Exiled family member of the King of Ternate who had been found guilty of rape.

After persisting at the Cape in serious lawless and immoral behaviour (incl operating a brothel), he is incarcerated on Robben Island from Nov 1722, recorded in the Robben Island Bandiet Rollen, for 25 years until his death in 1747. His self-stated status of ‘Prince’ appears to not have been taken very seriously by the authorities, since he is consistently recorded in the Bandiet Rollen as “den sogenaamden Prins van Ternaaten” [CJ3188].

As for the continued suggestion by Mansell Upham in a new April 2016 version (UL28B) of his 2013 Jonker article, that the exiled Prince of Ternate was the same person as Jonker van Makassar there is in absolutely NO EVIDENCE to support such an allegation, and plenty of evidence to refute it:

The Prins van Ternate was exiled to the Cape due to being found guilty of rape and sentenced to execution. Having been a family member of the King of Ternate he was exiled to the Cape in 1704 to save the King embarrassment. As a political exile he was free to buy slaves of his own which he is recorded to have done as early as 1705 (Arend van Ternate) and 1706 (Slammat van Makassar). He was never a slave (or ‘quasi slave’ whatever that may be, as suggested by Mansell Upham), he never called himself Jonker van Makassar or a slave, in fact he insisted in calling himself the Prins of Ternate at every opportunity.

Jonker van Makassar on the other hand was as clearly stated in his will a manumitted slave. He was freed between Jan 1717 (absent in the 1716 Opgaafrol) and 24/05/1718, when as a free man he purchased a slave called ‘November’. His wife Rosetta also from Indonesia (van Java/Boegies/Makassar) was manumitted around the same time – she too is absent in the 1716 Opgaafrol but appears with Jonker van Makassar and their family from the 1719 Opgaafrol onwards as FREE persons at the Cape until their respective deaths – Jonker in Oct 1727 and Rosetta in Dec 1731. These details are confirmed by TANAP researchers [Resolutions of the Council of Policy of the Cape of Good Hope (22 Des 1722): C. 62, pp. 22-35 – reference 13: “Jonker van Macassar was 'n vrygestelde slaaf, en was getroud met Rosetta van Java. Hy is in 1727 oorlede. (Sien M.O.O.C.7/4 Testamenten, 1726-1735, no. 33.)”].

It is also confirmed by numerous Opgaafrol entries:

• 1719: Opgaafrol # 333: Jonker van Macasser & Rosetta van Macasser with 2 sons
• 1721: Opgaafrol # 336: Jonker van Macassar & Rosetta van Java with 2 sons
• 1722: Resolutions of the Council of Policy of the Cape of Good Hope (22 Des 1722): C. 62, pp. 22-35, Fishermen petition signed by Jonker van Makassar, likely while the Prince of Ternate was already incarcerated on Robben Island. At the time Council of Policy meetings were held 2-3 times a week, and the Fishermen Petition was only tabled on 22 Dec 1722, on the 8th meeting after the date of the Prince of Ternate’s incarceration on Robben Island.
• 1724: Opgaafrol # 342: Jonker van Macassar & Rosetta van Macassar with 2 sons and 3 daughters
• 1725: Opgaafrol # 396 Jonker van Macassar & Rosetta van Macassar with 2 sons en 2 daughters (one daughter appears to have died around 1724/5)
• 1731: Opgaafrol #380 Bastiaan van Ceylon, no wife, 4 sons, 2 daughters
• 1735: Opgaafrol #407 Bastiaan van Ceylon with his new wife Pieternel v d Kus, 4 sons and 2 daughters

And is in agreement with the 1726-1733 Monsterrol entries [VC 50 – Monsterrollen – Vrije Lieden]:

• 1726 Jonker van Maccassar & Rosetta van Java
• 1727 Jonker van Macasser & Rosetta van Java
• 1728 Rosetta van Java
• 1729 Rosetta van Java
• 1730 Rosetta van Java
• 1731-3 Neither appears

It is significant to also note that:

• Jonker van Makassar signed a petition with other fishermen, tabled at the Council of Policy meeting on 22 Dec 1722, a month and 8 Council of Policy meetings AFTER the Prince of Ternate had already been incarcerated on Robben Island.
• Jonker van Makassar is recorded buying and selling a slave called Mercurius on 30/1/1725 and 5/9/1726 – at which dates the exiled Prince of Ternate had already been incarcerated on Robben Island for a few years.
• Free Indonesians Jonker van Makassar and his wife Rosetta had 3 daughters between 1722 - 1724 while the exiled Prince of Ternate was incarcerated on Robben Island
• Jonker van Makassar, his wife Rosetta van Java/Boegies, all 3 their own children [son Abdul(lah) born ~Oct 1718 and believed to have been baptised Adolf on 25 Jan 1733 as well as 2 daughters Jamela en Raja born 1722-1725] plus Rosetta’s half-European voorkind Jacob Janse were recorded as FREE persons at the Cape in all the Cape Opgaafrolle from at least 1719.

Prior to the Prince of Ternate’s incarceration on Robben Island in Nov 1722, he had 3 children named Amel, Talie and Adel with his slave Rosette van Ceijlon (a completely different person to the wife of Jonker van Makassar, originating from a completely different part of the world – an island off the south-east coast of India – now Sri Lanka). As their father and owner, the Prince requests in 1733 for his 3 SLAVE children be manumitted [Resolutions of the Council of Policy of the Cape of Good Hope (11 Feb. 1733) C. 91, pp. 108-117]. At this time 2 of these children were said to be living with onderkoopman Abraham Decker and the other with the widow Thibault. No mention is made of the whereabouts of their slave mother at this time, although she is mentioned as being deceased in April 1733 when they are manumitted. It is clear that there is no connection between the SLAVE children the exiled Prince of Ternate had with his slave Rosette van Ceijlon prior to his incarceration in 1722 and freeblack fisherman Jonker van Makassar’s FREE children born between 1718 and 1725 to a different mother.

Jonker van Makassar died in 1727. He drew up his will whilst already ill and bedridden in the Cape on 24 Jan 1727 when the Prince of Ternate had already been incarcerated on Robben Island for several years. Jonker’s will is handed in to be finalised after his death 9 months later on 20 Oct 1727. Jonker van Makassar disappears from both the the Opgaafrolle and Monsterrolle after this date.

After Jonker’s death his widow Rosetta and their children are recorded in the Opgaafrolle with her new husband Arij Bastiaans with whom she had 2 more sons. Sometime during the 3 years following Jonker’s death Rosetta accepted the Christian faith and started baptising her children in the Dutch Reformed Church. On 24 Sept 1730 she baptises their son Johannes (ref Heese: Johannes Bastiaans). On 14 Jan 1731 she baptises their 2nd son Adriaan Bastiaans. Shortly before her death at the end of 1731 she also baptises her and Jonker’s two daughters too and gives them the Christian names Johanna and Catharina.

In the Opgaafrol taken at the end of 1731 Rosetta had died but all 6 her children were recorded as living with Arij Bastiaans van Ceijlon. After Rosetta’s death Arij too appears to convert to Christianity and undertakes a Christian marriage on 30 Mar 1732 to Pieternel van die Kus. In the 1735 Opgaafrol all 6 Rosetta’s children are recorded to still be living with Arij Bastiaans and his new wife Pieternella van die Kus (entry #407). This extended Jonker-Bastiaans family maintains strong relationships life-long, evidenced by mutual witnessing at future family baptisms for years to come.

Note that the Jonker children were looked after and living with their stepfather Arij Bastiaans during the time period 1731-1736, NOT living with Abraham Decker and the widow Thibault as the Prince of Ternate’s slave children did in 1733 [Resolutions of the Council of Policy of the Cape of Good Hope (11 Feb. 1733) C. 91, pp. 108-117] The exiled Prince of Ternate’s children are never heard of again.

There is absolutely no reason to believe that this bandiet who was such a persona non grata that he was banished to Robben Island and incarcerated there for 25 years until his death would have been ferried back and forth between Robben Island and the Cape by the authorities as Mansell Upham suggests, for him to conceive children in the Cape during his incarceration, to buy and sell slaves in the Cape, to be recorded as a free person in the Opgaafrolle at the Cape concurrent with being recorded in the Bandietrolle on Robben Island, to spend time at home in bed when sick in 1727, etc. If he were Jonker van Makassar whose children were all FREE since at least 1719 or born FREE thereafter as clearly evicenced in the Opgaafrolle, the Prince would not have needed to request authorities to manumit his children in 1733.

There is thus ample evidence and absolutely no doubt that Jonker van Makassar the South African JONKER stamvader is definitely not the same person as the exiled Prince Catchiri Daijman Mamoedi van Ternate!

• c1690 Birth of Kyai Chili Mahmud - likely in Ternate, Indonesia
• Jan 1704 Exiled (instead of executed) for rape - to the Cape - to spare the king embarrassment. [LEIBBRANDT H.C.V. (1896). Precis of the Archives, Letters Received 1695-1708, no 282, p 512, of 03/01/1704 and no 276, p 437 of 01/02/1704.]
• 1706 Petitions Batavia for more maintenance http://www.e-family.co.za/ffy/RemarkableWriting/UL28_Jonker.pdf
• 28 Nov 1722 He lived as a 'free black' but ran a brothel and persisted in such serious immoral and criminal behaviour that he was eventually sentenced to life-long incarceration on Robben Island from 28 Nov 1722 (until his death in 1747). [Resolutions of the Council of Policy of the Cape of Good Hope 24 Nov. 1722: C 61, pp 27-34.]
• 1721 Leander van Malabar petitions Council of Policy to ensure Prince of Ternate, named Dayan (Prince) Mamodie, Prince of Calomato, liberates him as promised. http://www.e-family.co.za/ffy/RemarkableWriting/UL28_Jonker.pdf
• 24 November 1722 Sentenced to be flogged & sent to Robben Island for operating a brothel
• 11 Feb. 1733 Resolution for manumission of Rosette van Ceijlon's children: Amel, Talie & Adel. 11 Feb 1733, by their owner (& father), exiled Prince Mamoedie (aka Ketees Malocco): Resolusie van die Politieke Raad (11 Feb. 1733) C. 91, pp. 108-117 ... Waarna ter vergadering verscheen den ondercoopman en negotie overdraager, Abraham Decker, dewelke uijt naame van den hier gebannen Ternataansen [8] prins, Ketees Malocco, versoek quam te doen dat aan hem mogt werden geaccordeert om zijne drie kinderen, met naame Amel, Talie en Adel, door hem Ketees Malocco bij desselfs slavin, Rosette van Ceijlon, ter deeser plaatse geteelt, in vrijdom te mogen stellen, op dat zij na zyn overleijden, alzoo hij oud en siekelijk word, in geen slaverneij mogten blijven of vervallen, over het welke geraadpleegt zijnde, is goedgevonden dat men dit bij deesen ter memorie sal noteeren, en is gem. ondercoopman Decker, bij wien twee deeser kinderen van den Ternataanssen prins, Ketees Malocco, en het derde bij de wed. Thibault [9] zijn woonende, verders aangesegt dat hij hem kan waarschouwen zorge te draagen dat deselve kinderen bij zijne uijtterste dispositie vrij worden verclaart en zoo het hem goeddunkt erfgenaamen gemaakt van het geene hij zal coomen na te laten, op dat het dies te klaarder blijkt dat hij haarlieden voor zijne kinderen komt te erkennen, en dat overzulx deselve niet als slaven kunnen gehouden of aangemerkt werden. [8] Ternate was een van die Molukke-eilande in Nederlands-Oos-Indië. Dit was die middelpunt van 'n Maleisiese koninkryk wat die omliggende eilande en 'n gedeelte van die ooskus van Celebes ingesluit het en onder die Nederlandse resident van Ternate gestaan het. Vgl. Servaas de Bruin,Geographisch-Historisch Woordenboek, deel II, p. 1073 en A. J. Böeseken, Geskiedenis Atlas vir Suid-Afrika, kaart 33.[9] Dit is waarskynlik Aletta de Beer, die weduwee van Daniel Thibault.
• 1747 Dies on Robben Island

  ---

JONKER Adolph:

Written by Martina Louw & Jaco Strauss. Posted in H - J of South Africa's Stamouers

There has been much controversy for over 2 centuries regarding the origin of stamvader Adolph Jonker.

Since the late 18th century Adolph Jonker has been mentioned by numerous authors and several theories emerged, but all without conclusive evidence to back them up fully:

• 1772: Naturalist Sparrman indicated Adolph was of mixed race, his mother being non-European

• 1902-1954: Historians Colenbrander, Moritz and Redelinghuys indicated that Adolph was of German descent

• 1958: Genealogist Dr. J Hoge1 unleashed much controversy by claiming that Adolph was the son of free slaves Jonker van Makassar and Rosetta van Java. His cited documents indicated that he also believed Jonker van Makassar to have been the same person as banned Prince Catchiri Daijman Mamoedi from Ternate (aka Ketees Malocco). No explanation for this conclusion was given however

• 1965-6: Dr A.H. Jonker2 and Dr. C. Pama supports German descent

• 1966-1986: Malherbe3 (1966) and Heese & Lombard4 (1986) support Jonker van Makassar as Adolph’s father

• 2013: Mansell Upham5 supports Dr. Hoge’s 1958 claims http://www.e-family.co.za/ffy/remarkablewriting/UL28_Jonker.pdf

Recently two genealogists Martina Louw (descendant of Adolph Jonker) and Jaco Strauss (administrator of the FTDNA Cape Dutch Y-DNA Stamvader Project) combined modern DNA technology with rigorous documentary research, to establish the truth about stamvader Adolph Jonker’s origin. Their findings have been published in a comprehensive article Die Herkoms van Stamvader Adolph Jonker (1718-1779)6 in Familia. The following information is a summary of this article.

The researchers approached two male descendants of Adolph Jonker who agreed to join Jaco’s Cape Dutch Y-DNA Stamvader Project7 and have their Y-DNA tested in support of Jaco and Martina’s archive research. One of them is Martina Louw’s cousin Hennie Jonker, and the other Dr. Koos Jonker, half-brother of poet Ingrid Jonker, and son of Dr A.H. Jonker2. Their Y-DNA identified the haplogroup of their common patrilineal ancestor Adolph Jonker as well as the male ancestors before him in this direct line. Results showed that they both belong to a very rare subhaplogroup of haplogroup K that originated in south-east Asia.

Adolph Jonker is thus the first Afrikaner stamvader whose non-European patrilineal roots have been confirmed by Y-DNA analysis. More information about haplogrop K and other Y-DNA haplogroups, as well as a graphic representation of their spread throughout the world can be found at DNAeXplained8 - as illustrated by this map:

South east asia Y DNA

Rigorous archive research also established conclusively that his parents were indeed the free slaves Jonker van Makassar and Rosetta van Java, but that Jonker van Makassar was definitely not the same person as the banned Indonesian Prince Catchiri Daijman Mamoedi from Ternate (aka Ketees Malocco). They were indeed different people with very different values and lifestyles, as illustrated in this table:

Stamouers Jonker table 1

It could not be established with certainty when Jonker van Makassar and Rosetta van Java came to the Cape. We do know that Jonker required a Portuguese-Dutch translator in order to draw up his will. This is not surprising since Makassar in Sulawesi had been a major Portuguese trade centre until the Dutch took over in 1667 and families (many of nobility) heavily involved in Portuguese trade, had to flee or were forcibly relocated to other parts in the Dutch empire24.

Considering that he was called “Jonker” which was a Dutch form of address for a nobleman or son of a nobleman25, it is quite possible that Jonker van Makassar’s family could have suffered this fate, resulting in him eventually being enslaved and taken to the Cape. This is of course speculation.

While most freeblacks were very poor26, soon after being manumitted Jonker van Makassar was able to own a fishing boat and purchase slaves of his own. In his 1727 estate he left 4 slaves to serve his family members. He was without doubt very hardworking, but his business acumen, ambition and will to improve his family’s lifestyle could perhaps also be an indication of a privileged prior life.

We know from the first two wills 27,28 of freeblack woman Rosetta van Bengal (1939 and 1947), that Jonker van Makassar’s wife Rosetta van Java /Boegies was Rosetta van Bengal’s slave owner after her manumission, and that they had become such close friends that Rosetta van Boegies’s children were named in these wills as beneficiaries. In 1742 Adolph Jonker stood surety to enable Rosetta van Bengal’s husband Aron van Balij to free his slave Corydon van Bengal29.

Adolph Jonker was the eldest child of free slave Muslim fisherman Jonker van Makassar and his wife Rosetta van Java , and would have been known as Abdul(lah) for the first 14 years of his life. He would have attended the Cape school in which Adolph Hofman30 was appointed teacher in 1723. It seems as if Adolph Jonker was a bright pupil and Adolph Hofman an inspiring teacher and mentor, considering Adolph Jonker’s later choice of career – teacher and koster of the Drakenstein congregation. He may even have been named after his teacher and mentor when baptised in 173331.

Adolph Jonker’s life was not without sadness, he lost his father Jonker van Makassar at the tender age of 913, and 4 years later aged 13 he also lost his mother Rosetta van Java 9.

On 16 Oct 1734 Adolph Jonker became a burgher of Drakenstein33 aged 16. (It was a requirement that men register within 6 weeks of turning 1634, thus we know he would have been born between 4 Sept 1718 en 16 Oct 1718.)

Six years later on 26 June 1740, Adolph married35 Maria Petronella Langeveld, daughter of Pieter Pietersz Langeveld and Cornelia Jacobs. They had 10 children, all but the first born baptized in Drakenstein where Adolph was appointed teacher and koster on 20 June 174536.

The children were named after family members, close friends and significant people in their lives, often signing witness to the baptisms. These baptismal records expose the close bonds that continued to exist between Adolph and various friends and family members, including his older half-brother Jacob Jansz, his sisters Johanna and Catharina Jonker, his younger half-brothers Johannes and Adriaan Bastiaans, and his step-parents Arij Bastiaans and Pieternella van die Kust(Kaap)– as illustrated in this table:

Stamouer Jonker table 2

We do not know what Adolph Jonker did for a living between 1734 and 1745, but he was allowed to wear a sword which was a rare privilege at the time, and used a wax seal with strong Germanic traits to seal important documents. There is a wax impression of Adolph’s seal as used on 20.2.1753 in the Government Archives in Cape Town - seen in the photo below:

A Jonker seel in argief

Adolph retired as teacher in Drakenstein after nearly 17 years on 5 May 1762. Apparently few teachers held their positions this long in those days. It seems he gave up teaching in order to become a farmer on pieces of land he had purchased37. At the time of his death he owned 130 goats, 15 cattle and a horse. He continued to be koster until his death in 177938.

Adolph was fluent in Dutch and German, and was also well-read. Although books were scarce in those days, he owned 20 on a variety of subjects, as well as 2 bibles. By all accounts he was an excellent teacher, a loyal friend and a dedicated familyman. In spite of his lowly freeblack background, he became a respected member of the Cape community and progenitor of the South African JONKER family.

Adolph Jonker is the first Afrikaner stamvader whose non-European (Indonesian) patrilineal roots have been established by archival research and confirmed by Y-DNA analysis.

Since traditionally South African Stamvaders are considered to be the first known male progenitor in each patrilineal line that settled at the Cape. Now that it has been established with certainty that Adolph Jonker’s father was Jonker van Makassar, it is expected that Jonker van Makassar will carry the title of Jonker Stamvader in future.

References and Sources:

1. HOGE, dr J., 1958. Bydraes tot die genealogie van ou Afrikaanse families; verbeterings en aanvullings op die Geslacht-Register der Oude Kaapsche Familiën. Amsterdam: A. A. Balkema.
2. JONKER, dr. A.H., 1965. Die stamvader - Adolph Jonker (I). Familia 2, 1965.
3. MALHERBE, DF du T, 1966. Stamregister van die Suid-Afrikaanse Volk. Stellenbosch: Tegniek.
4. HEESE, J.A. & LOMBARD, R.T.L., 1986-1992. Suid Afrikaanse Geslagregisters. Pretoria : Raad vir Geesteswetenskaplike Navorsing.
5. UPHAM, M., 2013. Uprooted Lives (UL28): God’s Slave and the Afrikaner ‘Hearts of Darkness’ – Abdullah alias Adolph Jonker c.1707-1779. http://www.e-family.co.za/ffy/remarkablewriting/UL28_Jonker.pdf (as on 24/11/2013).
6. LOUW M. & STRAUSS J. (2015), Die Herkoms van Stamvader Adolph Jonker (1718-1779), Familia-52 2015 no 2.
7. STRAUSS J. FTDNA Cape Dutch Y-DNA Stamvader Project: http://familytreedna.com/public/CapeDutch/default.aspx?section=goals
8. (as on 22/02/2015)
9. MACDONALD J.D. 2005, Y haplogroups of the World. http://dna-explained.com/2013/01/24/what-is-a-haplogroup/ (as on 26/02/2015)
10. HEESE H., Opgaafrolle for Cape Town and District (1719-1735). Cape Town Archive.
11. Resolutions of the Council of Policy of the Cape of Good Hope (2 Feb. 1733) C. 91, pp. 108-117.
12. SHELL R. Slave Transactions 1658-1731
13. LEIBBRANDT H.C.V. (1896). Precis of the Archives, Letters Received 1695-1708, no 282, p512, of 03/01/1704 and no 276, p437 of 01/02/1704. Kaapstad: W.A. Richards & Sons
14. (1727): CJ 2604:05 Jonker, van Maccassar. Cape Town Archive.
15. WORDEN N. & GROENEWALD G. (Editors) 2005, Trials of Slavery: Selected Documents Concerning Slaves from the Criminal Records of the Council of Justice at the Cape of Good Hope, 1705-1794. Kaapstad: Van Riebeeck Society.
16. DEACON H., (editor, 1996). The Island: A History of Robben Island, 1488-1990. Kaapstad: David Philip Publishers.
17. Resolutions of the Council of Policy of the Cape of Good Hope (24 Nov. 1722): C 61, pp 27-34.
18. Resolutions of the Council of Policy of the Cape of Good Hope (22 Des 1722): C. 62, pp. 22-35.
19. Bundle VC 50 – Monsterrollen – Vrije Lieden : 1726 – 1733. Cape Town Archive.
20. DRC Cape Town baptism: Rosetta and Bastiaen van Ceijlon’s son Johannis (24/09/1730)
21. DRC Cape Town baptism: Rosetta and Bastiaan van Ceijlon’s son Adriaan (14/01/1731)
22. Slave Manumission - Obligatiën, Transporten van Slaven, Vrijbrieven: CJ 3083 (1733). Cape Town Archive.
23. Slave manumission: Slave Johanna van der Kaap, ID nr 3252, aged 1 (14 Jan 1717). Cape Town Archive Court of Justice 3074, at http://www.Ancestry24.com (as on 17/08/2013).
24. DRC Cape Town baptism: Slave Rosetta from Batavia baptises her manumitted daughter Johanna (14 Feb. 1717).
25. WARD K., 2009. Networks of Empire: Forced Migration in the Dutch East India Company. USA: Cambridge University Press, pp 196.
26. VAN DER SIJS N. ,2010: Jonker (Aanspreektitel voor adelborst) http://www.etymologiebank.nl/trefwoord/jonker (as on 23/02/2015)
27. GILLIOMEE H., 1731. De la Fontaine Report: “Vrijswarten, of ex-bandieten sijn doorgaans arm, veele bestaan van visschen”
28. Will (1739): CJ 2609:06 Rosetta van Bengaelen. Cape town Archive.
29. Will (1747): CJ 2658:48 1747; MOOC 7/1/10 - 37. Rosetta van Bengale. Cape town Archive.
30. LEIBBRANDT H.C.V. (1896). Precis of the Archives, Requesten (Memorials)1715-1806:1742, no32.
31. Resolutions of the Council of Policy of the Cape of Good Hope (21 Sept. 1728) Footnote [5].
32. DRC Cape Town baptism: bejaarde doop - Adolf (25 Jan 1733).
33. DRC Cape Town baptism: Rosetta’s daughters Johanna and Catharina (2 Dec 1731)
34. Eedboek, C. 678. (16 Okt. 1734).
35. Resolutions of the Council of Policy of the Cape of Good Hope (18 Okt. 1708): C.26, pp 107-109.
36. DRC Cape Town marriage: Adolf Jonker and Maria Pieternella Langveld (26 Junie 1740).
37. DRC Paarl, Minutes: 1731-1784.
38. LEIBBRANDT H.C.V. (1896). Precis of the Archives, Requesten (Memorials)1715-1806: 1752 no 75.
39. Estate: Adolph Jonker, Koster of Drakenstein: MOOC 8/17.51 (20 Feb 1779). Cape Town Archive.

• http://www.stamouers.com/index.php/stamouers/surnames-h-to-j/231-jo...

See also:

• "God's Slave & Afrikaner 'Hearts of Darkness' - Abdullah alias Adolf Jonker (c. 1709-1779)" by Mansell Upham - http://www.e-family.co.za/ffy/RemarkableWriting/UL28_Jonker.pdf