Sungyūn 松筠

Sung-yün 松筠 (T. 湘浦), 1752–1835, June 17, official, was a Mongol of the Khorcin clan which took the surname Ma-la-t'ê 瑪拉特. An ancestor named Ta-er-mi-tai 達爾彌岱 was a follower of Abahai [q.v.], and thereafter the family belonged to the Mongol Plain Blue Banner. Having trained himself as an interpreter, Sung-yün became a clerk in the Court of Colonial Affairs (1772). In 1776 he was appointed a secretary to the Council of State, and after various promotions became sub-chancellor of the Grand Secretariat (1783). In the following year he was sent to Kirin to supervise the gathering of ginseng. Owing to the rise of border troubles with Russia he was in 1785 sent to Urga, and in the following year became imperial agent, remaining at Urga until 1792. After the consummation of the Treaty of Kiakhta of 1727 (see under Tulišen), trade with Russia was interrupted several times owing to border disputes. The first suspension was ordered by Emperor Kao-tsung in 1764, but trade was resumed after a conference of the representatives of both countries in 1768. The second interruption lasted about a year (1779–80) and the third began in 1785 when the Buriats crossed the border and pillaged the Mongols. In 1792 Sung-yün and the Russian representative, Serabate, concluded a new agreement at Kiakhta, known as the New Commercial Treaty of Kiakhta. This contained five articles with little change in principle from the treaty of 1727 except that stress was laid upon the arrangement that criminals would be tried by the country to which they belonged—a practice then convenient to both nations. Upon his return to Peking Sung-yün was appointed (1793) vice-president of various Boards and concurrently a Grand Councilor in the Council of State. He was one of the officials who escorted the Macartney Mission through the imperial garden, Wan-shu Yüan 萬樹園, at Jehôl (September 15–17, 1793). He also accompanied the Mission on the return journey down the Grand Canal to Hangchow. Since Macartney had himself lived in Russia for three years, and since Sung-yün had dealt with the Russians in Siberia, the two had certain interests in common. Apparently Sung-yün made a good impression on the British who in their accounts of the Mission refer favorably to him as Sun-tazhin (gin) or Sung Tajin (i.e. 松大人).

Early in 1794 Sung-yün acted as military governor of Kirin and later in the same year was appointed imperial resident of Tibet, where he stayed for five years, until 1799. Concerning Tibet he wrote two works, entitled 西藏圖說 Hsi-tsang t'u-shuo and 西招圖略 Hsi-chao t'u-lüeh. To commemorate his tours in this western part of the empire he composed a long poem, entitled 西招紀行詩 Hsi-chao chi-hsing shih, and a number of short poems bearing the collective title 秋閱吟 Ch'iu-yüeh yin. He composed yet another long poem, entitled 綏服紀略 Sui fu chi-lüeh t'u-shih, which deals not merely with the history of Tibet but with relations between China and Russia. Scattered through these poems are detailed explanatory notes which yield useful historical information. During this period Sung-yün also compiled a biographical work, entitled 古品節錄 Ku p'in-chieh lu, 6 chüan, which consists of biographical sketches of famous officials from the Han to the Yüan dynasties inclusive—based principally on Chu Shih's [q.v.] Shih-chuan san-pien.

In 1799 Sung-yün became governor-general of Shênsi and Kansu at a time when the campaign against subversive religious sects was going on in those provinces (see under Ê-lê-têng-pao). He thus participated in the military measures taken against them. In 1800 he was, for a time, acting governor-general of Hunan and Hupeh then also ravaged by insurgent forces. Late in that year he was appointed military-governor of Ili, but owing to his reiterated memorials recommending that a ban on the private manufacture of salt and coinage be lifted in that region, he was denounced and dismissed, only to be reinstated in 1802. He remained at his post until 1809. Under his direction several scholars who had been banished to Ili compiled a history of Sinkiang. This history, begun by Wang T'ing-k'ai 汪廷楷, was continued by Ch'i Yüan-shih [q.v.], and was brought to completion by Hsü Sung [q.v.]. The work, in 12 chüan, was first entitled 西陲總統事略 Hsi-ch'ui tsung-t'ung shih-lüeh, but when it was presented to the throne in 1820 it received the title 新疆識略 Hsin-chiang chih-lüeh and was published by the Wu Ying Tien Press (see under Chin Chien) in 1821 with a preface by Emperor Hsüan-tsung. The Library of Congress possesses an old manuscript copy bearing the title I-li (伊犁) tsung-t'ung shih-lüeh, which differs a little from the Wu Ying Tien edition, and is probably an earlier recension.

Late in 1809, Sung-yün was transferred to the governor-generalship of Shênsi and Kansu, and early in 1810 to the same position in Kiangsu-Kiangsi-Anhwei. He remained at the latter post until 1811, assisting at the same time in matters of river conservancy. Early in 1811 he was made governor-general of Kwangtung and Kwangsi. Appointed an associate Grand Secretary, he was ordered, in the autumn of the same year, to return to the capital as president of the Board of Civil Office. In the summer of 1813 he began his second term, of two years, as military governor of Ili, and concurrently was elevated to the post of Grand Secretary of the Tung-ko 東閣, and later (1814) Grand Secretary of the Wu Ying Tien. After 1817 he incurred the displeasure of Emperor Jên-tsung, owing to a memorial which he submitted in that year pleading with the Emperor not to visit the ancestral tombs in Manchuria. When Emperor Hsüan-tsung ascended the throne in 1820, Sung-yün was made president of the Censorate, and in 1821 he was again ordered to serve on the Grand Council. After terms as governor-general of Chihli (1822 and 1829) and as military-governor of Kirin (1823–24) he was ordered, in 1831, to retire. He was recalled in 1832 to be vice-president of the Court of Colonial Affairs and finally retired in 1834. He died in the following year and was canonized as Wên-ch'ing 文清.

His tablet was entered in the temple at Hui-yüan (Ili). As an official under three Emperors, his career was a long one, marked by many vicissitudes. He was recognized as incorruptible in character, but was sometimes criticized for being over-lenient with his subordinates. It is reported that he was an accomplished calligrapher, particularly in characters of large size. His son, Hsi-ch'ang 熙昌 (d. 1818), was a chin-shih of 1799 who rose to be a vice-president of the Board of Civil Office (1816–18).

[ 1/348/2a; 3/36/31a; 5/1/la; Tung-hua lu; Robbins, Helen H., Our First Ambassador to China (1908), translated into Chinese by Liu Pan-nung 劉半農 (i.e. Liu Fu), under the title, 乾隆英使親見記 Ch'ien-lung Ying-shih ch'in-chien chi, with additional identifications and explanatory notes.]

TU LIEN-CHÊ

筆帖式出身、歷任內閣學士、內務府大臣、兩江總督、兩廣總督、協辦大學士、東閣大學士、武英殿大學士、吏、戶、禮、兵、工五部尚書，三度在軍機處上行走。松筠半生在邊疆地區度過，出任庫倫辦事大臣、駐藏辦事大臣、陝甘總督、伊犁將軍，對當地的貿易、吏治、水利、農業頗有貢獻，邊功卓著，惟性情鯁直，不隨時俯仰，仕途屢起屢蹶曾於嘉慶兵部大印丟失案被大貶，多次遭褫職，晚年益多挫折。道光十五年，松筠卒，諡文清。

松筠的學術造詣頗高，著有《綏服紀略》、《西招紀行詩》、《西招圖略》、《古品節錄》等著作，並主持纂修《新疆識略》十二卷、《西陲總統事略》十二卷。《衛藏通志》一書，亦有學者認爲是松筠任駐藏大臣時所作。滿文著作則有《百二老人語錄》八卷。藝術成就則以書法為最，擅長寫大虎字，時人甚至認為其字可以辟邪。

在乾隆晚年軍機大臣任內，曾經奉乾隆皇帝之命，送乾隆五十八年來華的英國特使團歸國，據正使馬加爾尼的描述，他對於這次特使團提出的七點商貿要求未果非常同情，他是贊成的，並認為這樣有助於兩國的交流與了解。

《清史稿》卷342

松筠，字湘浦，瑪拉特氏，蒙古正藍旗人。繙譯生員，考授理籓院筆帖式，充軍機章京，能任事，為高宗所知。累遷銀庫員外郎。乾隆四十八年，超擢內閣學士，兼副都統。

五十年，命往庫倫治俄羅斯貿易事。先是，俄屬布哩雅特人劫掠庫倫商貨，俄官不依例交犯，僅罰償，流之遠地，檄問未聽命，詔停恰克圖貿易。松筠至，尋充辦事大臣。閉關後，邊禁嚴而不擾，遇俄人皆開誠待之。擢戶部侍郎。俄羅斯以貿易久停，有悔意，撤舊官，屢請開市，未許。卡倫兵出巡，復為布哩雅特人所殺。松筠曰：「舊事未了，又生旁支，然亦了事之機也。」檄俄官縛送三人，親訊於界上，斬其二，流其一，請兩案並結。詔斥專擅，褫職，仍留庫倫效力。會西路土爾扈特喇嘛薩邁林者，迷路入哈薩克，歸攜書信，訛言俄人誘致土爾扈特謀亂，下松筠察狀。疏言俄羅斯實恭順，無可疑。俄人亦自陳證薩邁林書信出偽造。詔置薩邁林於法，許復開市。五十七年，召俄官會議定約，親蒞俄帳宴飲，諭以恩信，大悅服。事曆八年然後定。召還京，授御前侍衛、內務府大臣、軍機大臣。命護送英吉利貢使回廣東，凡所要索皆嚴拒。

五十九年，署吉林將軍。尋命往荊州察稅務，道出衛輝，大水環城，率守令開倉賑恤。詔嘉獎，授工部尚書兼都統。充駐藏大臣，撫番多惠政。和珅用事，松筠不為屈，遂久留邊地。在藏凡五年。

嘉慶四年春，召為戶部尚書。尋授陝甘總督，加太子少保。時教匪張漢潮及藍號、白號諸黨擾陝、甘。松筠至，駐漢中，治糧餉給諸軍。自軍興，給陝西餉銀一千一百萬兩，至是續撥一百五十萬，設局清釐，按旬諮部。命陳諸將優劣，密疏言：「明亮知兵而罔實效；恆瑞前戰湖北功最，年近六旬，精力大減；慶成有勇無謀；永保無謀無勇，不能治兵，並不能治民；惟額勒登保、德楞泰能辦賊。」仁宗深嘉納之。明亮劾永保、慶成避賊，下松筠逮治。永保亦與荊州將軍興肇訐明亮誑報軍功，詔並褫職，遣尚書那彥成赴陝會鞫。會明亮已擊斃張漢潮，松筠請緩其獄，又請留撒拉爾回兵，令慶成率以協剿，帝不允。既而那彥成劾忄互瑞棄藍號垂盡之賊，折回陝西，由松筠所誤。詔褫松筠宮銜、侍衛，仍留總督任。川匪犯南鄭，復分犯西鄉、沔縣、略陽。松筠素謂匪多脅從，可諭降，欲單騎赴之。副將韓嘉業固諫曰：「諭之不從而喪總督，大損國威，為天下笑。請先往。」嘉業果被害。賊竄徽縣、兩當。五年春，額勒登保、那彥成會剿，乃分路遁。於是命長麟代為陝甘總督，授松筠伊犁將軍，未之任，暫署湖廣總督。自請入覲面陳軍事，先在陝上疏言：「賊不患不平，而患在將平之時。既平之後，請弛私鹽、私鑄之禁，俾餘匪散勇有所謀生。」帝以其言迂闊，置之。至京，復以為請，忤旨，降副都統銜，充伊犁領隊大臣。

七年，擢伊犁將軍。乾隆中屢詔伊犁屯田，皆以灌溉乏水未大興，松筠力任其事，預計安插官兵。惠遠城需八萬畝，惠寧城需四萬畝，乃於伊犁河北引水開渠，逶迤數十里，又於城西北導水泉。凡兩城有水之地皆開渠，授田為世業，給穀種、田器、馬牛。然旗人多驕逸，或殺食所給牛，鬻田器棄不耕，反覆曉諭始聽命。比去任，凡墾田六萬四千畝。寧遠叛兵蒲大芳等譴戍塔爾巴哈台，其黨馬友元等分戍南路諸城。十三年冬，大芳复謀逆，捕其黨五十餘人誅之。次年，檄調馬友元等百餘人赴伊犁種地，悉斬於途。詔斥未鞫而殺，失政體，降喀什噶爾參贊大臣。复授陝甘總督。

調兩江總督。南河自馬港口墊陷，黃水倒漾，淤運阻漕。偕河督吳璥察勘海口，請復故道。制疏沙器具，試之河口果驗；又造撥船千艘，改小運船，親駐河干督趲，渡黃回空皆迅速。迭疏論河務，宜引沁入衛，可利漕運。又謂吳璥於黃泥嘴、俞家灘逢灣取直，以致停淤，為璥等論駁。复密陳吳璥、徐端所論不實，工程虛捏，自請調任總河察其弊，又薦蔣攸銛、孫玉庭可任。帝以鬆筠忠實，治河非所長，用攸銛為河督，責令相助為理。尋兼署河督事。十六年，調兩廣總督，協辦大學士，兼內大臣。召為吏部尚書。

十七年，命往盛京會勘陵工，兼籌移駐宗室事，疏請小東門外建屋七十所，居閒散宗室七十戶，戶給田三十六畝。又言：「西廠大凌河東有可耕地三千頃，可移駐二千餘戶。東廠週數百里，地多積水，其水自北山柳條邊來，若相地開河，可涸出沃壤；又東柳河溝亦多積水，若自北山東橫開大渠，可得沃壤數千頃。」「續勘彰武台邊門外迤西牧廠閒地，橫三四十里，縱六七十里，並可移駐。請於大凌河西廠東界先試墾種。」詔並允行。而試墾事為將軍晉昌奏罷，論者惜之。回京，授軍機大臣。未幾罷，改授御前大臣。

十八年，復出為伊犁將軍，拜東閣大學士，改武英殿大學士。以平定滑縣教匪，敘功，加太子太保。詔偕參贊長齡通籌新疆南北諸城出納，量減內地饋運。疏言：「北路塔爾巴哈台歲需內地銀四萬數千兩，南路回疆八城歲需內地銀五萬數千兩，地方貢賦皆入經費之內，無庸議減。伊犁歲需內地經費銀六十萬兩，可撙節者無幾。惟烏魯木齊為新疆腹地，歲需銀一百一十餘萬兩，宜裁減。請復屯田，廣墾蘆灘荒地，開採銅鉛各礦，抽收迪化州、吐魯番木稅。」又議綠營糧餉，凡倉儲充裕處，改給銀米各半，並復乾隆四十六年以前捐監之例，使邊地就近納粟。所議或行或不行，於內地歲輸卒未大減。

喀什噶爾阿奇木伯克玉努斯聽其妻色奇納言，多不法，私與浩罕酋愛瑪爾交通。愛瑪爾欲使尊為汗，遣使請自設哈子伯克，用浩罕稅例徵安集延商。十九年，松筠巡視回疆，誅色奇納，械玉努斯，禁錮伊犁；拒浩罕之請，斥去其使。二十年，喀什噶爾回人仔牙敦作亂，親往治之。仔牙敦就獲，與布魯特比圖爾第邁莫特並置極刑。詔斥松筠不待命，削宮銜，召還京。松筠初任時，築四堡於伊犁河北，議移置八旗散丁，事未竟而去。再至，乃築室堡中，堡置百戶，戶授田三四十畝，三時務農，冬則肄武。規畫粗備，以屬代者，而代者不置意，田遂荒。

二十二年，詔來年幸盛京，抗疏諫阻，罷大學士，出為察哈爾都統，署綏遠城將軍。逾年，子熙昌歿，帝憐之，召還為正白旗漢軍都統。尋授禮部尚書，調兵部，复御前兼職。未幾，出為盛京將軍。松筠素以忠諒見重，在朝時，凡燕遊執御之事，乘間直言無避。既屢忤旨，二十五年，以兵部遺失行印，追論，降山海關副都統。復以事，迭降為驍騎校。是年秋，仁宗崩於熱河，梓宮回京，宣宗步行於班僚中見之，扶而哭，翌日授左副都御史，擢左都御史。其復起也，甚負時望，然卒不安於位，未一月，出為熱河都統。

道光元年，召授兵部尚書，調吏部，復為軍機大臣。二年，暫署直隸總督。以代改理籓院奏稿，忤尚書禧恩，被劾，降六部員外郎。尋授光祿寺卿，遷左都御史。又出為盛京將軍，調吉林。數年之中，兩召還朝，為左都御史、禮部尚書；迭出署烏里雅蘇台將軍、熱河都統、直隸總督。九年，調兵部尚書，往科布多鞫獄。十年，往山西按巡撫徐炘被控事。回疆方用兵，密疏有所論列，詔令陳善後方略，多被採納。是年秋，自以衰病請罷，數日復請任使，詔斥進退自由，負優禮大臣之意。又以前赴科布多囑道員徐寅代購什物，罷職，予三品頂戴休致。

至十二年，浩罕遣使進表，松筠曾言浩罕通商，邊境可靖，帝思其言，复頭品頂戴，署正黃旗漢軍副都統。命赴歸化城勘達爾漢、茂明安、土默特三部爭地，據乾隆朝圖記判定，三部皆悅服。還，授理籓院侍郎，調工部，進正藍旗蒙古都統。十四年，以都統銜休致。逾年，卒，年八十有二，贈太子太保，依尚書例賜卹，諡文清，祀伊犁名宦祠。

松筠廉直坦易，脫略文法，不隨時俯仰，屢起屢蹶。晚年益多挫折，剛果不克如前，實心為國，未嘗改也。服膺宋儒，亦喜談禪。尤施惠貧民，名滿海內，要以治邊功最多。

子熙昌，以廕生官至刑、工兩部侍郎，署熱河都統兼護軍統領。數奉使赴各省按事，亦被信用。嘉慶二十三年，卒於長沙，帝深惜之，贈都統，諡敬慎。