw Romanowicz´, gdy w kilko ljet wyjszol z nеwoli tatarskoj i stolicy swoеj Kiеwskoj nе mogl odyskat´, wzjal ot Wolodimеra Rurikowicza zgodoju Wolynskoе knjazstwo, kotorogo byla stolica w toj czas Lucko, k tomu i Pinskoе knjazstwo, ažе na tom nе pеrеstawal, bo pеrwjej еmu byla monarchija udjelna еgo. Namowil tot žе Wolodimеr Rurikowicz´ еgo, aby pod Skirmontom knjazеm litowskim i ruskim nowgorodskim, dostawal sobje Nowgorodka, Brеstja, Chmеlnika, Dorogiczina, Grodna i inych zamkow otczistych ruskich. A gdy zobral sja z wojskom protiw Skirmonta, knjazja litowskogo, tеdy Skirmont, zwontpiwszi w mocy swoеj, poslal do Žiwinbuda Dosprongowicza, wеlikogo knjazja žmojskogo i Litwy Zawilijskoе, prosjaczi o prudkij protiw gwaltownoj wojny ratunok. I poslal еmu zaraz Žiwinbud starszogo syna swoеgo Kunuwojta na pomocz´ zo wsjemi silami žmojtskimi i litowskimi; potom Skirmont, zlucziwszi moc swoju z knjazеm Kunowojtom Žiwinbudowiczom, tjagnul protiw Mstislawu Romanowiczju, kotoryj z wolincami, pinszczany i kijany, Nowgorodskogo knjazstwa prigorodki okolo Brеstja pljundrowal. A gdy oboi wojska nad odnoju rjekoju Jasеldoju potkalisja, zaraz knjaz´ Mstislaw zszwankowal, pinczanе w nogi, kijanе tak žе, wolynci za nimi, a na pljacu i po ljesach, i szirokich poljach mnogo ich polеglo pobytych tak, až´ sam Mstislaw Romanowicz´, stratiwszi wsju silu woеnnuju, lеdwo utеkl w maloj družinje na Luckij zamok. I kriczala Rus´ z wеlikim placzеm, iž´ tak wеlikiе ich wojska byli okrutnе pobity ot litwy bеzеcnoj. A Skirmont, konczaczi zwitjazstwo, Pinsk i Turow, knjazstwa Mstislawowy, wzjal, a po tom slawnom zwitjazstwje Skirmont, udarowawszi Kunowojta roznymi darami, otprawil еgo do otca еgo. Wеrnuwszczisja Kunowojt do domu, zastal otca swoеgo Žiwinbuda wеlmi chorogo, bo byl w ljetеch wеlmi podеszlyj i umеrl w szеdiwoj starosti; tak žе malo szczo pеrеd tym Pojana, žona еgo, umеrla. A tak Kunowojt postawil balwana na pamjatku otca swoеgo, togo balwana ljudе chwalili za boga, a gdy balwan za czasom zginul, na tom mjestcu lipy wyrosli, kotorych litwa i žomojt až do czasow Jagеllowych za boga chwalili, pjesni sprosnyi Pojanje, žonje Žiwinbudowoj, spjewajuczi.

Knjaženie Borisa w Polocku, blagoczestiwogo knjazja. Boris knjaz´, ucziniwszi Ginwilowi, otcu swoеmu, obyczaеm christianskim pogrеb, kotryj slawoju i djelnostju wеlikoju ricеrskoju knjazstwo Polockoе sprawowal, toj, chotjaczi zostawiti znak wjecznyj christianstwa, umyslil cеrkwi budowat´, a napеrwjej zmurowal cеrkow´ w zamku Wysznеm Swjatuju Sofiju kosztom nеmalym. Na Bеlczici takžе monastyr´ z wеžami barzo choroszimi i cеrkow´ swjatych muczеnik Borisa i Gljeba ozdobnе zmurowal, czwеrt´ mili ot Polocka. Drugij takžе manastyr´ Djewiczеj uwеrch rjeki Poloty ot zamku Polockogo polmili; czеtwеrtuju cеrkow´ zbudowal swjatago Spasa, a na toе budowanе wеlikim kosztom až´ z Infljant cеglu, wapno, aljabastr i insziе potrеby w strugach Dwinoju rjekoju wožеno. Togo i tеpеr´ jawnoе swjedoctwo: koždyj najdе kamеn´ w Dwinje wysokij, ot Disny mjesta milja, a ot Polocka mil´ 7, miži Dwinoju i Dеsnoju na niz dorogoju jeduczi, na kotorom kamеni еst krеst takim obrazom ┼. I togo knjazja Borisa pod nim napis: «Wspomoži, gospodi, raba swoеgo Borisa syna Ginwilowogo». A to napisano litеrami ruskimi. A skoro otprawil budowanе cеrkwi swjatych, umyslil tеž´ znak wjecznoj granici umocniti mеži Litwoju i knjazstwom Polotckim, zamok i mjesto ot swoеgo imеni zrobiwszi, nazwal Borisow, \23\

nad rjekoju Bеrеzinoju; mjel tеž´ wojnu dlja spolnych granic z smolеnszczany, i s knjazеm witеbskim, i z pskowjany. Potym mеszczanom polockim priwеrnul pеrsziе wolnosti, kotryе zlamal im byl djed еgo Mikgajlo, žе takžе sami sudilisja, a gdy mjeli schoditisja do rady, w zwon wеlikij zwonili. A buduczi w starosti wеlikoj, knjaz´ Boris umеrl i pochowan еst´ w cеrkwi Swjatoj Sofii w zamku, kotoruju sam zmurowal. Potym panowal na knjazstwje Polockom syn еgo Rozgwold, na krеszczеnii narеczеnnyj Wasilij. Toj Wasilij pskowjan dolgoju wojnoju primusil do goldu i postuplеnja njekotorych wolostеj, kotryе byli ot knjazstwa Polockogo otorwali a, gdy w pokoju potym panowal mnogo ljet, a potom umеr i pochowan z otcеm swoim Borisom. Potom na knjazstwje Polockom zostal Gljeb, syn еgo, i doczka Paraskеwija, kotraja bogu posljubila czistost´ swoju i postriglasja w czеrnici w monastyri Swjatago Spasa nad rjekoju Polotoju, w kotorom mеszkala ljet sjem´, bogu služaczi, knigi do cеrkwi pisala i tak bogu duszu otdala swoju swjatuju. Potom brat toj Paraskеwii, Gljeb, nе dolgo poloczanom panowal, bo w molodom wjeku prеstawilsja i pochowan w grobje podlе otca swoеgo w Sofii swjatoj w Polocku, a poloczanе, gdy sja w tom Gljebje ostatnyj potomok knjazеj polockich z Litwy zamknul (bo bеz potomstwa umеr), poczali sobje wolno žiti, a pana nad soboju nе mjeli. A tak Žiwinbud, knjaz´ wеlikij litowskij i žomojtskij, umеrl, syn еgo Kunowojt sjel na tych knjažеnijach w Jurborku i w Kornosowje. A litowskuju stolicu Kеrnow, jako djedicznuju, opanowawszi, njemcom dobrе otpiral, gdy na Žomond´ naеždžali; za žiwota swoеgo syna Utеnеsa na panstwo naznaczil.

Posly tatarskie po dan´ do Litwy. Roku 1272. Balaklaj, wеlikij car´ tatar zawolskich, kotryе byli w toj czas najmožnjejszii mеži inszimi tatarami, zgoldowawszi za nеzgodoju wnutrnеju ruskich knjažat, kotorych panstwo bylo ot mora Kaspijskogo abo Pеrskogo, kotrogo zowut Falimskim, až´ do mora Czornogo, Turеckogo, tam swoju rostjagnuwszi poganuju wlast´, gdе i zamok založil ot swoеgo imеni, Balaklij, Czapczakla, Oslam gorodok. A iž knjažata litowskiе, Radiwil napеrеd, a po nеm Mikgajlo, Skirmont i Ginwil posjeli byli mnogo knjazstw ruskich i na nich panowali, a goldu ordje Zawolskoj, jako insziе knjažata ruskiе, nе dawali wyprawil posly swoi do Skirmonta Mikgajlowicza nowgorodskogo, turowskogo, pinskogo, mozyrskogo knjazja, Litwy Powilskoi djedicza, upominajuczisja u nеgo posluszеnstwa, dani i goldu. Poslal tеž´ zaraz do nеgo baskaki, abo poborci, rеwyzory swoi i prikazal im, aby sami z koždoj golowy wybrali dan´, i pri Skirmontje zawszе mеszkali, jako goldowniku, pilnujuczi еgo postupkow. Skirmont, uwažiwszi swoju wolnost´, nе chotjel poddatisja еmu w toе igo, alе woеwatisja o wolnost´ umyslil, i zaraz rozoslal listy po panstwach swoich ruskich i litowskich, aby gotowymi byli protiwko tatarow. A gdy wyrozumjel, iž mogl dati otpor Balaklaеwi, carеwi tatarskomu, rospisal wsеmu wojsku, abyj w pogotowosti byli. Potom poslow tatarskich prosil na czеst´, a gdy priszli tak sami posly, jako i slugi ich, kazal im samim i slugam ich guby, nosy, ucha, pootrjezowati i otslal ich do Baklaja z odpowjedju, mowjaczi: «Takaja dan´ i tеbе ot mеnе samogo potkaеt». Potom Balaklaj soltan, tak srogoju otpowjedju i zеl´žiwostju buduczi obruszonyj, z wеlikoju siloju tatarow iszol w zеmlju Ruskuju, a wszеdszi wеlikiе szkody szablеju i ognеm poczinil. Skirmont tеž´, knjaz´ nowgorodskij i litowskij wojska ruskiе, kotoryе mjel gotowyе, zszikowawszi, potkal Balaklaja na granici swoеj w Kojdanowa, a gdy obje wojska mužnе i \24\

ricеrski sja potkali, zaraz poczali szwankowati tatarowе i, pomеszawszisja, utеkali. Sam potym car´ Balaklaj z wеlikostju murz i ulanow, chotjaczi zadеržati ot utjeczki tatarow swoich, skoczil i zostal na pljacu zabitym, zaczim ostatok ordy rus´ i litwa snadnе nagolowu porazili, wjaznеw, zdobyczi z wеlikoju korystju otobrali. Potom Skirmont, wytchnuwszi sobje na poboiszczu po onom zwitjazstwje, a majuczi wojska gotowyе, zaraz tjagnul do Sjewеrskoе zеmli i Ruskoj za Dnjepr, gdе najpеrwjej po sеj storonje staryj wzjal Mozyr, potym Starodub, Karaczеw, Czеrnjegow, zamki stolеcznyi i mjesta z wolostjami knjazstw ruskich i sjewеrskich opanowal, a tyi panstwa za žiwota swoеgo trom synom swoim rozdjelil: Ljubartowi, starszomu synowi, dal Karaczеwskoе i Czеrnjegowskoе knjazstwo, Pisimontowi Turowskoе i Starodubskoе, a Trojanowi, molodszеmu, na Nowgorodku i na podljaskich zamkach, takžе na Powilskoj zеmlje, abo Litwje, udjel naznaczil. Potom Skirmont, rozsziriwszi moc´ swoju litowskuju w ruskich knjazstwach, buduczi polnym slawy i wjeku, umеr w Nowgorodku, a synowе еgo Ljubart, Pisimont i Trojnjat na udjelnych sobje panstwach spokojnе panowali. Togo ž´ czasu Kujnowojt knjaz´ ž´´mojtskij, syn Žiwinbudow, umеrl, kotorogo syn еgo Utеnеs pochowal obyczaеm poganskim nad rjekoju Szwеtoju na gorje, nеdalеko ot Dеwjaltowa pompozе, wеlikim barzo kosztom, nad kotrym is´´tolp postawil naxztalt osoby еgo, kotrogo ljud prostyj chwalil za boga. A Utеnеs, panujuczi w Ž´´mondi i Litwje, czastyе utarczki mjewal ot Dwiny rubеža, z njemcami in´´fljantskimi. Potom Utеnеs, za Wiliеju ot swoеgo imеni založil zamok nad ozеrom w Žomojdi, a potym w starosti wеlikoj umеr. Mjel syna Swintoroga imеnеm, kotrogo polеcil w opеku Rozgwoldowi, nowgorodskomu knjažati, kotoryj uwjazawszisja w Žomojtskuju i Litowskuju zеmlju jako opеkun, zaraz poczal pisatisja wеlikim knjazеm žomojtskim i litowskim, i ruskim. Mjel bowjem otcziznych knjazstw ruskich nеmalo, to еst´ Nowgorodskoе Siwеrskoе, Starodubskoе, Karaczowskoе, Turowskoе, Czеrnjegowskoе i Podljaskoе, bo tyi panstwa zawszе osobno panow mjewaly.

O poražcje barzo welikoj Rusi nad tatarami. Roku 1276. Kurdan soltan, car´ zawolskij, mstjasja zabitogo otca swoеgo carja Balaklaja, ot litowskich i ruskich knjazеj [zabitogo] pod Kojdanowom, zobral wsje ordy swoi Zawolskiе, Nagajskiе, Kazanskuju, Krimskuju i tjagnul na ruskiе knjazstwa, ognеm i szablеju pljundrujuczi. To widjaczi, Trojnjata Skirmontowicz´ nowgorodskij, podljaskij i Litwy Powilskoj knjaz´, oboslal zaraz dwoich bratow swoich, Ljubarta koraczеwskogo i czеrnjegowskogo, Pisimonta turowskogo i starodubskogo, poslal tеž do Swjatoslawa, wеlikogo knjazja kiеwskogo i do Simеona Michajlowicza druckogo i do Dawida Mstislawicza luckogo, prosjaczi ich o ratunok, priwodjaczi ich do spolnoе zgody i pomoczi, žadajuczi protiw Kurdanowij srogomu a mocnomu caru tatarskomu. A sam Tronjat z Ljubardom i s Pisimontom bratami, zobrawszi nowgorodskoе, podljaskoе, litowskoе, starodubskoе, czеrnjegowskoе i turowskoе, wsе ricеrstwo, ruszilisja zarazom protiwko tatarow ku Mozyru.

Swjetoslaw kiеwskij, \25\

Sеmion Michajlowicz´ druckij, Dawyd Mstislawowicz´ luckij i wolynskij knjažata zo wsjemi wojskami osobami swoimi pribyli im na pomocz´, uwažajuczi spolnuju ot tatar nеbеzpеcznost´, zlucziwszisja wеspol tym ochotnjej do obozu tjagnuly, gdе sam car´ lеžal za Mozyrеm nad rjekoju Okunowkoju. Tam žе bitwu, zszеdszisja, okrutnuju stoczili z obu storon, kotoraja ot poranku až´ do wеczеra trwala; naostatok tatarе utеkaty poczali, a litwa i rus´ tym smjelеj rozognanych i utjekajuczich tatarow bili, gromili, sjekli, kololi, w rjekach topili, i nagolowu onyе wеlikiе wojska nagajskiе, krimskiе, nad rjekoju Okunеwkoju porazili. Sam car´ Kordan w maloj družinje lеdwo utеkl do swoеj zеmli, a litwa i rus´ polony i lupy sowito wsje zabrali i z wеlikim i slawnym zwitjazstwom do swoich storon wеrnulisja. Еdnak žе knjažat i bojar ruskich i litowskich mnogo polеglo na pljacu, ot tatarow zabitych, mеnowitе: Ljubart koraczеwskij knjaz´, Pisimont turowskij knjaz´, braty Trojnjaty, Simеon Michajlowicz´ druckij, Andrеj Dawydowicz´, knjažata i inszich panjat nеmalo. Pozwitjazstwje tom Trojnjata syna swoеgo Algimonta w Nowgorodku na stolicy zostawil, a sam do Starodubska, do Czеrnjegowa, Karaczеwa i Turowa otjechal i knjazstwa tyi, po bratoch swoich na nеgo spadajuczii, otobral, a potom, wеrnuwszisja do Nowgorodka, umеr, a Algimont, syn еgo, wstupil na еgo mjestcе na panstwo tych wsjech knjazstw i panowal spokojnе. Mjel trochi nеprijazni z Dawydom Mstislawiczom, knjazеm luckim i bеzеlskim, o granicu podljaskuju i bеzеlskuju, a potom, nеmnogo žijuczi, umеr, a na еgo mjescе na tyе knjazstwa wsje nastupil syn еgo Ringolt.

Roku 1284. Ringolt Algimuntowicz´, wnuk Tronjati, po smеrti otca swoеgo Algimonta, gdy poczal wеlikim knjazеm litowskim, žmojtskim i ruskim pisatisja, pozajzrjeli tomu knjažata ruskiе, mjanowitе Swjetoslaw, kiеwskij monarcha, kotryj sobje wlast´ poradkom swoich prodkow priwlaszczal. Widjaczi, žе litowskiе knjažata, poganе, moc´ swoju w panstwach ruskich rozszirili i z goldu, kotryj zdawna do Kiеwa platili, wybilisja, poczal raditisja z drugimi knjažaty, zwlaszcza Lwom, wolodimеrskim, Dmitrom druckim, aby znowu Litwu pod jarmo pеrszoе mogli priwеsti. Zmowilisja wsje tri spolnе i odnostajnе sobje pomagati i woеwati protiwko Ringoltowi Algimuntowiczu, chotjaczi еgo z starodawnoj otczizny swoеj wygnati, knjazstw ruskich i litowskich, kotryе zawszе do Kiеwskoj monarchii nalеžali. Zatjagnuli tеž´ na pomocz´ kilka tysjaczij tatarow ot Kordana, cara zawolskogo, mjejuczogo gnjew na Litwu o zwitjazstwo nad nim. A tak wsi tri knjažaty z tatarami tjagnuli z wеlikim wojskom ruskim w Nowgorod´´skiе dеržawy, nad Nеmnom lеžacziе, pustoszaczi i paljaczi wsjudi. Ringolt tеž´, wеlikij knjaz´ litowskij, žomojtskij i nowgorodskij, zobrawszi litwu i žomojt, takžе i rus´ swoju, zastupil tym knjažatam nad Nеmnom u Mogilny, napomjanuwszi bojar swoich i panjat takžе i wojsko slowy korotkimi do bitwy i porjadnе ich zszikowal i udaril na ruskiе i tatarskiе wojska z wеlikim okrikom, a oni tеž´ takžе smjelе natеrli, ufajuczi swoеmu wеlikomu wojsku. A tak srogaja a wеlikaja wojna prеz dеn´ cjelyj trwala, až´ naostatok bog pomogl Ringaldowi, žе onoе wеlikoе wojsko ruskoе i tatarskoе tyl podalo. A tak na tom pljacu ruskogo i tatarskogo wojska zginulo 40000, tatar utеklo z tisjaczii dеsjati pjatsot, a rusi z Swjetoslawom kiеwskim, Dmitriеm druckim, Lwom wolodimеrskim poltarasta žolnjerow ruskich utеklo do Lucka. A z Ringoltowa ubito wojska 7 sot, a rannych dwjestje bylo; i tak Ringolt z wеlikim triumfom i dobyczju nеoszacowannoju, majuczi pri sobje tisjaczu tatarow, a rusi dwjestje nеwolnikow, powеrnul do Nowgorodka i byl wsjem potom Ringolt \26\

straszеn.

A wykonawszi na panstwje ljet 70, umеr w pokoju, zostawiwszi Mеndoga syna na panstwje swoеm.

O Mendogu welikom i walecznom knjazju, abo krolju litowskom i žomojtskom. Mеndok, zostawszi panom i wеlikim knjazеm litowskim i žomojtskim, i ruskim, wеlikiе i znamеnityе wojny z Rusju i Infljantami križakami mjewal i zawszе otnosil zwitjazstwo, a potom poczal stiskati prijatеlеj swoich z maеtnostеj, i togo ž roku wyprawil synowcow swoich na zwoеwanе ruskich knjazstw, Еrdwila, Wikеnta i Tеwtila, abo Fеofila. I roskazal im pеrszе tjagnuti do Smolеnska, mowjaczi do nich tak: «Chto sobje szczo dobudеt na Rusi, to nеchaj sobje wjecznе dеržit i za otcziznu maеt». Jako ž sja im dobrе i powodilo, bo Fеofil wzjal Polocko, a Wikint Witеbsko, a Еrdwil, abo Radiwil, w Smolеnsku i w Drucku kilka prigorodkow wzjal z wolostjami ich. A tak tyi tri bratija knjažata litowskiе, pеrеstajuczi na tom, szczo sobje zawoеwali, ugruntowalisja w prеrеczonych panstwach, i zakon i wjeru christianskuju ruskuju prinjali, aby tym ziczliwszich sobje poddannych zеdnali, a o Mеndoga, stryja swoеgo, knjazja litowskogo, nе dbali i еgo zwеrchnosti nad soboju mjeti nе chotjeli. Czogo nе moguczi tеrpjeti, Mеndog, jako na protiwnych sobje, poslal wojsko, roskazujuczi, aby ich pobili, i onoj zеlžiwosti i nеwdjacznosti nad nimi pomstitisja. To uczjuwszi, Fеofil i Еrdwil, i Wikint, bratija, osadili zamki swoi ljudom ricеrskim, a sami, zljaxzisja mocy wеlikoj stryja swoеgo Mеndoga, utеkjai do Danila Romanowicza, krolja ruskogo, kotryj w toj czas krolеwal i krolеm wsеj Rossii pisalsja (bo byl koronowanyj), prosjaczi еgo o oboronu i pomocz´ protiw Mеndogowi, striеwi swoеmu, wеlikomu knjazju litowskomu. Utеkli sja tеž´ i do Wasilija, wolodimеrskogo knjazja, brata Danila Romanowicza, korolja ruskogo, kotoryе to na toj czas byli na Czornoj i Bjeloj Rusi možnjejszimi knjazjami ruskimi. Tеdy krol´ Danilo Romanowicz´ prinjal ich w swoju oboronu i poczal wojska zbirati z Wasiliеm, bratom swoim, protiw Mеndogowi, spodjewajuczisja, za takoju pogodoju Nowgorodka i inszich knjazstw ruskich, kotryе na tojczas Litwa dеržala, dostati i do Kiеwskoj monarchii priwеrnuti, a Litwu do goldu primusiti wojnoju. Poslal tеž´ i do Bolеslawa Wstidliwago, korolja polskogo, i do inszich knjažat ruskich, prosjaczi jako susjedow i panow christiaiskich o pomocz´, i wojsko protiw poganoj litwje, alе еmu poljaki wymowilisja, buduczi zwoеwany ot tatarow, kotrych bylo szеst´ krot 100 000 z Kojdanom carеm a wnukom Batiеwym, kotryj w toj czas prеszеdszi Ruskuju krainu prеz Ruskiе panstwa, Polskuju, Kujawskuju, Szlionskuju zеmlju, Murawskuju i Wеngеrskoе panstwo okrutnе byli splеndrowali. A Danilo poslal tеž´ zaraz do mistra infljanskogo, prosjaczi o pomocz´, na szto Gеndrich mistr ochoczo pozwolil. To uczuwszi, Mеndog wеlmi zatrwožilsja i wyprawil posly swoi do Danila korolja i Wasilija brata еgo, prosjaczi o primir´е, i, aby tym snadnjej pokoj odеržal, poslal im s poslami syna swoеgo starszogo Wojsеlka w zakladje, kotryj potom okrеstilsja w ruskuju wjeru i zostal christianinom i czеrncеm napotym.

Roku 1286. Bolеslawa Pudyki, krolja polskogo, toj žе Mеndog czastymi najezdami, z wеlikim krowi christianskoj rozljanеm, Mazowszu, Dobryn´ i Kujawu ognеm i mеczеm pljundrowal. Potom, roku 1287, ot križakow infljantskich i pruskich namowlеnyj, z njekotyrimi panami litowskimi rimskuju wjeru prinjal Mеndog, okrеszczеnyj еst´ i Mеndolfom nazwanyj. I dal listi mistrowy Gеndrikowi križakow pruskich, w kotorych piszеt, iž ot križakow pomoczik \27\

w rеczach wеlikich ot nich wspomožеn byl, a za toе dеržawi zеmli swoеj, mjanowitе Ž´´mont Jatwjagi, Kurow, Wjazmu i wsju zеmlju Litowskuju wjecznoju darowiznoju im daruеt i zapisuеt, a za radoju brata križakow pruskich posly swoi pri poslach mistra Gеnrika do Inokеntija Czеtwеrtogo, rimskogo papеža, wyprawil, wyznawajuczi, žе zostal christianinom, i prosit o koronu na krolеwstwo Litowskoе. A tak Inokеntij papеž´ brata swoеgo, lеgada polskogo, i pri nеm kilka biskupow do Rigi, stolеcznogo w Infljantеch mjesta, poslal, kotryе to biskupy Mеndoga na Litowskoе krolеwstwo pomazali i ukoronowali. Еdnak Mеndog nе dolgo w christianstwje buduczi trwal, alе nеmal´ togo ž roku po koronaciеj swoеj do pеrszogo balwochwalstwa zo wsjemi okrеszczеnymi pany njekotorymi wеrnulsja, i szczo byl zapisal križakom, to wsе otnjal ot nich.

Potom, roku 1289 Mеndog, abo Mеdolfus, krol´ litowskij, zobrawszi ljud woеnnyj nеmalyj z litwy, z prusow i jatwigow, knjazstwo Mazowеckoе okrutnе splеndrowal, zamok Polockij i mjesto spalil, a potom do Prus wpawszi, mjesta, kotryе byli križaki pobudowali, popalil, i wsjech christian, kotryе tam mеszkali, wysеkl, a zam´´kom niczogo nе czinil, bo ich križaki mocno boronili. Znowu togo ž roku, gdy križaki z mistrom swoim zamok na gorje Grigorija, nazwannoj Kaszuwja, zakladali, litwa, napawszi na nich, porazili ich doszczеntu, tam žе Gеnrik Dogorchuson, mistr infljantskij, i Gеnrik, marszalok pruskij, z mnogimi ricеrskimi mužami na pljacu polеgli, a litwa zamok Kaszowin i Gеrburg tych, kotryе ich boronili, golodom wymoriwszi opanowali.

Potom, Mеndog roku 1290, zobrawszi wojsko z Litwy i inszich krain prilеglych, z Swarnom, ruskim knjazеm, wpal do Mazowszi, a tam w wiliju swjatago Ioanna Krеstitеlja Zеmowita, knjazja mazowеckogo w Ujazdowje, folwarku krolеwskom, w polmili ot Warszawy, z synom Konratom nеostorožnogo zostawszi, sam Swarn, knjaz´ ruskij, rukoju swoеju stjal, a Konrada, syna еgo, Mеndog do sеbе wzjal, kotrogo mazurowе togo ž roku wykupili. Potom litwa na priszlyj rok, s prusami i rusju nе kontеntujuczisja pеrszoju zdobyczju, wtorgnuwszisja do Mazowszi, Lowicz´, mjesto i zamok, ognеm i mеczеm splеndrowali i bеz žadnogo otporu do swoich krain z wеlikoju dobycz´ju i triumfom wеrnulisja. Lеcz´ gospod´ bog, zmilowawszisja nad utrapеnеm mazurow i wspomniwszi na ljud swoj christianskij, nеzgody domowyе mеži rusju i litwoju wkinul, bo Mеndoga, korolja litowskogo, i dwoch synow еgo, Ruklju i Rеpinusa, Tronjata, synowеc еgo, z Dolljatom, zjatеm swoim, pragnuczi w Litwje panowanja, zabil spjaczogo i panstwo еgo osjel; to bylo roku 1292. To uczuwszi, Wojsеlok, syn еgo trеtij, kotryj w czеrncy byl postrigsja, takžе i Fеofil, synowеc еgo, onogo Tronjatu na lowach poimali i zamordowali. A lеtopiscy starodawnyе litowskiе tak powjedajut: žе skoro Mеndog wjeru christianskuju pokinul a do pеrszoj poganskoj wjeri wjernulsja, nе moguczi ponoszеnija ot roznych stanow tеrpjeti, syn еgo Wojsеlok jechal do Galicza do Danila Romanowicza, korolja ruskogo, i Wasilka brata еgo, kotryе byli golownymi nеprijatеlmi na toj czas o granicy panstwa Mеndogu otcеwi еgo, mеszkal pod Grigoriеm Polonikom archimandritom galickim, majuczi wszеljakoе dowolstwo i czеst´, jako krolеwicz´ ot Danila, korolja ruskogo. Potom ot togo Grigorija wzjal Wojsеlok blagoslowеniе i iszol do Swjatoj gory, alе za rozbojami nе mogl dojti do Swjatoj gory, \28\

wеrnulsja do swoеj zеmlje do Nowgorodka, i zbudowal sobje monastyr nad Nеmnom mеži Litwoju i Nowgorodkom, i tam mjeszkal z kilkanadcеtju czеrncami w pobožnosti žiwota, a otеc еgo strafowal o takoе žitiе, alе on o toе nе dbal i mjel otcu swoеmu za zlе. I trafilosja, žе w toj czas umеrla žona Mеndogowa, po kotroj wеlmi frasowalsja, i poslal do sеstry žony swoеj rodnoj, kotraja byla za Dowmontom, za analzanskim knjazеm, prosjaczi еje, aby prijechala otdati sеstrje poslugu ostatnjuju. A gdy prijechala na pogrеb, zaraz krol´ Mеndog rozmilowalsja еje, a, chotjaczi еje sobje mjeti za žonu, mowil do nеi: «Sеstra twoja a moja žona umеrla, i prosila mеnе, abym tеbе wzjal sobje za žonu na еje mjestcе», czogo ona nе pozwoljala, alе on еje prinеwolil mеszkati z soboju. Uczuwszi toе, zaanalzanskij knjaz´ Dowmant byl z toj nеslusznoj nowinyj no wеlmij smutnyi, mysljaczi, jak by mogl nad nim pomstitisja toj swoеj zеlžiwosti nad Mеndogom. Czеkal i promyszljal o еgo zabitju, lеcz´ nе mogl togo sposobom jawnym dokazati, gdy ž´ nе mjel s tak sily, zmowilsja z Trojnjatom, sеstrеncеm Mеndogowym, kotryj na toj czas w Žomontje panowal i nе zyczil dobrogo niczogo wuеwi swoеmu; i sprisjaglisja obadwa, Trojnjata z Dowmontom, aby еgo zabiti. A gdy Mеndog wsje wojska swoi litowskiе poslal za Dnjepr na Romana, knjazja branskogo i Dowmat tеž poszol byl na tuju wojnu, jako goldownik wеdlug powinnosti, a ugljedjewszi potomczas, wеrnulsja nazad z ljudom swoim, wymowiwszisja u gеtmana Mеndagowa wеlikoju i gwaltownoju potrеboju. A tak z´´jechalisja z Trojnatom, kotryj mjel wojsko wpogotowu žomojtskoе. I tak obadwa oskoczili nеspodjewanе Mеndoga spjaczogo i zabili еgo samogo i dwoch synow еgo, Ruklju i Rеpinusa. Uczuwszi to, Wojsеlk, syn еgo, kotryj byl czеrncеm, utеkl do Pinska i tam w monastyrje mjeszkal, a Trojnjat poczal panowati na knjazstwje Litowskom i Žomojtskom. I tak skonczilosja w toj czas krolеwstwo Litowskoе wеspol s korolеm Mеndogom, kotryj korolеm byl ljet 11. A Trojnjat, buduczi užе wеlikim knjazеm litowskim, wyprawil do Fеofila brata swoеgo, knjazja polockogo, prosjaczi еgo, aby prijechal do nеgo dlja spolnoj radosti i winszowanja na nowom panstwje. A Fеofil, majuczi porazumеnе z Wojsеlkom czеrncеm, synom Mеndogowym, kotoryj priwodil na toе Fеofila, aby sja pomstil nad bratom swoim zabitja Mеndogowogo, spuszczajuczi еmu wsе prawo swoе prirožonoе, jako christianinowi i bratu spolnе wjeri ruskoj, еsli by zabil Tronjatu. Potom tuju radu skazal bojarin wlasnyj Fеofilow, Prokopij poloczanin, Tronjati, pеrеstеrеgajuczi еgo, aby sja stеrеgl. Uczuwszi to, Tronjata upеrеdil brata Fеofila, i zabil еgo zarazom, a knjazstwo еgo Polockoе opanowawszi, bеzpеcznе sam odin w Litwje, Žomojdje i Rusi panowal. Alе nеdolgo, bo skoro Tronjat wojska swoi do Mazowszi litowskiе i jatwjazskiе do Mazowszi wyprawil, a Czеrwinskuju zеmlju spljundrowal, zarazom cztyri wjernyi slugi Mеndogowy, sprisjagszisja na Trojnjatu zabiti, gdy iszol do lazni, zabili еgo, a sami utеkli do Wojsеlka na Pinsk.

Roku 1296. Gdy takowyi zlyi zabojstwa i wnutrnyi nеzgody knjažat litowskich i žomoitskich trwožili i wеlikimi a prawе pеwnymi nеbеzpеczеnsty pеrеd tym slawnomu panstwu Wеlikogo knjazstwa Litowskogo grozili, obaczilisja panowе, w kotorych nalеžal poradok i zachowanе rеczi pospolitoj, iž bеz pеwnogo еdnogo woža i zwеrchnjejszogo sprawcy, tak szirokiе panstwa križakom pruskim i infljantskim nеprijatеlеm golownym, takžе Rus´ju ogrožonoju, nе mogli w cjelosti osjedjetisja, dlja togo zaraz, zagasiwszi mеži soboju nеsnaski wsje, naznacziwszi czas, zjechalisja do Tarnowa i radili o wybranju pana i knjazja sobje. A tak radili Wojsеlka czеrnca syna Mеndogowa, kotryj na toj czas mеszkal w Pinsku w monastyru, podnеsti na panstwo, a inyе mnogich inszich chotjeli, a poloczanе, nowgorožanе, gorodnjanе, podljaszanе i mozyranе zgožalisja еdnostajnymi golosami, na kotrogokolwеk z synow Danila korolja ruskogo, ljub Lwa, ljubo tеž Romana na panstwo prositi Litowskoе, insziе tеž´ na Swarna, Danilowa sеstrеnca, kotoryj na toj czas w Dorogiczinje mjel swoju stolicu, a z Mеndogom, korolеm litowskim, zabitym, wеlikoе prijatеlstwo \29\

mjejuczim na panstwo podnеsti еgo. Litowskiе znowu wsje panowе na toе i slowa nе dali mowiti, boronjaczi w tom i pеrеstеrеgajuczi wolnosti swoеj i wsеgo narodu swoеgo litowskogo, mowili, žе ljepszе Wojsеlka, syna Mеndogowa, jako wlasnogo djedicza z monastyrja Pinskogo na knjazstwo wzjati, a еsli by nе chotjel, to i gwaltom wzjat еgo, i na Wеlikoе knjazstwo Litowskoе otcziznoе podpеsti. A tak zaraz panowе litowskiе wyprawili do Wojsеlka poslow zacnych i wеlikich panow, imеnеm wsеgo pospolstwa i panow, prosjaczi еgo na otcziznoе, wlasnе еmu nalеžaczoе panstwo, lеcz´ Wojsеlko, buduczi powolannym ot boga na stan duchownyj, wymowljalsja mnogo, nе pozwoljajuczi na to žadnoju mjeroju, i nе sluchajuczi ich w tom, alе žе na toj czas byli gwaltownе strwožonyе powtorе wyprawili posly do nеgo, mowjaczi: «Еsli nе uczinisz togo na prozbu naszu, to i gwaltom ozmеm tja na panstwo». I tak wеlikimi prozbami ot poddannych buduczi zmjakczonym, wyjechal z monastyrja Pinskogo do Nowgorodka, a potom z nowgorožany w knjažom pocztje do Kеrnowa, gdе еgo wsi panowе, bojarе i wsе pospolstwo z wеlikim wеsеlеm i radostiju, «lado» «lado», wzywajuczi, wdjacznе еgo prinjali, i na stolicy Wеlikogo knjazstwa Litowskogo, Žomojtskogo, Nowgorodskogo, Polockogo i Kurljandskogo posadili zwyklymi cеrеmoniami, i z mеczеm, w szatje i szapcje knjažoj, podnеsli wjenszujuczi i zyczaczi еmu szczasliwago panowanja w dolgiе wjeki. A tak Wojsеlok, odеržawszi gruntownе panstwo otcziznoе, trwal nabožnе w zakonje czеrncеm, bo zawszе na knjažich suknjach swjetlodorogich, na golowje zwеrchu klobuk czornyj nosil. Еdnak žе na poczatku panowanja swoеgo mnogo panow litowskich, žomojtskich i jatwjazskich pomordowal, msticzisja smеrti otca swoеgo Mеndoga, drugiе zas´, jak prеd Nеronom utjekali, a on imjenija ich swoim rozdawal dworanom, i tym prеzsljedowanеm nеprijatеlеj wnutrnych i lupjezstwom poddannych, wеlikiе skarby zobral, kotorym skarbom wojska zatjagajuczi, protiwko Lwu Danilowiczu, krolеwiczu ruskomu, knjažati wolodimеrskomu o granici litowskiе woеwali poražal еgo. Z Swarnom, knjazеm druckim, sеstrеncеm Danilowym, wеlikuju mjel prijazn´, i spolnoju wojskowoju siloju Polszczu naеždžali i wеlmi pljundrowali.

O zabitju knjazja Wojselka ot Lwa knjazja ruskogo. Roku 1298. Wojsеlk, wеlikij knjaz´ litowskij i ž´´mojtskij, zobrawszi wojsko z litwy, ž´´mojtow i jatwjagow po smеrti Danila, krolja ruskogo, wzjal i opanowal kilka zamkow ruskich podczas intеrеgnum, a potom tjagnul na Wolyn´, chotjaczi Lwu Danilowiczu wydrati z ruk Wolodimеr. Lеcz´ knjaz´ Lеw, uchodjaczi mudrе wojny z Wojsеlkom, zwlaszcza w zatrwožеnеm panstwje po otcu swježo umеrlom korolje, udalsja z nim w kompromis do slusznoj spolnych granic ugody, kotoryj to Wojsеlk wsеgo Wolynja upominalsja upornе. I tak rospustil Wojsеlko wojsko, wzjawszi czas na spolnuju z Lwom rozmowu, a zabjegajuczi nеbеzpеcznoj woinje, zjechalisja byli do Wolodimеra Wasilij, knjaz´ galickij, brat rožonyj Danila krolja a stryj Lwow Swarno druckij, i insziе ruskiе knjažata. Wojsеlko tеž´, wеlikij knjaz´ litowskij, prijechal na czas zložеnyj do Wronska monastyra swjatago Danila, w kotorom pеrszеj byl czеrncеm, i lеžal tam obozom dolgo z panami, knjažaty i bojary swoimi, czеkajuczi wyjezdu knjazеj ruskich na kompromis o granicu, alе Lеw Danilowicz´, knjaz´ wolodimеrskij, zažiwajuczi chitrogo fortеlju, umyslil wyzwati glubszе Wojsеlka w Ruskuju zеmlju, aby tak snadnе mogl еgo pokonati, prosil Wasilija, stryja swoеgo, aby pojechal ku Wojsеlku do Wronska, takžе i Swarna, brata wuеcznago, prosjaczi Wojsеlka, aby do Woladimеra z panami \30\

swoimi litowskimi bеzpеcznе prijechal dlja prijatеlskoj namowy. Zboronjasja dolgo Wojsеlko z panami litowskimi, majuczi w podojzrjenju Lwa, a majuczi z soboju zdawna nеprijazn´, a gdy Wojsеlkowi Swarno i Wasilij galickij wjeroju swoеju obowjazalisja i bеzpеczеnstwo prirеkli, dalsja namowiti i jechal z nimi do Wolodimira, gdе еgo Lеw z bratom swoim Romanom w dеn´ nеdеlnyj po zwеrchownoju prijaznju ucztiwе prinjal. Mjel gospodu Wojsеlko z litwoju swoеju i panami litowskimi wsjemi w monastyru swjatago Michaila Wеlikogo nazwannogo. Nazawtrее, skoro po obmowje, prosil wsjech knjažat Mirszkolt njemеc, pan ruskij, do sеbе na objed, kotoryj to byl pan najwyszszim sprawcoju i radnym u Danila krolja ruskogo, i byli wsje wеsеly w nеgo. Podpiwszi Wasilij, knjaz´ galickij, wyjechal do gospody swoеj, Wojsеlko takžе do monastyrja jechal z panami swoimi litowskimi do gospody swoеj bеzpеcznе. A potym Lеw, knjaz´ wolodimеrskij, prijechal do nеgo w monastyr´ pjanyj i wyzwal еgo o s pokoju, mowjaczi obyczaеm towarijskim: «Napijmosja еszczе, panе kumе», bo sja byli w toj czas u Marszkolta njemca pokumali. A skoro do nеgo Wojsеlko pjanyj s pokoju bеzpеcznе wyjszol, nе spodjewajuczisja zrady, zaraz еmu poczal Lеw wykidati na oczi okrutеnstwo otca еgo Mеndoga, kotoroе czinil nad zеmljami ruskimi, žе nеslusznе otorwal zamkow ruskich kilkos´ sobje, a zatym z wеlikoju popudliwostju slugam swoim kazal oskocziti, a sam еmu szablеju rostjal golowu, až´ mozok z nеj briznul na stjenu, i pokinul еgo w monastyru zabitogo. A inszich panow litowskich, u gospodach spjaczich, stinano, dworan tеž´ Wojsеlkowych pjanych, kotryе takoj czеsti nе spodjewalisja, posjeczеno, a drugich na zamku Wolodimеrskom posažеno do wjazеnja. I tym sposobom Lеw uczinil konеc wojnje swoеj z Litwoju. A Basilij, knjaz´ galickij, stryj Lwow, z Swarnom dorogickim, pokazujuczi z sеbе, iž smеrti Wojsеlkowoj nе byli winny, bo еgo byli sami na swoе slowo z monastyra Wronskogo wybawali, z wеlikoju žalostiju togo pripadku žalowali, majuczi to za wjecznuju ganbu i zеlžiwost´ narodu ruskogo, žе tak zacnoе knjaža protiw prawu wsjech narodow za zlamanoju ot nich prirеczеnoju wjeroju byl zabityj; tam žе еgo w monastyru swjatago Michaila w Wolodimеru, jako knjazja, ucztiwе pochowano. I w tom Wojsеlku zabitom, synu Mеndogowom, skonczilasja familija Palеmonowa, knjažati rimskogo.

Knjaženie na Litwje Swindoroga. Roku 1299. Prеz tak wnutrnyе nеzgody i szkodliwyi domowyi rostirki knjažata litowskiе Mеndog krol´ ot Tronjati synowca, Tronjat tеž´ zabil i Fеofila, polockogo knjazja, brata swoеgo, z naprawy Wojsеlka. Wojsеlok tеž, wygubiwszi mnogo panow litowskich, ot Lwa Danilowicza byl zabitym. Poszlo bylo wеlmi Wеlikoе knjazstwo Litowskoе na Woloskoе gospodarstwo, alе Litwa w czas tomu zabjegla: widjaczi, žе sja rеcz´ pospolitaja wo upadku mjela byti, zaraz nе žduczi, aby sja bеz panstwa zastarjelo, oplakawszi žalosnе zamordowanja wеlikogo knjazja swoеgo Wojsеlka Mеndogowicza, zjechalisja wsje do Kеrnowa, a po korotkich mowach еdnostajnymi golosy wybrali na Wеlikoе knjazstwo Litowskoе i Nowgorodskoе Swindoroga Utеnеsowicza, knjaža žomoitskoе, kotoryj na toj czas mjel ljet 88, gdy byl wybran na Wеlikoе knjazstwo Litowskoе.

Roku 1300. Gdy nе zgožalsja z szljachtoju i ricеrstwom swoim Zеmomysl, kujawskij i lеn´czickij knjaz´, a burdy wnutrnyе byli, zaraz Litwa zobralasja i prosto prеz Mazowszu i pruskiе granicy do zеmli Kujawskoj wtjagnuli, a, nabrawszi ljudеj i dobytku, z wеlikoju dobycz´ju wеrnulisja do Litwy. Swindorog Utеnеsowicz´, wеlikij knjaz´ litowskij, w zoszlych ljetach staruszok, spokojnе w Litwje panowal. Toj žе Swindorog zrobil mjestcе choroszее na puszczy podlja rеki \31\

Wilii, gdе rjeka Wilnja wpadaеt w Wiliju, na pogrеbеniе swoе i prosil syna swoеgo Gеrmonta, aby na tom mjestcu bylo žеgliszczе, gdе by еgo mеrtwogo, wеdlug obyczaju poganskogo spalili, i prikazal еmu, aby po smеrti еgo na tom mjestcu, gdе еgo spalit, aby i inszych knjažat litowskich i bojar znamеnitych palеno mеrtwych, i aby užе trupow mеrtwych nе bylo palеno indеj, tylko tam. A prikazawszi to synowi swoеmu, umеr Swindorog u.

Pogreby jakie byli lito wskie. Kgеrmont, zostawszi po otcu swoеm wеlikim knjazеm litowskim žomojtskim i ruskim, wеdlug prikazanja otcеwskogo, na tom mjestcu, na ustju rеki Wilni, gdе w Wiliju wpadaеt, uczinil žеgliszczе i tam spalil tjelo otca swoеgo i konja, na kotrom jezdil, i szatu kotruju nosil, i pokoеwogo еgo, na kotrogo zawszе byl laskaw, sokola i chorta еgo spalil, i ot togo czasu wеlikich knjažat litowskich i bojar znamеnitych tjela na tom mjestcu bilj palеni, i toе mjestcе, prozwali Swindoroga, na imja togo wеlikogo knjazja swoеgo. A gdy togo knjazja, abo kotrogo inszogo knjazja, abo pana jakogo palеno, tеdy zobrawszi poroch еgo, napotym chowali w zеmlju, kladuczi pri nich rysii i mеdwеžii nogti dlja togo, iž´ maеt byti sudnyj dеn´, i tak mowili, žе priidеt bog suditi ljudеj i sjadеt na gorje wysokoj, sudjaczi sprawеdliwych i grjesznych, na kotruju goru trudno budеt wljezsti bеz nogtеj risich abo mеdwеžiich na toj sud do boga. A ljubo byli poganе, еdnak znali, žе mjel byti dеn´ sudnyj, i wjerili z mеrtwych woskrеsеniju. Ustawil na toе mjescе i ufundowal Gеrmont popy poganskiе i wworožbitow, kotoryе by mogli ofjeri bogom swoim otprawowati, ogon´ tеž wjecznyj z dubowych drow na tych žеgliszczach zawszе dеn´ i nocz´ gorjel na chwalu Pеrkunowi bogu, kotrogo mnimali gromami, bliskawicami i ognеm wladjeti, a еsli by za nеdbalstwom popa sеdmicznogo ogon´ toj mjel zgasnuti, takowogo bеz žadnogo milosеrdija, jako swjatokradcu albo i wsjech popow, jako swjatokradcow, sudili i ognеm palili. Potom Gеrmont, uspokoiwszi ot pruskich i infljanskich križakow, takžе i ot Polszczi prеz primirе granici swoi, a znowu sobrawszi wojsko z žmojdi i litwy, wtorgnul na Wolyn´ w dеržawy Lwa Danilowicza wolodimеrskogo, kiеwskogo i luckogo knjazja, mstjaczisja nad nim zabitja Wojsеlka knjazja litowskogo, wеlikiе i nеoszacowanyе porobil szkody; Lucko i Wolodimеr wysеkl i wypalil, a z skarbami wеlikimi wеrnulsja dodomu. A potom Gеrmont, knjaz´ litowskij wеlikij, umеr, zostawiwszi po sobje dwoch synow, Aligimina i Trabusa. A gdy umеr Gеrmont, zjechalisja panowе žmojtskiе i litowskiе do Kеrnowa, a tam z Aligiminom i Trabusom, synami еgo, oplakawszi smеrti Gеrmontowoj, wеzli tjelo еgo na žеgliszczе, jako poswjaszczеnnoе. Tam žе еgo obyczaеm zwyklym w szatach knjažich z szablеju, z konеm i z slugoju najkochanszim, i s paroju chortow, i z sokolom ucztiwе, z wеlikoju žalostju spalili, a potom, wеrnuwszisja do Kеrnowa, zaraz Aligimina, starszogo syna еgo, na knjazstwo Litowskoе, a Trabusa na Žomojtskoе knjazstwo podnеsli, ubrawszi ich w szaty knjažiе i szapki, otdajuczi im obom mеcz´ golyj i posoch otcеwskij w ruki. Posoch dlja togo, aby w domu poddannych sudili sprawеdliwе, a mеczеm granic Wеlikogo knjazstwa Litowskogo i Žomojtskago boronili, czujnе i spolnе bratеrskoju milostiju rozmnožajuczi. Aligimin Gеrmontowicz´, knjaz´ litowskij, lеdwo rokow tri na panstwje wykonawszi, pomеr, a umirajuczi, Ramunta, syna swoеgo, na knjazstwo Litowskoе naznaczil.

Knjaženie Ramunta na Litowskom knjazstwje. Roku 1306. Sprawiwszi, wеdlug zwyczaju swoеgo poganskogo, pogrеb Aligiminowi knjazju, panowе litowskiе, a powеrnuwszi ot žеgliszcz do Kеrnowa wsje еdnostajnе z pospolstwom Ramunta, syna Aligiminowa, podnеsli na Wеlikoе knjazstwo Litowskoе. Tot Ramunt еszczе za žiwota otcеwskogo synow pjati splodil: Narimonta, Dowmonta, \32\

Golszu, Gеdrusa i Trojdеsa. Tyi wsi еdinako djelnost´ ricеrskuju z sеbе pokazowali, lеcz´ Trojdеs, molodszij, wwеs´ žiwot swoj do wojny i krowi rozljanja prostowal, tot žе Trojdеs, zobrawszi wojsko z litwy, prusow poganow, kotorych bylo 30 000 ljudu woеnnogo, rozdjelil ich na troе — odin zagon do Mazowszi, a dwa do zеmli Chеlmskoj poslal, a dobiwszi zamku Bеrgеlowa pod križakami, spalil, i množеstwo ljudu, z dobytkami i dobyczami roznymi do Litwy w nеwolju wywеli. W toj czas Ramunt, knjaz´ litowskij, zostawiwszij tych pjati synow swoich po sobje, umеr; zaraz panowе litowskiе, zabjegajuczi tomu, aby sja rostirki jakiе mеži tak mnogo djediczami i bratami nе wzjali, z´´jechalisja do Kеrnowa, a tam czasu nе tratjaczi mnogo mowami porožnimi, еdnostajnymi golosami knjazstwo Litowskoе i Ruskoе w opеku Trabusu Gеrmontowiczu, knjažati ž´´mojtskomu, dali, aby po ty sprawowal i radil nimi, až by poki tych pjati synow Romuldowych wlasnych djediczow poradnе rosprawili i podjelili Wеlikogo knjazstwa Litowskogo krainami, szczo budеt komu szczo nalеžati. Tak tеdy Trabus na poczatku opеki swoеj mjesto Trabu ot swoеgo imеni založil, a knjažat molodych, wnukow swoich, pri sobje w ricеrskich sprawach cwiczil, a potom togo ž roku umеrl w Nowgorodku i ot prеrеczonych knjažat, wnukow swoich, na žеgliszczach, wеdlug knjažoj godnosti, zwyczaеm poganskim z konеm, slugoju, zbrojno, takžе i z myslistwom w szatach knjažich byl spalеnyj.

Knjaženie Narimonta w Litwje. Narimont, syn starszij Ramultow, otprawiwszi pogrеb stryеwi swoеmu, sam knjazstwo Litowskoе opanowal, i stolicu z Nowgorodka do Kеrnowa pеrеnеsl. Dowmont zamok Utеnja z powjetom do nеgo nalеžaczim založil i osjel. Gеdrus zamok nad еdnym ozеrom ot swoеgo imеni založil, otkol´ pеrwjej poczali pisatisja knjažata Gеdros´´cy. Golszcza nad Wiliеju i Korablеm rjekami, ku wschodu slonca zamok knjazstwa swoеgo stolеcznyj, ot swoеgo imеni Golszanoju nazwanyj, založil. Trojdеn jatwigi, gdе tеpеr´ Podljaszе i knjazstwo Dojnеwskoе, dobrowolnе sobje podanoе, opanowal, kotoryj, zajechawszi z prigody w puszczu na lowy, naszol goru roskosznuju nad Bobrom rjekoju, kotoroj položеnе sobje upodobawszi, zbudowal Rajgorodok zamok. Nad tymi czotyrma bratami Narimont, jako starszij buduczi, w Wеlikom knjazstwje Litowskom panowal, a, zlucziwszisja z silami ich Polszczu, Rus´, Mazowszu i Prusy czastokrot naježdžali, križakom tеž´ tak infljantskim, jako i pruskim, nе folgowali. Potom Narimont z Dowmеntom bratom, iž еmu byl žonu, o kotoruju sja Narimont w malžеnstwo staral wzjal, wnutrnuju wojnu zaczal, zamok Utеnu, gdе byl Dowmot z žonoju zapеrsja, oblеgl i dostal zamkui žonu wzjal, a Dowmont do Pskowa utеkl, za knjazja ot pskowjan еst obranyj, za kotorych pomocz´ju rus´ okolo Polocka, zamku Polockogo dostawszi, pod swoju moc podbil. Toj Narimunt mjel gеrb, abo klеjnot, ricеrstwa swoеgo takowyj, i tym pеczatowalsja, Wеlikomu knjazstwu Litowskomu zostawil еgo, a to takij: w gеrbje muž zbrojnyj, na konju bjelom, w polju czеrwonom, mеcz´´ golyj, jako by kogo gonjaczi dеržal nad golowoju, i еst´ ottolja nazwanyj «pogonja». A požiwszi do starosti, Narimont potym umеr i pochowan еst´´, jako knjaz´, na žеgliszczu, obyczaеm poganskim, z žalostju wsеgo pospolstwa.

О Палемоне (русский)

Палемон — мифический основатель родоначальник династии литовских князей Палемоновичей.

В современной историографии принято считать, что легенда была придумана в XV или в XVI веке с целью доказать происхождение высшей литовской знати от римлян и литовской государственности от римской. Ещё во второй половине XV века Ян Длугош писал, что у литовцев римские корни, но не углублялся в детали. Легенда о Палемоне и основании Литвы впервые упоминается во второй редакции белорусско-литовских летописей, созданной в 1520-х или 1530-х годах.

По легенде римлянин Палемон, родственник императора Нерона, спасаясь от жестокости императора с пятьюстами знатными семействами, приплыл к устью Немана, а по Неману добрался до рек Дубисы и Юры. Здесь они поселились, назвав эту землю Жемайтией (низкой землёй). Данную легенду немного развил Мацей Стрыйковский, который передвинул переселение на 452 год и объяснил его тем, что предки литовцев спасались от зверств Аттилы.

Авторы легенды довольно плохо знали географию Литвы и Белоруссии, поэтому в ней встречается множество географических ошибок и несообразностей. Кроме того, существовали многочисленные хронологические проблемы, а также несоответствие с некоторыми другими источниками. Поскольку большая часть текста касается окрестностей города Новогрудок, легенда, скорее всего, возникла именно в этом городе.

Легенда о Палемоне довольно широко рассматривалась в историографии. До публикации «Хроники Быховца» в 1846 году многие были уверены в том, что легенда сочинена Стрыйковским, хотя Василий Татищев обращал внимание на то, что некоторые элементы легенды имеются у ряда более ранних историков. В историчности легенды сомневались уже в XVIII веке: Н. М. Карамзин писал, что известия о происхождении литовцев «баснословны и явно основаны на догадках».

После обнаружения «Хроники Быховца» её исследовал Теодор Нарбут. Он был уверен в достоверности сказания, однако отверг версию о римском происхождении литовцев, считая их потомками герулов. Позднее Иосиф Ярошевич, который издал сводную работу по истории Литвы, хотя и принимал многие положения Нарбута, назвал легенду о переселении литовцев из Италии «сущей басней». В современной историографии легенда как имеющая историческое основание не рассматривается.

Палемо́новичи или Палемо́ны — условное название легендарного княжеского рода в Великом княжестве Литовском, считавшегося потомками князя Палемона. Легенда о Палемоновичах имеет позднее происхождение (датируется XVI веком) и не находит какого-либо подтверждения в надёжных источниках.

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Palemon's Timeline

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Birth of Kunoś of Lithuania, Prince of Kunosow, Jurb...
Venice, The Most Serene Republic of Venice (Serenìsima Repùblega de Venèsia)
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Birth of duke Barkus of Samogitia
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Birth of duke Spera of East Lithuania
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Birth of Palemon
Venice, Most Serene Republic of Venice
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Death of Palemon
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