Zhang Pu 張溥

Chang P'u 張溥 (T. 天如 H. 西銘) 1602-1641, founder of the politico-literary group known as Fu-shê 復社, was a native of T'ai-ts'ang, Kiangsu. An ardent student from youth up, he developed the habit of making frequent notes on what he had read, and therefore named his library, Ch'i-lu-chai 七錄齋, or "Seven-Recordings Studio". In 1620 he made the acquaintance of Chang Ts'ai 張采 (T. 受先 H. 南郭, 1596-1648), and during the years 1623 to 1628 the two labored together in his studio. Because of their friendship and their combined literary interests they came to be known as "The Two Changs East of the River Lou" (婁東二張). Early in 1628 they both went to Peking, Chang P'u as a senior licentiate, Chang Ts'ai to take the metropolitan examination and win his chin-shih in that year. Chang Ts'ai was appointed magistrate of Lin-ch'uan, Kiangsi, and Chang P'u went back to his native place where he organized the Fu-shê which some sources take to mean "the society for the revival of ancient learning." Although Chang P'u was granted his chin-shih at the next triennial examination of 1631, rather than take up the usual official career he chose to devote himself to his organization.

Literary societies of the Ming dynasty date back to the beginning of the 17th century. The purpose of such groups was to "make friends by means of literature," as the Analects say, and to help the members prepare for the examinations. The Fu-shê began with this modest objective, but under Chang P'u's skilled guidance it took in many small local units until it became a nation wide social movement and a political force of great significance. Its first great meeting was held at Yin-shan in Wu-chiang, Kiangsu, in 1629; the second at Nanking in 1630, and the third at Hu-ch'iu, 7 li northwest of Soochow, in 1632 attended by thousands of scholars from all parts of the empire. The list of members as recorded by Wu Ying-chi 吳應箕 (T. 次尾 H. 樓山, 1594-1645), and supplemented by his grandson Wu Ming-tao 吳銘道 (T. 復古 H. 古雪山民) under the title, 復社姓氏錄 Fu-shê hsing-shih lu, includes 2,025 names. Its membership increased as it grew in influence and prestige. It brought pressure to bear on both Court and local officials, took a hand in appointments and removals from office, and recommended favorite candidates for the examination system. As its power increased so did the number and hatred of its enemies. Its chief opponents were the followers of the eunuch, Wei Chung-hsien [q.v.], and those who for one reason or another experienced the society's disapproval.

In 1637 one, Lu Wên-shêng 陸文聲, a native of Soochow, memorialized the Emperor denouncing the Fu-shê as a corrupting and disturbing force in the nation. As a measure of defense Chang P'u proceeded to strengthen his organization by resorting to more direct activities of a political nature. The decree imposing the penalty of death on the prime minister, Hsüeh Kuo-kuan 薛國觀 (T. 賓廷 d. 1641, a chin-shih of 1619), and the substitution of Chou Yen-ju 周延儒 (T. 玉繩 H. 挹齋 d. 1644, chuang-yüan of 1613) early in 1641 was in part a Fu-shê maneuver. The promulgation of the manifesto of Nanking, entitled 留都防亂公揭 Liu-tu fang-luan kung-chieh, against Juan Ta-ch'êng [q.v.] in 1639 was a direct interference in politics on the part of students. In the summer of 1641 Chang P'u died and was given unofficially the posthumous name, Jên-hsüeh hsien-shêng 仁學先生. In the year following his death, the Fu-shê held another meeting at Hu-ch'iu which was the last of the great gatherings. On the whole, the Fu-shê carried on the traditions of the Tung-lin party 東林黨. Its membership included the descendants of prominent Tung-lin members, such as Huang Tsung-hsi [q.v.], and for that reason was also known as "the little Tung-lin" 小東林. When Juan Ta-ch'êng ordered the wholesale arrest of Fu-shê members he entitled his list of proscribed names, 蝗蝻錄 Huang-nan lu—the Tung-lin members being thus slightingly referred to as Huang 蝗, or "locusts", and the Fu-shê members as Nan 蝻. or "unfledged locusts".

The Imperial Catalogue (see under Chi Yün) gives notice of four works by Chang P'u: a compilation of commentaries on the Odes, 詩經注疏大全合集 Shih-ching chu-shu ta-ch'üan ho-chi, in 34 chüan; a work on the Spring and Autumn Annals, 春秋三書 Ch'un-ch'iu san-shu, in 32 chüan; essays on historical topics, 歷代史論二編 Li-tai shih-lun êr-pien, in 10 chüan; and a collection of literary works by 103 authors of the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties, 漢魏六朝百三名家集 Han Wei Liu-ch'ao pai-san ming-chia chi, in 118 chüan, the last being copied into the Ssŭ-k'u Manuscript Library (see under Chi Yün). His collected literary works Ch'i-lu-chai chi (集), in 15 chüan, were named after his studio.

[ M. 1/288/18a; T'ai-ts'ang-chou chih (1919)19/33a; Ssŭ-k'u 17/7a, 30/6b, 90/4b, 189/12a; Wu Wei-yeh [q.v.], 復社紀事 Fu-shê chi shih in Mei-tsun chia-ts'ang kao; Tu Têng-ch'un 杜登春, 復書始末 Shê-shih shih-mo in 昭代叢書 Chao-tai ts'ung-shu; Hsieh Kuo-chên 謝國楨, 明清之際黨社運動考, Ming-Ch'ing chih-chi tang-shê yün-tung k'ao (1934). ]

TU Lien-chê

《明史》卷288

張溥，字天如，太倉人。伯父輔之，南京工部尚書。溥幼嗜學。所讀書必手鈔，鈔已朗誦一過，即焚之，又鈔，如是者六七始已。右手握管處，指掌成繭。冬日手皸，日沃湯數次。後名讀書之齋曰「七錄」，以此也。與同里張采共學齊名，號「婁東二張」。崇禎元年以選貢生入都，采方成進士，兩人名徹都下。已而采官臨川。溥歸，集郡中名士相與復古學，名其文社曰復社。四年成進士，改庶吉士。以葬親乞假歸，讀書若經生，無間寒暑。四方噉名者爭走其門，盡名為復社。溥亦傾身結納，交游日廣，聲氣通朝右。所品題甲乙，頗能為榮辱。諸奔走附麗者，輒自矜曰：「吾以嗣東林也。」執政大僚由此惡之。里人陸文聲者，輸貲為監生，求入社不許，采又嘗以事抶之。文聲詣闕言：「風俗之弊，皆原於士子。溥、采為主盟，倡復社，亂天下。」溫體仁方枋國事，下所司。遷延久之，提學御史倪元珙、兵備參議馮元颺、太倉知州周仲連言復社無可罪。三人皆貶斥，嚴旨窮究不已。閩人周之夔者，嘗為蘇州推官，坐事罷去，疑溥為之，恨甚。聞文聲訐溥，遂伏闕言溥等把持計典，己罷職實其所為，因及復社恣橫狀。章下，巡撫張國維等言之夔去官，無預溥事，亦被旨譙讓。至十四年，溥已卒，而事猶未竟。刑部侍郎蔡奕琛坐黨薛國觀繫獄，未知溥卒也，訐溥遙握朝柄，己罪由溥，因言采結黨亂政。詔責溥、采回奏，采上言：「復社非臣事，然臣與溥生平相淬礪，死避網羅，負義圖全，誼不出此。念溥日夜解經論文，矢心報稱，曾未一日服官，懷忠入地。即今嚴綸之下，幷不得泣血自明，良足哀悼。」當是時，體仁已前罷，繼者張至發、薛國觀皆不喜東林，故所司不敢復奏。及是，至發、國觀亦相繼罷，而周延儒當國，溥座主也，其獲再相，溥有力焉，故采疏上，事即得解。明年，御史劉熙祚、給事中姜埰交章言溥砥行博聞，所纂述經史，有功聖學，宜取備乙夜觀。帝御經筵，問及二人，延儒對曰：「讀書好秀才。」帝曰：「溥已卒，采小臣，言官何為薦之？」延儒曰：「二人好讀書，能文章。言官為舉子時讀其文，又以其用未竟，故惜之耳。」帝曰：「亦未免偏。」延儒言：「誠如聖諭，溥與黃道周皆偏，因善讀書，以故惜之者眾。」帝頷之，遂有詔徵溥遺書，而道周亦復官。有司先後錄上三千餘卷，帝悉留覽。溥詩文敏捷。四方徵索者，不起草，對客揮毫，俄頃立就，以故名高一時。卒時，年止四十。