Yaqut al-Hamawi

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Yāqūt Shihāb al-Dīn[1] ibn-ʿAbdullāh al-Rūmī al-Ḥamawī (1179–1229) (Arabic: ياقوت الحموي الرومي) was a Muslim scholar of Byzantine Greek ancestry[2] active during the late Abbasid period (12th–13th centuries). He is known for his Mu'jam ul-Buldān, an influential work on geography containing valuable information pertaining to biography, history and literature as well as geography.[3][4]

Life
Yāqūt (ruby or hyacinth) was the kunya of Ibn Abdullāh ("son of Abdullāh"). He was born in Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire, called in Arabic al-Rūm, whence his nisba "al-Rūmi".[2] Captured in war and enslaved,[2] Yāqūt became "mawali"[note 1] to ‘Askar ibn Abī Naṣr al-Ḥamawī, a trader of Baghdad, Iraq, the seat of the Abbasid Caliphate, from whom he received the laqab "al-Hamawī". As ‘Askar's apprentice, he learned about accounting and commerce, becoming his envoy on trade missions and travelling twice or three times to Kish in the Persian Gulf.[5] In 1194, ‘Askar stopped his salary over some dispute and Yāqūt found work as copyist to support himself. He embarked on a course of study under the grammarian Al-‘Ukbarî. Five years later he was on another mission to Kish for ‘Askar. On his return to Baghdad he set up as a bookseller and began his writing career.[6]

Yāqūt spent ten years travelling in Persia, Syria, and Egypt and his significance as a scholar lies in his testimony of the great, and largely lost, literary heritage found in libraries east of the Caspian Sea, being one of the last visitors before their destruction by Mongol invaders. He gained much material from the libraries of the ancient cities of Merv (in present-day Turkmenistan) – where he had studied for two years[7] – and of Balkh. Circa 1222, he was working on his "Geography" in Mosul and completed the first draft in 1224. In 1227 he was in Alexandria. From there he moved to Aleppo, where he died in 1229.[6]

Works
Kitāb Mu'jam al-Buldān (Arabic: معجم البلدان) "Dictionary of Countries".(Ar) Book 1 (Ar) Appendix Book 1; Classified a "literary geography", composed between 1224 and 1228, and completed a year before the author's death. An alphabetical index of place names from the literary corpus of the Arabs, vocalizations, their Arabic or foreign derivation and location. Yaqut supplements geographic descriptions with historical, ethnographic, and associated narrative material with historical sketches and accounts of Muslim conquests, names of governors, monuments, local celebrities etc., and preserves much valuable early literary, historical, biographic and geographic material of prose and poetry.[6] (ed. F. Wüstenfeld, 6 vols., Leipzig, 1866–73)
Irshād al-Arīb ilā Ma’rifat al-Adīb or "Dictionary of Learned Men of Yāqūt"; ed. D. S. Margoliouth, 7 vols. ("E. J. W. Gibb Memorial Series," vol.VI; Leiden, Brill 1907–31. download archive.org
Mu'jam al-Udabā (=Irshād al-Arīb ilā Ma’rifat al-Adīb), (Arabic: معجم الادباء إرشاد الأريب إلى معرفة الأديب) "Literary Encyclopedia, Expert Guide to Literature" (1226); (Ar.) www.archive.org (Ar., Beirut, 1993).
al-Mushtarak wadh'ā wal-Muftaraq Sa'qā (Arabic: المشترک وضعا والمفترق صقعا); 1845 edition by Ferdinand Wüstenfeld.
Marâçid; a 6-volume Latin edition by Theodor Juynboll, published as Lexicon geographicum, cui titulus est, Marâsid al ittilâ’ ‘ala asmâ’ al-amkina wa-l-biqâ, in 1852. vol.3, archive.org
Yaqut ibn 'Abd Allah al-Hamawi (1861). Charles Barbier de Meynard (ed.). Dictionnaire géographique, historique et littéraire de la Perse et des contrées adjacentes, extrait du "Mo'djem el-Bouldan" de Yaquout, et complété à l'aide de documents arabes et persans pour la plupart inédits (in French and Arabic). Paris: Impr. impériale.
Alt: Yaqut ibn 'Abd Allah al-Hamawi (1861). Charles Barbier de Meynard (ed.). Dictionnaire géographique, historique et littéraire de la Perse et des contrées adjacentes, extrait du "Mo'djem el-Bouldan" de Yaquout, et complété à l'aide de documents arabes et persans pour la plupart inédits (in French and Arabic). Paris: Impr. impériale.
Jacut (1866). Ferdinand Wüstenfeld (ed.). Geographisches Wörterbuch (in Arabic and German). Vol. 1. Leipzig: F.A. Brockhaus. (alt. 1.(1866) ); 2.(1867); 3.(1868); 4.(1869); 5.(1873); 6.(1870).
Lexicon geographicum, cui titulus est, Marâsid al ittilâ’ ‘ala asmâ’ al-amkina wa-l-biqâ’, (مراصد الاطلاع علي اسماء الامكنة والبقاع Observation study of placenames and sites) 6 vols, edited by T.G. Juynboll, 1852[-]64; as Marasid al-ittila’ ‘ala asma’ al-amkina wa-al-biqa’: wa-huwa mukhtasar mu’jam al-buldan li-Yaqut, 3 vols, edited by ‘Ali Muhammad al-Bajjawi, 1992
Yāqūt Ibn-ʻAbdallāh ar-Rūmī; ed. Theodor Juynboll; Lexicon geographicum, cui titulus est مراصد الاطلاع علي اسماء الامكنة والبقاع Introductionem in hunc librum et annotationem in literas أ-ث; Vol.4, p. 729; Leiden, Brill (1859, Arabic-Latin)
Commentary
Heer, Friedrich Justus (1898). Die historischen und geographischen Quellen in Jāqūt's geographischem Wörterbuch (in Arabic and German). Strassburg: K.J. Trübner.
Abdullah, Muhammad A.H. (1983). "Yaqut al-Hamawi, the Man and His Work Mu'jam al-buldan" (Thesis). Ypsilanti: Eastern Michigan University.
‘Abd al-Karim, Gamal (1974). "La España musulmana en la obra de Yaqut (s. XII[-]XIII)". repertório enciclopédico de ciudades, castillos y lugares de al-Andalus: extraído del Mu’yam al-buldan (diccionario de los países). Granada: University of Granada.
‘Abd al-Karim, Gamal (1977), Terminología geográfico-administrativa e historia político-cultural de al-Andalus en el Mu'yam al-buldan de Yaqut (3rd ed.), Seville: University of Seville
Blachère, Régis (1936) [1913]. "Yaqut al-Rumi, 1153[-]54". In M.T. Houtsma; et al. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. 4 (1st ed.). Leiden: E.J. Brill.
Barbier de Meynard, Charles (1861), Dictionnaire géographique, historique et littéraire de la Perse et des contrées adjacentes, extrait du Modjem el-Bouldan de Yaqout, et complété à l'aide de documents arabes et persans pour la plupart inédits, Paris: Imprimerie Impériale
Bloch, Ernst (1929), Harawîs Schrift über die muhammedanischen Wallfahrtsorte, eine der Quellen des Jâqût, Bonn: Verein Studentenwohl
Dib, al-Sayyid, Muhammad (1988), Yaqut al-Hamawi: 'adiban wa-naqidan, Cairo: Dar al-Tiba’ah al-Muhammadiyah
Elahie, R.M.N.E. (1965), The Life and Works of Yaqut ibn Abd Allah al-Hamawi, Lahore: Panjab University Press
Heer, F. Justus (1898), Die historischen und geographischen Quellen in Jaqut's geographischem Wörterbuch, Strassburg: K.J. Trubner
The Introductory Chapters of Yaqut's Mu'jam al-Buldan, translated by Jwaideh, Wadie, Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1987 [1959]
Krachkovskii, I.J. (1957), "Izbrannye sochineniia", Arabskaia Geograficheskaia Literatura, 4, Moscow: Akademiia Nauk SSSR
Maqbul Ahmad, Seyyed (1980) [1970], ""Yaqut al-Hamawi al-Rumi"", in Coulston Gillispe, Charles (ed.), Dictionary of Scientific Biography, vol. 14: 546[-]48, New York: Scribner
Marun, Jurj Khalil (1997), Shu'ara' al-amkinah wa-ash'aruhum fi Mu'jam al-buldan, vol. 2, Beirut: al-Maktabah al-’Asriyah
Rescher, Oskar (1928), Sachindex zu Wüstenfeld's Ausgabe von Jâqût's "Mu'gam el-buldân" (nebst einem alfabetischen Verzeichnis der darin angeführten Werke), Stuttgart: Harrassowitz
Sa’di, ‘Abbas Fadil (1992), Yaqut al-Hamawi: dirasah fi al-turath al-jughrafi al-'arabi ma'a al-tarkiz 'ala al-'Iraq fi Mu'jam al-buldan, Beirut: Dar al-Tali’ah lil-Tiba’ah wa-al-Nashr
Sellheim, Rudolf (1966). Voigt, Wolfgang (ed.). "Neue Materialien zur Biographie des Yaqut". Forschungen und Fortschritte der Katalogisierung der Orientalischen Handschriften in Deutschland. Wiesbaden: Steiner: xvi[%E2%80%93]xxxiv.
Shami, ‘Abd al-Al ‘Abd al-Mu’nim (1981), Mudun Misr wa-quraha 'inda Yaqut al-Hamawi, Kuwait: al-Jam’iyah al-Jughrafiyah al-Kuwaytiyah
Shamsuddin, Ahmad (1993), Faharis mu'jam al-udaba', aw, Irshad al-arib ila ma'rifat al-adib, Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-’Ilmiyah
Tawanisi, Abu al-Futuh Muhammad (1971), Yaqut al-Hamawi: al-jughrafi al-rahhalah al-adib, Cairo: al-Hay’ah al-Misriyah al-’Ammah lil-Ta’lif wa-al-Nashr
‘Umari, Muhammad Abu ‘Abd Allah (1994), Ithaf al-khillan bi-ma'arif Mu'jam al-buldan, vol. 2, Riyadh: Dar al-Sumay’i
See also
Ibn Battuta
List of slaves
List of Sunni books
Notes

The term "mawali" can be translated as client, apprentice or slave.

References

Dodge, Bayard, ed. (1970). The Fihrist of al-Nadim. Vol. 2. New York & London: Columbia University Press. p. 902.

"The Dictionary of Countries". World Digital Library. Retrieved 5 October 2015.

David C. Conrad, Empires of Medieval West Africa: Ghana, Mali, and Songhay, (Shoreline Publishing, 2005), 26.

Ludwig W. Adamec, The A to Z of Islam, (Scarecrow Press, 2009), 333.

cf. F. Wüstenfeld, "Jacut's Reisen" in the Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, vol xviii. pp. 397–493

 One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Yāqūt". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 904.

Homework Help, Book Summaries, Study Guides, Essays, Lesson Plans, & Educational Resources. BookRags.com. 2010-11-02. Retrieved 2012-11-20.

External links
Al-Mushtarak
Yaqut's biography Archived 2020-04-12 at the Wayback Machine
Yaqut al-Hamawi, at muslimheritage.com
Literature of Travel and Exploration, An Encyclopedia three-volume set, Routledge Taylor & Francis Group
Jacut (1866). Ferdinand Wüstenfeld (ed.). Geographisches Wörterbuch (in Arabic and German). Leipzig: F.A. Brockhaus. vol.1 (1866), vol.2,(1867), vol.3, (1868); vol.4, (1869); vol.5, (1873); vol.6, (1870).
al-Hamawi, Yaqut (1956). Kitab al-Buldan. Beirut.
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This page was last edited on 24 March 2024, at 15:10 (UTC).
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