Prince Pribislav, dux in Lower Pannonia

-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pribina

Pribina (c. 800 – 861) was a Slavic prince whose adventurous career, recorded in the Conversion of the Bavarians and the Carantanians (a historical work written in 870), illustrates the political volatility of the Franco–Slavic frontiers of his time. Pribina was the first ruler of Slavic origin to build a Christian church on Slavic territory in Nitra, and also the first to accept baptism.

He was attacked and expelled from his homeland by Mojmir I, duke of Moravia. Pribina first fled to Ratpot, one of the border lords in East Francia. Thereafter he was wandering in Central and Southeastern Europe for several years. Finally, in the late 830s, Louis the German, king of East Francia granted Pribina lands near Lake Balaton (now in Hungary) where he set up his own principality under the king's suzerainty. He died fighting against the Moravians.

According to a marginal notation to the Conversion that has by now been incorporated into its main text, Pribina's allodial lands were situated in Nitrava ultra Danuvium where Archbishop Adalram of Salzburg (821–836) consecrated a church. Since Nitrava has been identified, although not unanimously, with modern Nitra in Slovakia, Pribina is considered to have ruled the large early medieval fortress excavated at that town. The consecration of the church in Nitrava took place around 827, thus it was the first church in all Eastern Europe whose existence is documented in writing. That the church was consecrated for Pribina himself (who, all the same, still remained a catechumen), or for his wife cannot be decided. She seems to have been a member of the Bavarian Wilhelminer family.

Whether Pribina held Nitrava as a lieutenant of Mojmir I, the first known ruler of Moravia, or he was – maybe the second or third – prince of an independent Slavic principality is still debated by modern historians. The best source of his life, the Conversio Bagoariorum et Carantanorum never regarded him as dux (gentilis). Nevertheless, according to the Conversion, he was "driven across the Danube by Mojmir, duke of the Moravians" shortly after the defense of the eastern marches in East Francia had been taken over by Ratpot in around 833.

Having been expelled, Pribina fled to Ratpot who presented him to Louis the German. The king ordered that Pribina be baptized in the church of Traismauer (Austria) and then serve with his followers in Ratpot's army.Before long, however, Ratpot and Pribina fell out, and the latter, fearing for his life, fled with his son Koceľ to the First Bulgarian Empire. However, Malamir of Bulgaria had by that time made peace with East Francia, thus Pribina was unable to persuade him to act against the Franks.

Subsequently, Pribina departed for Lower Pannonia, the region ruled by a Slavic prince, Ratimir. Since Lower Pannonia was part of Ratpot's prefecture, Ratimir's harboring of Pribina was tantamount to rebellion. Therefore, in 838 Louis the German sent Ratpot at the head of a large Bavarian army to crush Ratimir, but Pribina and his followers took refuge with the count of Carniola, Salacho. In short time the latter brokered a reconciliation between Ratpot and Pribina.

Louis the German now devised a plan to solve the ongoing instability in Lower Pannonia by making Pribina himself the new client ruler of that region. On January 10, 846, at the request of his followers, the king granted Pribina lands near Lake Balaton on the river Zala where he was to rule as Louis the German's faithful dux ("duke").

Having these events taken place, Ratpot took command of the borderlands' defense. In his day one Pribina driven across the Danube by Mojmir, duke of the Moravians came to Ratpot. Ratpot soon presented him to our lord and king, Louis. By order of the king Pribina was introduced to the faith and baptized in Saint Martin Church in a place called Traismauer, that is to say at a grange belonging to the Archbishopric of Salzburg. In time he was commended to Ratpot with whom he stayed for a time. Meanwhile, however, dissensions began to spring up between them. Feeling anxious about it, Pribina and his men, together with his son Kocil, fled for the land of the Bulgarians. Some time later he left the Bulgarians for dux Ratimar's territory. At that time king Louis sent Ratpot with a large force to expel prince Ratimar. Having no confidence in being able to defend himself, he took to flight together with his men who had escaped from the massacre. The above mentioned Pribina stopped, and crossed the river Sava, together with his men, where Count Salacho gave shelter to him and brought about his reconciliation with Ratbot. In time, as soon as the occasion arose, the king, at the request of his faithful men, gave Pribina as benefice the region of Lower Pannonia around the Zala River. He then began to live there, to build a fortress in a certain forest and swamp on the Zala River, gathered the surrounding peoples, and greatly thrived in that land. <For him, Archbishop Adalram had long ago consecrated a church on his estate at a place over the Danube called Nitrava.>

Principality of Lower Pannonia under Pribina's rule Pribina's main duty was to gather the groups of Slavs who were fleeing from various directions, and to keep them loyal to the Franks. For this purpose, he began to build in 846 a large fortress as his seat of power in the region of Lake Balaton, in a territory of modern Zalavár surrounded by forests and swamps along the river Zala.[14][16][18] His extremely well fortified castle that became known as Blatnohrad (Blatnograd) or Moosburg ("Swamp Fortress") served as a bulwark both against the Bulgarians and the Moravians. Pribina's authority stretched from the Rába river to the north, to Pécs to the southeast, and to Ptuj to the West.

Pribina undertook to Christianize the local population and built churches in the region. At his request, the archbishop of Salzburg consecrated a number of churches in Lower Pannonia, among them one at modern Pécs. Pribina also made a donation of three hundred homesteads and vineyards on a knee of the river Zala to the monastery of Niederaltaich, which was confirmed in 860 by Louis the German.

Pribina seems to have played a prominent role in Louis the German's campaigns against Mojmir I of Moravia.[22] For example, in 846 the king made a generous gift of one hundred homesteads in the Bavarian marches to him, presumably in order to help supply Pribina's troops in the upcoming campaign. Moreover, in 847 Louis the German converted all Pribina's benefices near Lake Balaton, save those he held from the archbishop of Salzburg, into personal property in order to reward him for his loyal service, presumably in the recent campaigns against the Bohemians and the Moravians.

There is some uncertainty about Pribina's death. He may have been killed in a battle with the Moravians who supported Louis the German's son, Carloman in a revolt against the king, or he may have been captured and handed over to the Moravians by Carloman. His son, Koceľ was installed as the ruler of Lower Pannonia in 864 by Louis the German.

-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pribina

Pribina (asi 800 - 861) byl slovanský princ, jehož dobrodružná kariéra zaznamenaná v Obrácení Bavorů a Karantan (historické dílo z roku 870) ilustruje politickou nestálost franko-slovanských hranic jeho doby. [2] Pribina byl prvním panovníkem slovanského původu, který postavil křesťanský kostel na slovanském území v Nitře , a také prvním, kdo přijal křest. [3]

Byl napaden a vyloučen z vlasti Mojmírem I. , moravským vévodou . [4] Pribina nejprve uprchl do Ratpotu, jednoho z pohraničních pánů ve východní Francii . [4] Poté několik let putoval po střední a jihovýchodní Evropě . [4] Nakonec koncem 30. let 20. století Ludvík Němec , král východní Francie, udělil Pribinovi pozemky poblíž Balatonu (nyní v Maďarsku ), kde si pod královskou svrchovaností zřídil vlastní knížectví. [4] [5] Zemřel v boji proti Moravanům . [6]

Podle okrajového zápisu o obrácení , který již byl začleněn do jeho hlavního textu, se Pribinovy ​​alodiální země nacházely v Nitrava ultra Danuvium, kde salcburský arcibiskup Adalram (821–836) vysvětlil kostel, [7] [8] Od roku Nitrava byl identifikován, i když ne jednomyslně, s moderní Nitrou na Slovensku, je Pribina považován za vládce velké raně středověké tvrze vyhloubené v tomto městě. [7] [8] K vysvěcení kostela v Nitravě došlo kolem roku 827, šlo tedy o první kostel v celé východní Evropě, jehož existence je písemně doložena. [7] [9] O tom, že kostel byl vysvěcen pro samotného Pribinu (který přesto zůstal katechumenem ), nebo pro jeho manželku nelze rozhodnout. [10] [11] Zdá se, že byla členkou bavorské rodiny Wilhelminerů . [7]

Ať už Pribina držel Nitravu jako poručíka Mojmíra I., prvního známého panovníka na Moravě, nebo byl - možná druhým nebo třetím - knížetem samostatného slovanského knížectví, o tom moderní historici stále diskutují. [10] [12] Nejlepším zdrojem svého života, [13] Conversio Bagoariorum et Carantanorum ho nikdy považován za Dux (gentilis). [13] Nicméně podle Obrácení byl „veden přes Dunaj Mojmirem, vévodou Moravanů“ krátce poté, co kolem roku 833 převzala Ratpot východních pochodů ve Východní Francii Ratpot. [7] [ 14] [15]

Putování

Poté, co byl vyloučen, Pribina uprchl do Ratpotu, který ho představil Ludvíkovi Němci. [8] Král nařídil, aby byl Pribina pokřtěn v kostele Traismauer ( Rakousko ) a poté sloužil se svými stoupenci v Ratpotově armádě. [7] Netrvalo dlouho a Ratpot a Pribina vypadli a ten v obavě o svůj život uprchl se svým synem Kocelem do první bulharské říše . [16] Nicméně, Malamir Bulharska měl v té době uzavřel mír s východní Francia, tedy Pribina byl schopen ho přesvědčit, aby působit proti Franks . [17]

Následně Pribina odešel do Dolní Panonie , oblasti ovládané slovanským princem Ratimirem . [16] Jelikož Dolní Panonie byla součástí Ratpotovy prefektury, Ratimirovo přechovávání Pribiny se rovnalo vzpouře. [7] Proto v 838 Louis Němec odeslané Ratpot v čele velké bavorské armády rozdrtit Ratimir, ale Pribina a jeho následovníci našli útočiště u počtu Kraňsko , Salacho. [7] [16] Ten v krátké době zprostředkoval smíření mezi Ratpotem a Pribinou. [7] [16]

Louis Němec nyní navrhl plán řešení probíhající nestability v Dolní Panonii tím, že se sám Pribina stane novým klientským vládcem tohoto regionu. [7] Dne 10. ledna 846, na žádost jeho následovníků, král udělil Pribina přistane u Balatonu na řece Zala kde měl vládnout jako Louis Němec své věrné dux ( „vévoda“). [7] [15] [16]

   Po těchto událostech převzal Ratpot obranu pohraničí. V jeho době přijel do Ratpotu jeden z Pribinů, který jel přes Dunaj Mojmír, vévoda z Moravan. Ratpot ho brzy představil našemu pánovi a králi Louisovi. Na rozkaz krále byl Pribina představen víře a pokřtěn v kostele sv. Martina na místě zvaném Traismauer, to znamená na statku patřícím salcburskému arcibiskupství. Časem byl pochválen Ratpotovi, u kterého nějaký čas pobýval. Mezitím se však mezi nimi začaly objevovat neshody. Pribina a jeho muži, spolu s jeho synem Kocilem, s úzkostí z toho uprchli do země Bulharů. O nějaký čas později odešel z Bulharů na území dux Ratimaru. V té době král Ludvík poslal Ratpota s velkou silou vyhnat prince Ratimara. Neměl důvěru v to, že se může bránit, a vydal se na útěk společně se svými muži, kteří unikli z masakru. Výše uvedený Pribina se zastavil a spolu se svými muži překročil řeku Sávu, kde mu poskytl útočiště hrabě Salacho a dosáhl jeho smíření s Ratbotem. Jakmile tato příležitost nastala, dal král na žádost svých věrných mužů Pribinu jako beneficius pro oblast Dolní Panonie kolem řeky Zala. Poté tam začal žít, vybudovat pevnost v určitém lese a bažině na řece Zala, shromáždil okolní národy a v této zemi se mu velmi dařilo. <Pro něj arcibiskup Adalram už dávno posvětil kostel na svém panství na místě nad Dunajem zvaném Nitrava.

   -  Obrácení Bavorů a Karantan [18]

Hlavním úkolem Pribiny bylo shromáždit skupiny Slovanů, kteří utíkali z různých směrů, a udržovat je loajální vůči Frankům. [17] Za tímto účelem začal v roce 846 stavět velkou pevnost jako své mocenské sídlo v oblasti Balatonu na území moderního Zalaváru obklopeném lesy a bažinami podél řeky Zala . [15] [17] [19] Jeho mimořádně dobře opevněný hrad, který se stal známým jako Blatnohrad ( Blatnograd ) [20] nebo Moosburg („ bažinová pevnost“), sloužil jako bašta proti Bulharům i Moravanům. [15] [17] [19] Pribinova moc se táhla od řeky Rába na sever, do Pécsu na jihovýchod a do Ptuj na západ. [21]

Pribina se zavázal pokřesťanštit místní obyvatelstvo a postavil v regionu kostely. [5] Salcburský arcibiskup na jeho žádost posvětil řadu kostelů v Dolní Panonii, mezi nimi i jeden v moderním Pécsi . [22] Pribina také daroval tři sta usedlostí a vinic na koleni řeky Zaly klášteru Niederaltaich , což v roce 860 potvrdil Ludvík Němec. [23]

Zdá se, že Pribina hrál prominentní roli v kampaních Ludvíka Němce proti Mojmírovi I. z Moravy. [24] Například v roce 846 mu král poskytl velkorysý dar sto usedlostí na bavorských pochodech, pravděpodobně proto, aby pomohl zásobovat Pribinova vojska v nadcházejícím tažení. [25] Kromě toho v roce 847 Louis Němec přeměnil všechny Pribinovy benefity poblíž Balatonu, kromě těch, které držel od salcburského arcibiskupa, do osobního majetku, aby ho odměnil za jeho věrnou službu, pravděpodobně v nedávných kampaních proti Čechům a Moravané. [26]

O Pribinově smrti panuje určitá nejistota. [27] Mohl být zabit v bitvě s Moravany, kteří podporovali syna Ludvíka Němce, Carlomana ve vzpouře proti králi, nebo mohl být zajat a předán Moravanům Carlomanem. [27] [28] Jeho syn Koceľ byl dosazen jako vládce Dolní Panonie v roce 864 Ludvíkem Němcem. [29]

Viz také

   Nitrianské knížectví

   Knížectví Dolní Panonie

Reference

Wolfram 1979 , str. 179ff. Goldberg 2006, s. 16., 83-84. Spiesz a kol. 2006, s. 20. Curta 2006 , str. 333 Kirschbaum 2007 , str. 232 Goldberg 2006 , str. 267 Goldberg 2006 , str. 84 Bowlus 1994 , str. 105 Bartl 2002 , str. 17 Vlasto 1970 , str. 24 Sommer a kol. 2007, s. 221. Kirschbaum 2007, s. 207., 232. SZŐKE, Béla Miklós, A KÁRPÁT-MEDENCE A KAROLING-KORBAN ÉS MAGYAR HONFOGLALÁS , s. 1 2. Bowlus 1994, s. 101., 104., 106. Bartl 2002 , str. 19 Bowlus 1994 , str. 104 Róna-Tas 1999 , str. 243 Wolfram 1979 , str. 50–53 Goldberg 2006 , str. 85 Chropovský 1989 , s. 73. Luthar 2008 , str. 105 Curta 2006 , str. 134 Bowlus 1994 , str. 134 Goldberg 2006 , str. 139 Goldberg 2006 , s. 139–140 Goldberg 2006 , str. 142 Róna-Tas 1999 , str. 244 Bartl 2002 , str. 20

   Goldberg 2006 , s. 273–274

Prameny

   Bartl, Július (2002). Slovenské dějiny: Chronologie a lexikon . Vydavatelé Bolchazy-Carducci. ISBN  0-86516-444-4 .

   Bowlus, Charles R. (1994). Frankové, Moravané a Maďaři: Boj o střední Dunaj, 788–907 . University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-3276-3 . 

   Chropovský, Bohuslav (1989), Slované: jejich význam, politické a kulturní dějiny , Praha: Tisková agentura Orbis

Curta, Florin (2006). Jihovýchodní Evropa ve středověku, 500–1250 . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-89452-4 .

   Goldberg, Eric J. (2006). Boj o impérium: Království a konflikty za vlády Ludvíka Němce, 817–876 . Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-7529-0 . 

   Kirschbaum, Stanislav J. (2007). Historický slovník Slovenska . Scarecrow Press, Inc. ISBN 978-0-8108-5535-9 . 

   Luthar, Oto (2008). Země mezi: Historie Slovinska . Peter Lang. ISBN 978-3-631-57011-1 . 

   Róna-Tas, András (1999). Maďaři a Evropa v raném středověku: Úvod do raně maďarských dějin . Středoevropský univerzitní tisk. ISBN 978-963-9116-48-1 . 

   Sommer, Petr; Třeštík, Dušan; Žemlička, Josef; Opačić, Zoë (2007). Čechy a Morava . In: Berend, Nora (2007); Christianizace a vzestup křesťanské monarchie: Skandinávie, střední Evropa a Rus, c. 900–1200 ; Cambridge University Press; ISBN 978-0-521-87616-2 . 

   Spiesz, Anton; Čaplovič, Dušan; Bolchazy, Ladislaus J. (2006). Ilustrované slovenské dějiny: boj za suverenitu ve střední Evropě . Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc. ISBN 978-0-86516-426-0 . 

   Vlasto, AP (1970). Vstup Slovanů do křesťanstva: Úvod do středověkých dějin Slovanů . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-07459-2 . 

   Wolfram, Herwig (1979). Conversio Bagoariorum et Carantanorum: Mise Das Weissbuch der Salzburger Kirche über die erfolgreiche v Karantanien a Pannonien . Böhlau Quellenbücher. ISBN 978-3-205-08361-0 .

-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pribina

Pribina (c. 800 – 861) was a Slavic prince whose adventurous career, recorded in the Conversion of the Bavarians and the Carantanians (a historical work written in 870), illustrates the political volatility of the Franco–Slavic frontiers of his time. Pribina was the first ruler of Slavic origin to build a Christian church on Slavic territory in Nitra, and also the first to accept baptism.

He was attacked and expelled from his homeland by Mojmir I, duke of Moravia. Pribina first fled to Ratpot, one of the border lords in East Francia. Thereafter he was wandering in Central and Southeastern Europe for several years. Finally, in the late 830s, Louis the German, king of East Francia granted Pribina lands near Lake Balaton (now in Hungary) where he set up his own principality under the king's suzerainty. He died fighting against the Moravians.

According to a marginal notation to the Conversion that has by now been incorporated into its main text, Pribina's allodial lands were situated in Nitrava ultra Danuvium where Archbishop Adalram of Salzburg (821–836) consecrated a church. Since Nitrava has been identified, although not unanimously, with modern Nitra in Slovakia, Pribina is considered to have ruled the large early medieval fortress excavated at that town. The consecration of the church in Nitrava took place around 827, thus it was the first church in all Eastern Europe whose existence is documented in writing. That the church was consecrated for Pribina himself (who, all the same, still remained a catechumen), or for his wife cannot be decided. She seems to have been a member of the Bavarian Wilhelminer family.

Whether Pribina held Nitrava as a lieutenant of Mojmir I, the first known ruler of Moravia, or he was – maybe the second or third – prince of an independent Slavic principality is still debated by modern historians. The best source of his life, the Conversio Bagoariorum et Carantanorum never regarded him as dux (gentilis). Nevertheless, according to the Conversion, he was "driven across the Danube by Mojmir, duke of the Moravians" shortly after the defense of the eastern marches in East Francia had been taken over by Ratpot in around 833.

Having been expelled, Pribina fled to Ratpot who presented him to Louis the German. The king ordered that Pribina be baptized in the church of Traismauer (Austria) and then serve with his followers in Ratpot's army.Before long, however, Ratpot and Pribina fell out, and the latter, fearing for his life, fled with his son Koceľ to the First Bulgarian Empire. However, Malamir of Bulgaria had by that time made peace with East Francia, thus Pribina was unable to persuade him to act against the Franks.

Subsequently, Pribina departed for Lower Pannonia, the region ruled by a Slavic prince, Ratimir. Since Lower Pannonia was part of Ratpot's prefecture, Ratimir's harboring of Pribina was tantamount to rebellion. Therefore, in 838 Louis the German sent Ratpot at the head of a large Bavarian army to crush Ratimir, but Pribina and his followers took refuge with the count of Carniola, Salacho. In short time the latter brokered a reconciliation between Ratpot and Pribina.

Louis the German now devised a plan to solve the ongoing instability in Lower Pannonia by making Pribina himself the new client ruler of that region. On January 10, 846, at the request of his followers, the king granted Pribina lands near Lake Balaton on the river Zala where he was to rule as Louis the German's faithful dux ("duke").

Having these events taken place, Ratpot took command of the borderlands' defense. In his day one Pribina driven across the Danube by Mojmir, duke of the Moravians came to Ratpot. Ratpot soon presented him to our lord and king, Louis. By order of the king Pribina was introduced to the faith and baptized in Saint Martin Church in a place called Traismauer, that is to say at a grange belonging to the Archbishopric of Salzburg. In time he was commended to Ratpot with whom he stayed for a time. Meanwhile, however, dissensions began to spring up between them. Feeling anxious about it, Pribina and his men, together with his son Kocil, fled for the land of the Bulgarians. Some time later he left the Bulgarians for dux Ratimar's territory. At that time king Louis sent Ratpot with a large force to expel prince Ratimar. Having no confidence in being able to defend himself, he took to flight together with his men who had escaped from the massacre. The above mentioned Pribina stopped, and crossed the river Sava, together with his men, where Count Salacho gave shelter to him and brought about his reconciliation with Ratbot. In time, as soon as the occasion arose, the king, at the request of his faithful men, gave Pribina as benefice the region of Lower Pannonia around the Zala River. He then began to live there, to build a fortress in a certain forest and swamp on the Zala River, gathered the surrounding peoples, and greatly thrived in that land. <For him, Archbishop Adalram had long ago consecrated a church on his estate at a place over the Danube called Nitrava.>

Principality of Lower Pannonia under Pribina's rule Pribina's main duty was to gather the groups of Slavs who were fleeing from various directions, and to keep them loyal to the Franks. For this purpose, he began to build in 846 a large fortress as his seat of power in the region of Lake Balaton, in a territory of modern Zalavár surrounded by forests and swamps along the river Zala.[14][16][18] His extremely well fortified castle that became known as Blatnohrad (Blatnograd) or Moosburg ("Swamp Fortress") served as a bulwark both against the Bulgarians and the Moravians. Pribina's authority stretched from the Rába river to the north, to Pécs to the southeast, and to Ptuj to the West.

Pribina undertook to Christianize the local population and built churches in the region. At his request, the archbishop of Salzburg consecrated a number of churches in Lower Pannonia, among them one at modern Pécs. Pribina also made a donation of three hundred homesteads and vineyards on a knee of the river Zala to the monastery of Niederaltaich, which was confirmed in 860 by Louis the German.

Pribina seems to have played a prominent role in Louis the German's campaigns against Mojmir I of Moravia.[22] For example, in 846 the king made a generous gift of one hundred homesteads in the Bavarian marches to him, presumably in order to help supply Pribina's troops in the upcoming campaign. Moreover, in 847 Louis the German converted all Pribina's benefices near Lake Balaton, save those he held from the archbishop of Salzburg, into personal property in order to reward him for his loyal service, presumably in the recent campaigns against the Bohemians and the Moravians.

There is some uncertainty about Pribina's death. He may have been killed in a battle with the Moravians who supported Louis the German's son, Carloman in a revolt against the king, or he may have been captured and handed over to the Moravians by Carloman. His son, Koceľ was installed as the ruler of Lower Pannonia in 864 by Louis the German.