Wu Rulun 吳汝綸

WU Ju-lun 吳汝綸 (T. 摯甫), Oct. 15, 1840–1903, Feb. 9, educator, official and man of letters, came of a family of gentry at T'ung-ch'êng, Anhwei. His immediate ancestors had some appreciation of literature, and his grandfather, Wu T'ing-sên 吳廷森 (T. 謁韓, H. 梅崖, 思貽, 1773–1845), left a collection of verse. Wu Ju-lun's father, Wu Yüan-chia 吳元甲 (T. 世求, H. 育泉, 1810–1873), was distinguished for his filial piety and for his benevolent practices. Having graduated as chü-jên in 1864, Wu Ju-lun went to Peking where he obtained the chin-shih degree in 1865 and was made a secretary of the Grand Secretariat. Soon after, through the influence of Fang Tsung-ch'êng [q.v.], he was invited (1865) to Nanking by Tsêng Kuo-fan [q.v.]. About the same time his father, Wu Yüan-chia, became tutor to Tsêng Kuo-fan's grandsons. Thereafter, as a member of the secretarial staff of Tsêng Kuo-fan, Wu Ju-lun accompanied him in the campaign against the Nien banditti (see under Sêng-ko-lin-ch'in) and for his military services was given (1867) a nominal rank as assistant reader of the Grand Secretariat. After a short sojourn at Nanking where Tsêng Kuo-fan resided as governor-general of Liang-Kiang, Wu followed him early in 1869 to Paoting, Chihli, where Tsêng served as governor-general of that province. Late in the following year, on the recommendation of Tsêng, Wu was appointed department-magistrate of Shên-chou, Chihli, a post he assumed in the summer of 1871. He held this position until 1873 when he retired (1873–77) to observe the customary mourning periods for his father and mother. During his term at Shên-chou Wu wrote a history of the department which was revised by his pupils, including Kung Ju-hêng 弓汝恆 (T. 子貞, 1842–1914), and was printed in 1900 in 22 chüan under the title 深州風土記 Shên-chou fêng-t'u chi. In 1879, on the recommendation of the governor-general, Li Hung-chang [q.v.], Wu served for a few months as acting prefect of Tientsin (1879–80), and in 1881 was made department-magistrate of Chi-chou, Chihli, where he remained about eight years. He retired from official life in 1889, not having received a promotion for twenty years. At the request of Li Hung-chang, however, he remained at Paoting for the following decade as director of the Lien-ch'ih 蓮池 Academy.

Early in life Wu Ju-lun devoted himself to mastering the principles of the T'ung-ch'êng School of prose writing (see under Fang Pao), but under the influence of Tsêng Kuo-fan and Li Hung-chang became interested in Western civilization and read intensively Chinese translations of Western works. Consequently he realized the necessity for modernizing China, and the latter half of his career in Chihli was devoted to the development of education. He gathered about him such brilliant scholars as Ho T'ao 賀濤 (T. 松坡, 1849–1912), Fan Tang-shih 范當世 (T. 旡錯, H. 肯堂, original ming 鑄, 1854–1904), and Wang Shu-nan 王樹枏 (T. 晉卿, H. 陶廬, 1851–1936). At Chi-chou he recovered, for the schools, property which had been illegally occupied by persons of wealth and influence; and at Paoting he established schools of foreign languages, inviting teachers from Japan and Great Britain. It is reported that about twelve hundred students were in this way trained by him in Chihli. During the Boxer Uprising in 1900, when the Lien-ch'ih Academy was sacked by rioters and by French troops, Wu took refuge in Shên-chou, but later went to Peking where he assisted Li Hung-chang in concluding peace negotiations with the powers. With the advent of peace the Peking authorities recognized the necessity for educational reform and resolved to reorganize the Peking Imperial University (see under Sun Chia-nai). On the recommendation of Chang Po-hsi 張百熙 (T. 詒孫, H. 埜秋, posthumous name 文達, 1847–1907), newly appointed Superintendent of Educational Affairs, Wu Ju-lun, early in 1902, was selected head of the University faculty. Before assuming office he made a tour of inspection to Japan, staying three months (July 2—October 18). During this period he observed all types of schools in Kyoto, Osaka and Tokyo; attended a summer course held by the Department of Education, Tokyo; and became acquainted with Japanese educators and administrators such as Kikuchi Dairoku, Kanō Jigorō (for both see under Huang Shao-chi), Yamakawa Kenjirō 山川健次郎 (1854–1931) and Hamao Arata 濱尾新 (1849–1925). Wu was welcomed by Mishima Ki 三島毅 (T. 遠叔, H. 中洲, 桐南, 繪莊, 1831–1915), Shigeno Yasuaki 重野安釋 (T. 土德, H. 成齋, 1827–1910), and by other old-style sinologists in Tokyo. While in Japan he was accompanied by several fellow-countrymen, among them adherents of Jung-lu [q.v.] who opposed Chang Po-hsi's new policy. These assistants took note of Wu's words and actions and sent unfavorable reports to Jung-lu. Wu also was not in good favor with the Chinese minister in Tokyo who held different opinions on educational matters. Owing to the antagonism thus created, Wu was advised by Chang Po-hsi to cut short his sojourn in Japan and come home to safeguard his position. Late in that year he returned, not to Peking but to his native place where, with the assistance of a Japanese whom he brought back with him, he established a modern primary school. Before Chang Po-hsi had a chance to call Wu to Peking he died, early in the following year at the age of sixty-four sui. His detailed report on his tour of inspection was printed in October 1902 in Tokyo, under the title 東遊叢錄 Tung-yu ts'ung-lu. During Wu's absence, in the summer of 1902, Chang Po-hsi's reform plan was put into effect by the establishment of an officer's training school (仕學館) and a teacher's training school (師範館). Two Japanese scholars, Iwaya Magozō 巖谷孫藏 (1867–1918) and Hattori Unokichi 服部宇之吉 (T. 隨軒, b. 1867), were invited as deans, and these two schools admitted 136 students on December 12, 1902.

As a writer of the ku-wên prose style Wu Ju-lun rivaled Chang Yü-chao [q.v.]. As literary men Wu and Chang were on intimate terms and had many students and disciples, among them the brothers, Yao Yung-kai 姚永概 (T. 叔軒, 1866–1923) and Yao Yung-p'u 姚永樸 (T. 仲實, chü-jên of 1879), Hsü Tsung-liang 徐宗亮 (T. 晦甫, H. 椒岑, d. 1904), Ho T'ao, Fan Tang-shih and Wang Shu-nan. Wu Ju-lun compiled a few anthologies of model writings in the ku-wên style, of which the 漢魏六朝百三家集選 Han Wei Liu-ch'ao pai-san chia chi hsüan was printed in 1917–18 in 20 ts'ê. It is a selection from the Han Wei Liu-ch'ao pai-san ming-chia chi (see under Chang P'u). Wu Ju-lun's literary works, together with three small works on the Classics, were edited and printed in 1904–05 by his son (see below) and his pupils, under the title 桐城吳先生全書 T'ung-ch'êng Wu hsien-shêng ch'üan-shu. Later his miscellaneous notes, memoranda and diary were edited and classified by his son, and printed in 1928, under the title T'ung-ch'êng Wu hsien-shêng jih-chi (日記).

Wu Ju-lun's wife, née Wang 汪 (1836–1892), was the mother of four daughters, the third daughter marrying K'o Shao-min (see under Shêng-yü). Wu's concubine, née Ou 歐 (1854–1907), bore him a son, Wu K'ai-shêng 吳闓生 (T. 辟疆, H. 北江, original ming 啓孫), who studied in Tokyo in 1901–03, and, after observing the customary mourning-period for his father, served as a secretary to Yang Shih-hsiang 楊士驤 (T. 蓮府, posthumous name 文敬, 1860–1909), governor-general of Chihli (1907–09). When Yüan Shih-k'ai (see under Yüan Chia-san) became president of the Chinese Republic (1912) Wu K'ai-shêng was made a member of the President's secretarial staff. In 1916 he served temporarily as vice-president of the Department of Education. Like his father, he was an excellent writer, leaving several literary collections, including one entitled 北江先生文集 Pei-chiang hsien-shêng wên-chi, 7 chüan (1924). He published several text-books, among them the 國文教範 Kuo-wên chiao-fan, 4 chüan (1910), a collection of model essays; and the 桐城吳氏文法教科書 T'ung-ch'êng Wu-shih wên-fa ch'ao-k'o-shu, 2 chüan (1904), a Chinese reader. He also translated a number of Japanese works.

[Chang Chiang-ts'ai, Wu Chih-fu hsien-shêng nien-p'u, printed in the 雙肇樓叢書 Shuang-chao lou ts'ung-shu (1928, not consulted); 1/491/20b; 5/81/15a; Ho T'ao (see above), Ho hsien-shêng wên-chi (1914) 3/34a, 38b; Inaba Iwakichi, "The Ch'ing Scholar, Wu Ju-lun" (in Japanese) in 太陽 Taiyō, vol. 8, no. 6 (1902) with photographs of Wu and of the Lien-ch'ih Academy, Portrait in Chung-hua chiao-yü chien (see bibl. under Sun Chia-nai) vol. 24, no. 11 (1937); Shu Hsin-ch'êng, 近代中國教育史料 Chin-tai Chung-kuo chiao-yü shih-liao, vol. 1 (1928) pp. 77–161, vol. 3, pp. 1–4; T'ung-ch'êng wen-hsüeh yüan-yüan k'ao (see bibl. under Fang Tung-shu) chüan 10; collected works and diaries mentioned above.]

Hiromu Momose

Wu Rulun 吳汝綸 【參考資料: MQWW PoetID #407.】 《清代人物生卒年表》定其生卒年為道光20年~光緒29年。 【參考《清代人物生卒年表》#9355.】

MQWW: 吳汝綸

《清史稿》卷486 文苑三

吳汝綸，字摯父，桐城人。少貧力學，嘗得雞卵一，易松脂以照讀。好文出天性，早著文名。同治四年進士，用內閣中書。曾國藩奇其文，留佐幕府，久乃益奇之，嘗以漢禰衡相儗。旋調直隸，參李鴻章幕。時中外大政常決於國藩、鴻章二人，其奏疏多出汝綸手。

尋出補深州，丁外內艱。服除，補冀州。其治以教育為先，不憚貴勢，籍深州諸村已廢學田為豪民侵奪者千四百餘畝入書院，資膏火。聚一州三縣高材生親教課之，民忘其吏，推為大師。會以憂去，豪民至交通御史以壞村學劾奏，還其田。及蒞冀州，仍銳意興學，深、冀二州文教斐然冠畿輔。又開冀、衡六十里之渠，洩積水於滏，以溉田畝，便商旅。時時求其士之賢有文者禮先之，得十許人。月一會書院，議所施為興革於民便不便，率不依常格。稱疾乞休。

鴻章素重其人，延主蓮池講席。其為教，一主乎文，以為：「文者，天地之至精至粹，吾國所獨優。語其實用，則歐、美新學尚焉。博物格致機械之用，必取資於彼，得其長乃能共競。舊法完且好，吾猶將革新之，況其窳敗不可復用。」其勤勤導誘後生，常以是為說。嘗樂與西士遊，而日本之慕文章者，亦踔海來請業。會朝旨開大學堂於京師，管學大臣張百熙奏薦汝綸加五品卿銜總教務，辭不獲，則請赴日本考學制。既至其國，上自君、相及教育名家，婦孺學子，皆備禮接款，求請題詠，更番踵至。旋返國，先乞假省墓，興辦本邑小學堂。規制粗立，遽以疾卒，年六十四。

汝綸為學，由訓詁以通文辭，無古今，無中外，唯是之求。自群經子史、周、秦故籍，以下逮近世方、姚諸文集，無不博求慎取，窮其原而竟其委。於經，則易、書、詩、禮、左氏、穀梁、四子書，旁及小學音韻，各有​​詮釋。於史，則史記、漢書、三國志、新五代史、資治通鑑、國語、國策皆有點校，尤邃於史記，盡發太史公立言微旨。於子，則老、莊、荀、韓、管、墨、呂覽、淮南、法言、太玄各有評騭，而最取其精者。於集，則楚辭、文選，漢魏以來各大家詩文皆有點勘之本。凡所啟發，皆能得其深微，整齊百代，別白高下，而一以貫之。盡取古人不傳之蘊，昭然揭示，俾學者易於研求；且以識夫作文之軌範，雖萬變不窮，而千載如出一轍。

其論文，嘗謂：「千秋蓋世之勳業皆尋常耳，獨文章之事，緯地經天，代不數人，人不數篇，唯此為難。」又謂：「中國之文，非徒習其字形而已，綴字為文，而氣行乎其間，寄聲音神采於文外。雖古之聖賢豪傑去吾世邈矣，一涉其書，而其人之精神意氣若儼立乎吾目中。」務欲因聲求氣，凡所為抗墜、詘折、斷續、斂侈、緩急、長短、伸縮、抑揚、頓挫之節，一循乎機勢之自然，以漸於精微奧之域。乃有以化裁而致於用，悉舉學問與事業合而為一；而尤以瀹民智自強亟時病為兢兢雲。著有易說二卷、寫定尚書一卷、尚書故三卷、夏小正私箋一卷、文集四卷、詩集一卷、深州風土記二十二卷，及點勘諸書，皆行於世。

汝綸門下最著者為賀濤，而同時有蕭穆，亦以通考據名。

穆，字敬孚。縣學生。其學博綜群籍，喜談掌故，於顧炎武、全祖望諸家之書尤熟。復多見舊槧，考其異同，硃墨雜下。遇孤本多方勸刻，所校印凡百餘種。有敬孚類藁十六卷。

濤，字松坡，武強人。光緒十二年進士，官刑部主事。以目疾去官。初，汝綸牧深州，見濤所為反離騷，大奇之，遂盡授以所學，復使受學於張裕釗。濤謹守兩家師說，於姚鼐義理、考據、詞章三者不可偏廢之說，尤必以詞章為貫澈始終，日與學者討論義法不厭。與同年生劉孚京俱治古文，濤言宜先以八家立門戶，而上窺秦、漢；孚京言宜先以秦、漢為根柢，而下攬八家，其門徑大略相同。濤有文集四卷。

孚京，字鎬仲，南昌人。有文集六卷。