Wassily Leontief, Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 1973

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wassily_Leontief

Wassily Wassilyovich Leontief (Russian: Васи́лий Васи́льевич Лео́нтьев; August 5, 1906 – February 5, 1999), was a Russian-American economist notable for his research on how changes in one economic sector may have an effect on other sectors. Leontief won the Nobel Committee's Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1973, and three of his doctoral students have also been awarded the prize (Paul Samuelson 1970, Robert Solow 1987, Vernon L. Smith 2002).

Biography[edit] Early life[edit] Wassily Leontief was born on August 5, 1906, in Munich, Germany, the son of Wassily W. Leontief (professor of Economics) and Slata (later Evgenia, called Genya) Leontief (née Becker).[3] W. Leontief, Sr., belonged to a family of old-believer merchants living in St. Petersburg since 1741.[4] Genya Becker belonged to a wealthy Jewish family from Odessa. At 15 in 1921, Wassily, Jr., entered University of Leningrad in present day St. Petersburg. He earned his Learned Economist degree (equivalent to Master of Arts) in 1924 at the age of 19.

Opposition in USSR[edit] Leontief sided with campaigners for academic autonomy, freedom of speech and in support of Pitirim Sorokin. As a consequence, he was detained several times by the Cheka. In 1925, he was allowed to leave the USSR, mostly because the Cheka believed that he was mortally ill with a sarcoma, a diagnosis that later proved false.[5] He continued his studies at the University of Berlin and, in 1928 earned a Ph.D. degree in economics under the direction of Werner Sombart, writing his dissertation on Circular Flows in Economics.

Early professional life[edit] From 1927 to 1930, he worked at the Institute for the World Economy of the University of Kiel. There he researched the derivation of statistical demand and supply curves. In 1929, he traveled to China to assist its ministry of railroads as an advisor.

In 1931, he went to the United States and was employed by the National Bureau of Economic Research.

During World War II, Leontief served as consultant at the U. S. Office of Strategic Services.

Affiliation with Harvard[edit] Leontief joined Harvard University's department of economics in 1932 and in 1946 became professor of economics there.

Around 1949, Leontief used the primitive computer systems available at the time at Harvard to model data provided by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics to divide the U.S. economy into 500 sectors. Leontief modeled each sector with a linear equation based on the data and used the computer, the Harvard Mark II, to solve the system, one of the first significant uses of computers for mathematical modeling.[6]

Leontief set up the Harvard Economic Research Project in 1948 and remained its director until 1973. Starting in 1965, he chaired the Harvard Society of Fellows.

Affiliation with New York University[edit] In 1975, Leontief joined New York University and founded and directed the Institute for Economic Analysis.

Personal[edit] In 1932, Leontief married poet Estelle Marks. Their only child, Svetlana Leontief Alpers, was born in 1936.

As hobbies Leontief enjoyed fly fishing, ballet, and fine wines. He vacationed for years at his farm in West Burke, Vermont, but after moving to New York in the 1970s moved his summer residence to Lakeville, Connecticut.

Leontief died in New York City on Friday, February 5, 1999 at the age of 93. His wife died in 2005.

Major contributions[edit]

This section of a biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (December 2010) Leontief is primarily associated with the development of the linear activity model of General equilibrium and the use of input-output analysis that results from it[not verified in body]. He has also made contributions in other areas of economics, such as international trade where he documented the Leontief paradox. He was also one of the first to establish the composite commodity theorem[not verified in body].

Leontief earned the Nobel Prize in economics for his work on input-output tables. Input-output tables analyze the process by which inputs from one industry produce outputs for consumption or for inputs for another industry. With the input-output table, one can estimate the change in demand for inputs resulting from a change in production of the final good. The analysis assumes that input proportions are fixed; thus the use of input-output analysis is limited to rough approximations rather than prediction. Input-output was novel and inspired large-scale empirical work; in 2010 its iterative method was recognized as an early intellectual precursor to Google's PageRank.[7][8][9]

Leontief used input-output analysis to study the characteristics of trade flow between the U.S. and other countries, and found what has been named Leontief's paradox; "this country resorts to foreign trade in order to economize its capital and dispose of its surplus labor, rather than vice versa"[this quote needs a citation], i.e., U.S. exports were relatively labor-intensive when compared to U.S. imports[citation needed]. This is the opposite of what one would expect, considering the fact that the U.S.'s comparative advantage was in capital-intensive goods. According to some economists[who?], this paradox has since been explained as due to the fact that when a country produces "more than two goods, the abundance of capital relative to labor does not imply that the capital intensity of its exports should exceed that of imports."[10]

Leontief was also a very strong proponent of the use of quantitative data in the study of economics. Throughout his life Leontief campaigned against "theoretical assumptions and non-observed facts".[11] According to Leontief, too many economists were reluctant to "get their hands dirty" by working with raw empirical facts[citation needed]. To that end, Wassily Leontief did much to make quantitative data more accessible, and more indispensable, to the study of economics.

Василий Леонтьев вырос в Петрограде в семье университетского профессора экономики Василия Васильевича Леонтьева и его жены Златы Бенционовны (впоследствии Евгении Борисовны) Бекер[2].

Мать Василия, будучи по окончании бестужевских курсов дипломированным педагогом, решила не отдавать сына в гимназию и сама занялась его образованием. Особое внимание Евгения Борисовна уделила иностранным языкам — к 15 годам юный Леонтьев владел основными европейскими языками. Другим предметам его обучали студенты-репетиторы. В 13 лет Василий поступил и через два года окончил два старших класса единой трудовой школы, что давало ему право поступления в университет, руководство которого не сразу согласилось зачислить студентом пятнадцатилетнего юнца. Вероятнее всего, здесь не обошлось без вмешательства отца — профессора Петроградского университета[3].

В 1925 году завершил изучение философии и социологии в Ленинградском университете. Позже Леонтьев изучал экономические науки в Берлине и за диссертацию «Круговорот экономики» получил докторскую степень. Затем в течение нескольких лет (с годичным перерывом из-за поездки в Китай) работал в Институте мировой экономики города Киль.

В 1928 году Леонтьев получил официальное приглашение приехать в Китай в качестве советника министра железных дорог. Перед ним была поставлена задача расчета оптимального варианта системы путей сообщения и грузоперевозок Китая.

В 1931 году Василий Леонтьев уехал в Америку, где стал сотрудником Уэсли Митчелла — директора Национального бюро экономических исследований. Впоследствии прошёл тестирование и стал преподавателем Гарвардского и Нью-Йоркского университетов, создателем и руководителем американского Института экономического анализа, являлся консультантом ООН.

В 1932 году Леонтьев женился на американской гражданке и в следующем году сам получил гражданство США.

После начала Второй мировой войны работал консультантом по экономическому планированию для военно-воздушных сил США. Под его руководством была построена матрица «затраты-выпуск» для экономики Германии. Матрица служила основой для выбора целей ВВС[4].

1954 — президент Эконометрического общества.

1970 — президент Американской экономической ассоциации.

1988 — Предложил помощь в Перестройке. Помощью руководство СССР не воспользовалось. Тем не менее в этом году стал почётным членом РАН.[5]

Доктор honoris causa Брюссельского (1961), Парижского (1972) и Ленинградского (1990) университетов. Офицер ордена Почётного легиона (Франция, 1968), награждён орденами Восходящего солнца (Япония, 1984) и Искусств и литературы (Франция, 1985). Лауреат премии Б. Хармса (1970) и Нобелевской премии (1973) «за развитие метода „затраты — выпуск“ и его применение к важным экономическим проблемам». С 2005 действует Сервер Василия Леонтьева[6].

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8C%...