Yishan 奕山

I-shan 奕山, d.1878, official, was a member of the Imperial Clan. He was a great-great-grandson of Yin-t'i [%E7%A6%B5 q.v.] who was imprisoned by his jealous brother, Emperor Shih-tsung (see under Yin-chên). Yin-t'i's eldest son, Hung-ch'un (see under Yin-t'i), was deprived of all ranks in 1735 and his descendants were assigned to the Bordered Blue Banner and not to the higher Bordered Yellow Banner. But the services of I-shan brought this branch of the family to prominence again. As a fourth grade Imperial Clansman, I-shan was perhaps not satisfied with his lot and sought promotion through service as a military official. He began in the Imperial Bodyguard and in that capacity participated for a year (1826) in the campaign in Kashgar (see under Ch'ang-ling). After several promotions he became (1832) commandant of the forces in Ili, and a year later in Tarbagatai. In 1835 he was appointed assistant military governor at Ili; two years later, acting military governor; and in 1838 full military governor. In 1840 he took charge of colonization work in the Ili region in the course of which he established 1,000 Muslim families on 164,000 mu (about 27,300 acres) of land. In the autumn of the same year he became a chamberlain of the Imperial Bodyguard and early in the following year was made an adjutant general.

At this time the Anglo-Chinese War was in its second year and in January 1841 the British took two forts below Canton. When the report of Ch'i-shan [q.v.], the High Commissioner at Canton, reached Peking Emperor Hsüan-tsung was angered and ordered that troops from several provinces be concentrated at Canton. I-shan, invested with the title of Ching-ni chiang-chün 靖逆將軍, was made commander of these troops; and Yang Fang [q.v.] and Lung-wên 隆文 (T. 存質 H. 雲章, chin-shih of 1808, d. 1841, posthumous name 端毅) were named assistant commanders. Before they arrived Ch'i-shan had been cashiered and arrested for agreeing to the Convention of Chuenpi (January 20) which ceded the island of Hong Kong to England. Late in February 1841 hostilities were resumed and the Bogue forts fell to the British in February 26) who dominated the waterways leading to Canton. Yang Fang, the first of the three commanders to arrive at Canton (March 5), could do nothing except strengthen the defenses of the city. He reopened negotiations with Elliot (see under Lin Tsê-hsü), and fighting temporarily ceased. However, with the arrival of I-shan and Lung-wên on April 14, military preparations were hastened and further hostilities became unavoidable. On May 21 fighting again broke out and the British supremacy in arms once more shattered the weak Chinese defenses. Six days later a truce was signed with five articles, by which I-shan and his subordinates consented to withdraw the Chinese troops to a distance of sixty miles from Canton and to pay to England an indemnity of six million silver dollars. As the British forces withdrew from the neighborhood of Canton I-shan made false reports to the emperor announcing that the payment was to settle former debts of the Cantonese merchants to the British merchants and that the British had sued for peace and had asked to resume trade. Emperor Hsüan-tsung probably regarded the Sino-British conflict as already settled and ordered the withdrawal of troops on the coasts of Fukien, Chekiang and other provinces (see under Yü-ch'ien). But soon the British under Sir Henry Pottinger (see under Ch'i-ying) carried the war northward to Fukien, Chekiang and Kiangsu. In June 1842 I-shan was deprived of his ranks (but was ordered to continue his duties) on the charge of failing to prosecute the soldiers at the Bogue forts who had retreated during an engagement. After the Treaty of Nanking was signed (see under Ch'i-ying), I-shan was ordered to return to Peking, and I-li-pu [q.v.] was sent to take his place. In the meantime I-shan, I-ching [q.v.] and other generals were tried for failure to defeat the British. I-shan was sentenced to imprisonment awaiting execution and on arrival at Peking, early in 1843, was thrown into the prison of the Imperial Clan Court.

Nevertheless, I-shan was released on September 30, 1843. Two months later he was again made an Imperial Bodyguard and was sent to Ho-t'ien as imperial agent. In 1845 he was raised to assistant military-governor of Ili. Two years later he was transferred to Yarkand and given a second class Chên-kuo chiang-chün 鎮國將軍 (Noble of the Imperial Lineage of the Ninth Rank) while taking part in the pacification of the Buruts in Kashgar. In 1848 he was transferred back to Ili where in 1850 he became military governor. About this time the Russian government made representations to the Imperial government in Peking asking to be permitted to trade at Ili, Kashgar and Tarbagatai, in addition to Kiakhta, the only town hitherto open to Russian trade. The Chinese consented to the opening of Ili and Tarbagatai but refused to allow trading at Kashgar. The Treaty of Kuldja, signed at this time, was negotiated by I-shan and Pu-yen-t'ai 布彥泰 (d. 1880), assistant military-governor of Ili, and bore the signature of Kovalevsky, the Russian envoy.

Summoned back to the capital, I-shan was appointed a senior assistant chamberlain of the Imperial Bodyguard (1854) and an adjutant general (1855). Early in 1856 he was appointed military-governor of Heilungkiang at which post he encountered the Russian eastward expansion and occupation of the Amur region under the leadership of Nikolai Nikolaivitch Muraviev (c. 1809-1881), lafer Count Amurski. According to the Treaty cf Nerchinsk of 1689 (see under Songgotu), the Argun River and the Hsing-an Mountains formed the boundary between Siberia and Manchuria. After the Treaty of Kiakhta of 1727 (see under Tulišen) which delimited the boundary between Siberia and Outer Mongolia, no dispute about boundaries arose. Although the Russian eastward expansion had taken place under the leadership of such personages as Yermak who took the land of Sibir in 1581, and Khabarov who erected (1652) a fort on the present site of Khabarovsk which still bears the name of its discoverer, the Russian government made no serious effort to extend its influence and had no well constructed plans to consolidate its gains. But after her defeat in the Crimean War (1854-56) Russia wished to be compensated, and the occupation of the region north of the Amur River served that purpose. Muraviev was the main promoter and undertaker of this expansion and became, in September 1847, governor-general of Eastern Siberia. Under him the lower Amur region was explored and rapidly settled with colonists. By 1853 he had opened up harbors on the Gulf of Tartary, established posts in Sakhalin Island, and founded Nikolaevsk at the mouth of the Amur River. During the Crimean War Russia used-despite protests from China-the Amur River as the route of transport in her occupation of eastern Siberia. When later she made diplomatic approaches to China her chief arguments were the long friendship between the two nations and the importance of a mutual stand against England.

At this time China was harassed by the British and French allies and by the wide-spread Taiping Rebellion. The central government at Peking was financially straitened and inadequately informed. To Emperor Wên-tsung and his officials the great northeastern territory was just a stretch of wasteland where only a few pearls and some fur were produced. China's inadequate knowledge of the geography of this region greatly handicapped her defense against Russian encroachments. I-shan was not qualified to carry on negotiations over little known boundaries with so well informed an adventurer as Muraviev. The climax of the negotiations came when I-shan and Muraviev met at Aigun. The first conference took place on May 11, 18b8. Muravaev proposed to make the Amur River the boundary between the two empires but I-shan maintained that the boundary set up by the Treaty of Nerchinsk should continue to be effective. After five days of fruitless meetings Muraviev, on the evening of the fifth day, tried a demonstration of force by setting off cannon on the left bank of the river. I-shan, frightened into submission, signed the Treaty of Aigun the following day (May 16, 1858). This treaty, consisting of three articles, states that the territory on the left (north) bank of the Amur River should be recognized as Russian, that on the right bank as far as the Ussuri River, as Chinese, and the territory between the Ussuri River and the sea should be held in common by the two countries until its demarcation should be decided at some future date. Navigation of the Amur, Sungari and Ussuri Rivers should be open only to Russian and Chinese vessels, and trade across the border should be permitted--though no regulations for such trade were prescribed.

A few days later-May 20, 1858, the Taku forts near Tientsin were taken by the Anglo-French allied forces. On June 23, 1858 Euphemius Poutiatine 普提雅廷, representing Russia, together with the representatives of other Western powers, concluded in Tientsin a treaty with twelve articles concerning trade (see under Kuei-liang). Thus within a short time Russia negotiated with China treaties regulating both territory and trade which reacted greatly to Russia's advantage, but which were much resented in Peking. For the Treaty of Aigun I-shan was denounced, particularly by Yin Chao-yung 殷兆鏞 (T. 序伯 H. 譜經, 1806-1883, chin-shih of 1840) who accused him of lightly handing over to Russia a vast and valuable territory. In 1859 I-shan was ordered back to Peking and was deprived of his rank of adjutant general. On November 14, 1860 another treaty between Russia and China was concluded at Peking, this time with Nikolai Pavlovitch Ignatieff 伊格那提業幅 and Prince Kung (see under I-hsin) as negotiators. Added to the indignities of the Treaty of Aigun was the cession to Russia of the territory in the region of Primorskaya where Vladivostok was founded in the following year (1861).

Thereafter for more than fifteen years I-shan filled various comparatively unimportant posts in the capital, such as lieutenant-general of various Banners. His hereditary rank was raised in 1864 to a first class noble of the ninth rank. In the summer of 1874 he retired on the ground of illness and four years later (1878) he died, being past eighty years of age. He was canonized as Chuang-chien 莊簡.

[ 1/379/la; 2/56/11a; I-hsin [q.v.], Ch'ou-pan i-wu shih-nao; 黑龍江志稿 Hei-lung-chiang chih kao (1932); Ho Wên-han 何文漢, 中俄外交史 Chung-kuo wai-chiao shih (1935); Vladimir, Russia on the Pacific and the Siberian Railway (1899); South Manchurian Railway, 近代露支關係の研究, 沿黑龍地方之部 (1920).]

TU LIEN-CHÊ

Aixinjueluo Yishan 愛新覺羅奕山 《清代人物生卒年表》定其生卒年為乾隆55年~光緒4年。 【參考《清代人物生卒年表》#17153.】

《清史稿》卷373

宗室奕山，恂郡王允禵四世孫，隸鑲藍旗。授乾清門侍衛。道光七年，從征喀什噶爾，擢頭等侍衛、御前行走。歷伊犂領隊大臣、參贊大臣。十八年，授伊犂將軍。二十年，偕副都統關福赴塔什圖畢治墾務，闢田十六萬四千餘畝，奏請置回千戶及五品伯克以下官。召授正白旗領侍衛內大臣、御前大臣。

二十一年，命為靖逆將軍，督師廣東，尚書隆文、提督楊芳為參贊副之。時英兵已陷虎門，楊芳先至，聽美利堅人居間，乞許通商，被嚴斥，促奕山速赴軍。三月，抵廣州。英艦橫亙省河，奕山問計於林則徐，則徐議先遣洋商設法羈縻，俾英艦暫退；塞河道，積沙囊於岸以禦砲，然後以守為攻。奕山不能用，且自琦善撤防，舊儲木樁鉅石皆為敵移去，時以杉板小船游弋以誘我師。楊芳主持重，以募勇未集，不欲浪戰。奕山初亦然之，既而惑於左右言，欲僥倖一試，芳止之不可。夜進兵，乘風燬七艘，報捷，詰旦乃知誤焚民舟，而英兵大至，連舟抵城下；禦於河南，互有殺傷，遂閉城。

敵以輪船襲泥城，副將岱昌等聞砲先遁，燬師船六十有奇，城外東西砲臺並陷。英兵進踞後山四方砲臺，奕山 居貢院，砲火及焉，軍民惶懼，乃遣廣州知府余保純出城見義律議息兵。義律索煙價千二百萬，美商居間減其半，並許給香港全島，英兵乃退。奕山偕隆文先退，屯距城六十里小金山，諱敗為勝。疏言：「義律窮蹙乞撫，照舊通商，改償費為追交商欠，由粵海關及藩運兩庫給之。」宣宗覽奏，以夷情恭順，詔允所請。閩浙總督顏伯燾迭疏劾其欺罔，下廣西巡撫梁章鉅察奏，乃得其狀，報聞。

英人既得賂於粵，移兵犯閩、浙。奕山等始收回大黃、獵德、虎門諸砲臺，填塞省河。鄉民於義律未退時，困之三元里，余保純趨救始得出。於是團練日盛，中外皆言粵民可用，遂撤客軍，改募練勇。迭詔趣奕山等規復香港，實不能戰，惟屢疏陳颶風漂沒敵船，毀香港蓬，藉修砲臺未竣、造船未就為詞，以塞嚴詔。二十二年，英人撤義律回國，以濮鼎查代之，大舉犯浙江、江蘇。詔斥奕山陳奏欺詐，嚴議褫御前大臣、領侍衛內大臣、左都御史，仍留漢軍都統任。及和議定，追論援粵失機，褫職治罪，論大辟，圈禁宗人府空室。

二十三年，釋之，予二等侍衛，充和闐辦事大臣，調伊犂參贊大臣，署將軍。二十七年，調葉爾羌參贊大臣。安集延布魯特、回匪入邊，圍喀什噶爾、英吉沙爾，命陝甘總督布彥泰督師討之，奕山為副，連破賊於科科熱依瓦特及蘇噶特布拉克，賊遁走。論功，封二等鎮國將軍，賜雙眼花翎。尋授內閣學士，調伊犂參贊大臣，兼鑲黃旗蒙古都統。二十九年，授伊犂將軍。俄羅斯遣使至伊犂，請於伊犂、塔爾巴哈台、喀什噶爾三處通商，詔允其二，惟喀什噶爾不許。咸豐元年，俄人復固請，仍拒之，偕參贊布彥泰與定伊塔通商章程十七條。祭酒勝保疏論當仿恰克圖通商舊例，限以時日、人數。奕山議：「撫馭外夷以信為主，既已議定章程，旋改必有藉口。」如所請行。累授內大臣、御前大臣，仍留將軍任。

五年，調黑龍江將軍。時俄羅斯以分界為名，欲得黑龍江、松花江左岸地，遣艦入精奇里江，建屋於霍爾托庫、圖勒密、布雅里。奕山疏陳陽撫陰防之策。七年，俄使請入京，拒不許。八年，俄人偕英、法、美三國合兵犯天津。三國窺商利，而俄志在邊地，於是俄使木里裴岳幅至愛琿，堅請畫界，奕山允自額爾古納河口循黑龍江至松花江左岸之地盡屬之俄。俄使知奕山昧於地勢，駐兵黑龍江口，復索綏芬河、烏蘇里江地，奕山懾其兵威，勿能抗，疏稱未許，然已告俄使可比照海口等處辦理。踰年，與俄使會於愛琿，定約三條，鑱滿、蒙、漢三體字為界碑。大理寺少卿殷兆鏞劾奕山：「以邊地五千餘里，藉稱閒曠，不候諭旨，拱手授人，始既輕諾，繼復受人所制，無能轉圜。」詔切責之，革職留任；又以縱俄艦往黑龍江不之阻，褫御前大臣，召回京。

十一年，聯軍在京定約，因奕山前議，自烏蘇里江口而南踰興凱湖，至綏芬河、瑚布圖河口，復沿琿春河達圖們江口，以東盡與俄人，語具邦交志。尋復御前大臣，補正紅旗蒙古都統。同治中，封一等鎮國將軍，授內大臣。以疾罷。光緒四年，卒，諡莊簡。子載鷟，理藩院侍郎。載鷟子溥瀚，鑲黃旗蒙古副都統；孫毓照，一等奉國將軍。