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During the early summer of 1862, John H. Morgan led his small cavalry force of Kentuckians, Georgians, and Texans on a raid that later had a direct impact on the Kentucky Campaign that same summer and fall. Morgan led his men to Cynthiana in mid-July, the town called later as the “best Rebel town of our Native State.” Indeed, in 1861 and 1862 nine companies of infantry were raised in Harrison County that went into the Confederate Army. The northern portion of the county, made up of small hardscrabble farms and consisting of terrain that was not conducive to horse breeding, was more economically tied the North. The citizenry of Cynthiana proper was a mixture of sympathies, while the southern portion of the county, with its more open and rolling terrain allowing larger farms, mostly supported the South.
The 1862 battle saw Morgan’s men go up against a few hundred home guards supported by small detachments from the 7th and 18th Kentucky Infantry Regiments. The fighting took place within town, with most of Morgan’s 2nd Kentucky Cavalry trying to force its way across the Licking River near the covered bridge on the south edge of town while other parts of his command (consisting mostly of the Georgians and Texans) were dispatched to the east and west to come into town via several different routes. This deployment allowed the Confederates to surround the Federal forces, and resulted in the final portion of the fighting at the rail depot as well as near the court house (which still stands today).
A recent luminary lighting, sponsored by the Cynthiana Battlefields Foundation and held at the Confederate Circle at Battle Grove Cemetery, where a portion of the second battle occurred on June 12th, 1864.
The 1864 battle is composed of three distinct and separate phases over two days: a town fight early in the morning of June 11th (with similar results to the 1862 battle), a later morning battle that same day a mile north of the town near Keller’s Bridge on the Kentucky Central, and a third engagement to the east of town on the early morning of June 12th. In the first two phases the Confederates faced mostly Ohio “Hundred Days Men” from the 168th and 171st Ohio National Guard with some home guard and support from one hundred men of the 47th and 52nd Kentucky Infantry Regiments. In the final phase Morgan faced seasoned units totaling 2,400 men under the command of the controversial yet effective Stephen Burbridge.
Those who are not serious students of the war may not be aware of the two encounters that took place in Cynthiana, or understand the noticeable qualitative difference of Morgan’s 1862 soldiers as compared to his 1864 force. During the 1862 raid Morgan held a lessor command, but his troops were more disciplined and he had his brother-in-law, Basil Duke, to assist with operational planning. After the Great Raid in the summer of 1863, many of these experienced troopers were still in Northern prisoner of war camps, including Duke and other important officers. When Morgan went to Joe Johnston in early 1864 to obtain the core of his remaining experienced troopers for his new command (those that escaped after the Battle of Buffington Island), Johnston balked and would not release them to Morgan, and the quality of troops that went “bumming” was far inferior to his 1862 troopers. This lack of quality and discipline led to bank robberies, theft of local citizens (many of whom were sympathetic to the Southern cause), and the burning of Cynthiana’s business area which resulted in the loss of thirty-seven buildings (valued at 3.7 million in 2016 dollars). The raiders’ complete collapse on the morning of June 12th dealt by Burbridge’s Federals showed that Morgan was perhaps more focused on glory than adhering to the dictates of military order, and illustrates that while he was an effective raider, once brought to battle his tactical prowess was lacking.