Wang Yirong 王懿榮

WANG I-jung 王懿榮 (T. 廉[%E8%93%AE]生, H. 正孺), 1845–1900, Aug. 15, official and scholar, was a native of Fu-shan, Shantung. His grandfather, Wang Chao-ch'ên 王兆琛 (T. 叔玉, H. 獻甫, 西舶, d. 1852), was a chin-shih of 1817 who rose in his official career to governor of Shansi (1846), but was denounced for bribery and exiled to Sinkiang (1849). His father, Wang Tsu-yüan 王祖源 (T. 淵慈, 蓮塘, 老蓮, original ming 伯濂, 1822–1887), was a senior licentiate (pa-kung) of 1849, who, after holding minor positions in Szechwan, became acting governor of that province (1879). His sister became the wife of Chang Chih-tung [q.v.]. Wang I-jung himself became a chü-jên in 1879, and in the following year a chin-shih and a member of the Hanlin Academy. In the winter of 1880–81 he returned to his native place and then visited his father at Chengtu. In 1883 he was made a compiler of the second class, but retired from office upon the death of his father in 1887.

When the period of mourning was over (1889) he reported at the capital and was entrusted with the management of the festivities incidental to the wedding of Emperor Tê-tsung (see under Tsai-t'ien). Thereupon he was given the rank of a sub-expositor. In 1893 he was chief examiner for the Honan provincial examination. Promoted a year later to be sub-reader in the Hanlin Academy, he was ordered to serve in the Imperial Study (1895) and concurrently as acting libationer in the Academy. When, in the course of the Sino-Japanese War (1894–95), his native province of Shantung was menaced, he begged leave to return home to organize volunteers. Though permission was granted, peace was soon concluded and he returned to the capital where he was reappointed libationer. Upon the death of his mother, in 1896, he returned home to observe the period of mourning. Two years later he went to Peking and was again made libationer of the Imperial Academy. In 1900 he took the opportunity of an audience with the Emperor and the Empress Dowager to protest against reliance on the help proffered by the Boxers, but their activities were already beyond control. He and a fellow provincial, Li Tuan-yü 李端遇 (chin-shih of 1863), then junior vice-president of the Board of Works, were appointed to organize a volunteer corps. He accepted the post, realizing however that resistance was hopeless. About a month later (July 12) Tientsin fell to the Allied troops; on August 14 the Allies entered Peking, and on the following day the court fled to Shensi. On that same day Wang I-jung committed suicide, first taking poison and then leaping into a well. He left a note stating that when a monarch is humiliated his ministers should die. He was canonized as Wên-min 文敏.

Wang I-jung was a connoisseur of ancient stone and bronze objects of which he possessed a good collection, many of the items being gathered in the course of his journeys. His notes on these objects, and on the rare books in his library, brought together under the title 天壤閣雜記 T'ien-jang ko tsa-chi, 1 chüan, appear in the Ling-chien ko ts'ung-shu (see under Ho Ch'iu-t'ao). A catalogue he compiled concerning extant inscriptions derived from stones of the Han period, entitled 漢石存目 Han-shih ts'un-mu, 2 chüan, was first printed in 1889. Supplemented and re-edited by Lo Chên-yü (see under Chao Chih-ch'ien), it was reprinted in the Hsüeh-t'ang ts'ung-k'o (see under Ting Yen). A similar catalogue by him, relating to the Six Dynasties, 南北朝石存目 Nan-Pei ch'ao shih ts'un-mu, 8 chüan, is preserved in manuscript in the Kyoto Institute of the Academy of Oriental Culture. A series of rubbings of ancient coins, which Wang entitled 古泉精選 Ku-ch'uan ching-hsüan, 1 chüan, was reproduced in facsimile by the Shên-chou Kuo-kuang shê 神州國光社. In 1855– 1884 his family printed a collectanea, entitled T'ien-jang ko ts'ung-shu (叢書), which contains twenty-three items on various subjects by both ancient and contemporary authors, including selections from the works of his grandfather and his father. In the Ssŭ-k'u ch'üan-shu chien-ming mu-lu piao-chu (see under Shao I-ch'ên), there are many bibliographical notes by him. A collection of his memorials, entitled Wang Wên-min kung tsou-i (奏議), was printed in 1911.

Wang I-jung was one of the earliest collectors of inscribed oracle bones of the Yin period, which were discovered about 1899 in the An-yang district of Honan. In the autumn of that year a dealer in antiques, named Fan Wei-ch'ing 范維卿, of Wei-hsien, Shantung, sold to him twelve specimens. Thereafter he and his friend, Liu Ê [q.v.], began to take an interest in collecting inscribed bones of this type. In the spring of 1900 he purchased from Fan eight hundred such pieces, among them an entire tortoise shell. After Wang's death his son, Wang Ch'ung-lieh 王崇烈 (T. 翰甫), a chü-jên of 1894, sold all of his father's antiques in payment of debts—the inscribed bones, numbering about one thousand pieces, coming in 1902 into the possession of Liu Ê.

The Library of Congress possesses a 1494 movable type print of the 錦繡萬花谷前後續集 Chin-hsiu wan-hua ku ch'ien hou hsü chi, 36 volumes, and also a 1531 woodcut edition of the 初學記 Chu hsüeh chi which, according to the seals, were once in Wang I-jung's library.

[1/474/2b; 2/65/52b; 6/33/11a; Chin-liang, Chin-shin jên-wu chih (see under Wêng T'ung-ho), p. 200; Fêng Shu, Kêng-tzŭ Hsin-hai chung-lien hsiang-tsan (see bibl. under Ch'ung-ch'i), portrait; Fu-shan hsien-chih (1931), 7 (2)/29a; Ts'ang-shu chi-shih shih (see under P'an Tsu-yin) 7/10a; Tung Tso-pin, Chia-ku nien-piao (see bibl. under Liu Ê); Shao Tzŭ-fêng, Chia-ku shu-lu chieh-t'i (see bibl. under Liu Ê); Menzies, J. M., 甲骨研究 Chia-ku yen-chiu (1933).]

Tu Lien-chê

派名貽榘 字正孺 一字蓮生 廉生 諡文敏 行一 又行十三 山東福山人 同治癸酉科副貢 光緒己卯科舉人 庚辰科進士 翰林院庶吉士

《清史稿》卷468

王懿榮，字正孺，山東福山人。祖兆琛，山西巡撫。父祖源，四川成緜龍茂道。懿榮少劬學，不屑治經生藝，以議敘銓戶部主事。光緒六年成進士，選庶吉士，授編修，益詳練經世之務，數上書言事。十二年，父憂，解職。服闋，出典河南鄉試。二十年，大考一等，遷侍讀。明年，入直南書房，署國子監祭酒。會中東戰事起，日軍據威海，分陷榮城，登州大震，懿榮請歸練鄉團。和議成，還都，特旨補祭酒。越二年，遭母憂，終喪，起故官。蓋至是三為祭酒矣，前後凡七年，諸生翕服。 二十六年，聯軍入寇，與侍郎李端遇同拜命充團練大臣。懿榮面陳：「拳民不可恃，當聯商民備守禦。」然事已不可為。七月，聯軍攻東便門，猶率勇拒之。俄眾潰不復成軍，迺歸語家人曰：「吾義不可苟生！」家人環跽泣勸，厲斥之。仰藥未即死，題絕命詞壁上曰：「主憂臣辱，主辱臣死。於止知其所止，此為近之。」擲筆赴井死。先是懿榮命浚井，或問之，笑曰：「此吾之止水也！」至是果與妻謝氏、寡媳張氏同殉焉。諸生王杜松等醵金瘞之。事聞，贈侍郎，諡文敏。懿榮泛涉書史，嗜金石，翁同龢、潘祖蔭並稱其博學。