Holocaust denial From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search Part of a series on The Holocaust Bundesarchiv Bild 183-N0827-318, KZ Auschwitz, Ankunft ungarischer Juden.jpg Jews on selection ramp at Auschwitz, May 1944 Responsibility[hide] Nazi Germany People Major perpetratorsAdolf HitlerHeinrich HimmlerHeinrich MüllerReinhard HeydrichAdolf EichmannOdilo GlobocnikTheodor EickeRichard GlücksErnst KaltenbrunnerRudolf HössChristian WirthJoseph Goebbels Organizations Nazi PartyGestapoSchutzstaffel (SS)Totenkopfverbände (SS-TV)EinsatzgruppenSturmabteilung (SA)Verfügungstruppe (SS-VT)Wehrmacht Collaborators during World War II Nazi ideologues Early policies[hide] Racial policyNazi eugenicsNuremberg LawsHaavara AgreementMadagascar PlanForced euthanasia Victims[hide] Jews during World War II EuropeGermanyRomani people (Gypsies)PolesSoviet POWsSlavs in Eastern EuropeHomosexualsPeople with disabilitiesFreemasonsJehovah's Witnesses Ghettos[hide] BiałystokBudapestKaunasKrakówŁódźLublinLwówMinskRigaWarsawVilnius Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland List of selected ghettos Camps[hide] Nazi extermination camps Auschwitz II-BirkenauBełżecChełmnoJasenovacMajdanekMaly TrostenetsSajmišteSobiborTreblinka Nazi concentration camps Auschwitz IBergen-BelsenBogdanovkaBuchenwaldDachauDoraGonars (Italy)Gross-RosenHerzogenbuschJanowskaKaiserwaldMauthausen-GusenNeuengammeRabRavensbrückSachsenhausenSalaspilsStutthofTransnistria (Romania)TheresienstadtUckermarkWarsaw Transit and collection camps Belgium BreendonkMechelen France GursDrancy Italy Bolzano Netherlands AmersfoortWesterbork Slovakia Sereď Divisions SS-TotenkopfverbändeConcentration Camps InspectoratePolitische AbteilungSanitätswesen Extermination methods Gas vanGas chamberExtermination through labourEinsatzgruppenHuman medical experimentation Atrocities[hide] Pogroms KristallnachtBucharestDorohoiIaşiIzieuSzczuczynJedwabnePlungėKaunasLviv (Lvov)MarseilleTykocinVel' d'HivWąsosz Einsatzgruppen Babi YarBydgoszczCzęstochowaKamianets-PodilskyiNinth FortOdessaPiaśnicaPonaryRumbulaErntefest "Final Solution" Wannsee ConferenceMogilev ConferenceOperation "Reinhard"Holocaust trainsExtermination camps End of World War II Wola massacreDeath marches Resistance[hide] Auschwitz Protocols Vrba–Wetzler reportCzesław MordowiczJerzy TabeauRudolf VrbaAlfréd WetzlerBrichaJewish partisansSonderkommando photographsWitold Pilecki Resistance movement in AuschwitzZwiązek Organizacji WojskowejWitold's Report Ghetto uprisings WarsawBiałystokŁachwaCzęstochowa Allied response[hide] Joint Declaration by Members of the United Nations Auschwitz bombing debateNuremberg trialsDenazification Aftermath[hide] BrichaDisplaced personsSurvivorsCentral Committee of the Liberated Jews Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany Lists[hide] Holocaust survivors Deportations of French Jews to death camps Survivors of SobiborTimeline of Treblinka extermination campVictims of NazismRescuers of JewsMemorials and museums Resources[hide] BibliographyList of books about Nazi Germany The Destruction of the European Jews Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos Functionalism versus intentionalism Remembrance[hide] Days of remembranceMemorials and museumsRighteous Among the Nations vte Part of a series on Denial of mass killings Instances of denial Armenian GenocideHolodomorHolocaust listCongo Free StateNanjing MassacreGenocide of SerbsIndonesian mass killingsBangladesh genocideCambodian GenocideTiananmen Square massacreRwandan genocideBosnian genocide Scholarly controversy over mass killings Holodomor Mao Zedong Augusto Pinochet Colonization of Australia Islamic rule in India Mongol conquest Native American population decline 1944–1950 expulsion of Germans Irish Great Famine Related topics Historical negationism Historical revisionism vte Part of a series on Antisemitism Yellowbadge logo.svg Part of Jewish history Part of Discrimination HistoryTimelineReference Definitions[show] Manifestations[show] Antisemitic canards[show] Antisemitic publications[show] Antisemitism on the Web[show] Persecution[show] Opposition[show] Category Category vte Holocaust denial is the act of denying the genocide of Jews in the Holocaust during World War II.[1] Holocaust deniers make one or more of the following false statements:[2][3][4]

Nazi Germany's Final Solution was aimed only at deporting Jews from the Reich and did not include their extermination; Nazi authorities did not use extermination camps and gas chambers for the genocidal mass murder of Jews; or the actual number of Jews murdered is significantly lower than the accepted figure of 5 to 6 million, typically around a tenth of that figure. Because Holocaust denial is a common facet of certain racist propaganda, it is considered a serious societal problem in many places where it occurs and is illegal in several European countries and Israel. Holocaust denial is sponsored by some Middle Eastern governments, including Iran and Syria.

Scholars use the term denial to describe the views and methodology of Holocaust deniers in order to distinguish them from legitimate historical revisionists, who challenge orthodox interpretations of history using established historical methodologies.[5] Holocaust deniers generally do not accept denial as an appropriate description of their activities and use the euphemism revisionism instead.[6] The methodologies of Holocaust deniers are often based on a predetermined conclusion that ignores overwhelming historical evidence to the contrary.[7] In some post-Soviet states, Holocaust deniers do not deny the very fact of mass murder of Jews, but they deny the participation of their own nationals in the Holocaust.[8]

Most Holocaust deniers claim, either explicitly or implicitly, that the Holocaust is a hoax—or an exaggeration—arising from a deliberate Jewish conspiracy designed to advance the interest of Jews at the expense of other people.[9] For this reason, Holocaust denial is generally considered to be an antisemitic[10] conspiracy theory.[11]

Contents 1 Terminology and etymology 2 Background 2.1 Efforts to conceal the historical record 2.1.1 German efforts 2.1.2 French collaboration in archive destruction 2.2 Efforts to preserve the historical record 2.2.1 During the war 2.2.2 Immediate post-war period 2.2.3 Nuremberg trials 2.2.4 Trial of Adolf Eichmann 3 Post-World War II history 3.1 Harry Elmer Barnes 3.2 Beginnings of the modern denial movement 3.3 Institute for Historical Review 3.4 James Keegstra 3.5 Zündel trials 3.6 Bradley Smith and the Committee for Open Debate on the Holocaust 3.7 Ernst Nolte 3.8 Mayer controversy 3.9 David Irving and the Lipstadt libel case 3.10 Ken McVay and alt.revisionism 3.11 Focus on Allied war crimes in Holocaust denial literature 3.12 Propaganda 4 Recent developments 4.1 Japan 4.2 Turkey 4.3 France 4.4 Belgium 4.5 Germany 4.6 Middle East 4.7 The Palestinian Territories 4.8 Iran 4.9 United Kingdom 4.10 Post-Soviet states 5 Reactions to Holocaust denial 5.1 Types of reaction 5.2 Public figures and scholars 5.3 Former SS members 5.4 Holocaust denial and antisemitism 5.5 Definition of antisemitism 6 Examination of claims 7 Laws against Holocaust denial 7.1 David Irving conviction 8 Genocide denials 9 Notable Holocaust deniers 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Terminology and etymology Holocaust deniers prefer to refer to their work as historical revisionism, and object to being referred to as "deniers".[6] Emory University professor Deborah Lipstadt has written that: "The deniers' selection of the name revisionist to describe themselves is indicative of their basic strategy of deceit and distortion and of their attempt to portray themselves as legitimate historians engaged in the traditional practice of illuminating the past."[12] Scholars consider this misleading since the methods of Holocaust denial differ from those of legitimate historical revision.[13] Legitimate historical revisionism is explained in a resolution adopted by the Duke University History Department, November 8, 1991, and reprinted in Duke Chronicle, November 13, 1991 in response to an advertisement produced by Bradley R Smith's Committee for Open Debate on the Holocaust:[14]

That historians are constantly engaged in historical revision is certainly correct; however, what historians do is very different from this advertisement. Historical revision of major events ... is not concerned with the actuality of these events; rather, it concerns their historical interpretation – their causes and consequences generally.

Lipstadt writes that modern Holocaust denial draws its inspiration from various sources, including a school of thought which used an established method to question government policies.[15]

In 1992 Donald L. Niewyk gave some examples of how legitimate historical revisionism—the re-examination of accepted history and its updating with newly discovered, more accurate, or less-biased information—may be applied to the study of the Holocaust as new facts emerge to change the historical understanding of it:

With the main features of the Holocaust clearly visible to all but the willfully blind, historians have turned their attention to aspects of the story for which the evidence is incomplete or ambiguous. These are not minor matters by any means, but turn on such issues as Hitler's role in the event, Jewish responses to persecution, and reactions by onlookers both inside and outside Nazi-controlled Europe.[16]

In contrast, the Holocaust denial movement bases its approach on the predetermined idea that the Holocaust, as understood by mainstream historiography, did not occur.[7] Sometimes referred to as "negationism", from the French term négationnisme introduced by Henry Rousso,[17] Holocaust deniers attempt to rewrite history by minimizing, denying or simply ignoring essential facts. Koenraad Elst writes:

Negationism means the denial of historical crimes against humanity. It is not a reinterpretation of known facts, but the denial of known facts. The term negationism has gained currency as the name of a movement to deny a specific crime against humanity, the Nazi genocide on the Jews in 1941–45, also known as the Holocaust (Greek: complete burning) or the Shoah (Hebrew: disaster). Negationism is mostly identified with the effort at re-writing history in such a way that the fact of the Holocaust is omitted.[18]

Background

Members of a Sonderkommando 1005 unit pose next to a bone-crushing machine in the Janowska concentration camp in German-occupied Poland (Jun 1943 – Oct 1943)

April 12, 1945: Generals Dwight D. Eisenhower, Omar Bradley and George S. Patton inspect an improvised crematory pyre at Ohrdruf forced labor camp. Efforts to conceal the historical record See also: Sonderaktion 1005 and Posen speeches German efforts While the Second World War was still underway, the Nazis had already formed a contingency plan that if defeat was imminent they would carry out the total destruction of German records.[19] Historians have documented evidence that as Germany's defeat became imminent and Nazi leaders realized they would most likely be captured and brought to trial, great effort was made to destroy all evidence of mass extermination. Heinrich Himmler instructed his camp commandants to destroy records, crematoria, and other signs of mass extermination.[20] As one of many examples, the bodies of the 25,000 mostly Latvian Jews whom Friedrich Jeckeln and the soldiers under his command had shot at Rumbula (near Riga) in late 1941 were dug up and burned in 1943.[21] Similar operations were undertaken at Belzec, Treblinka and other death camps.[20] In the infamous Posen speeches of October 1943 such as the one on October 4, Himmler explicitly referred to the extermination of the Jews of Europe and further stated that the genocide must be permanently kept secret:[22][23]

I also want to refer here very frankly to a very difficult matter. We can now very openly talk about this among ourselves, and yet we will never discuss this publicly. Just as we did not hesitate on June 30, 1934, to perform our duty as ordered and put comrades who had failed up against the wall and execute them, we also never spoke about it, nor will we ever speak about it. Let us thank God that we had within us enough self-evident fortitude never to discuss it among us, and we never talked about it. Every one of us was horrified, and yet every one clearly understood that we would do it next time, when the order is given and when it becomes necessary. I am now referring to the evacuation of the Jews, to the extermination of the Jewish people.

— Heinrich Himmler, October 4, 1943 French collaboration in archive destruction In occupied France, the situation with respect to preserving war records was not much better, partly as a result of French state secrecy rules dating back to well before the war aimed at protecting the French government and the state from embarrassing revelations, and partly to avoid culpability. For example, at Liberation, the Prefecture of Police destroyed nearly all of the massive archive of Jewish arrest and deportation.[19]

Efforts to preserve the historical record During the war One of the earliest efforts to save historical record of the Holocaust occurred during the war, in France, where Drancy internment camp records were carefully preserved and turned over to the new National Office for Veterans and Victims of War; however, the bureau then held them in secret, refusing to release copies later, even to the Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation (CDJC).

In 1943, Isaac Schneersohn, anticipating the need for a center to document and preserve the memory of the persecution for historical reasons and also support claims post-war, gathered together 40 representatives from Jewish organizations in Grenoble which was under Italian occupation at the time[24] in order to form a centre de documentation.[25] Exposure meant the death penalty, and as a result little actually happened before liberation.[26] Serious work began after the center moved to Paris in late 1944 and was renamed the CDJC.[25][26]

Immediate post-war period In 1945, General Dwight D. Eisenhower, Supreme Allied Commander, anticipated that someday an attempt would be made to recharacterize the documentation of Nazi crimes as propaganda and took steps against it:[27]

The same day[28] I saw my first horror camp. It was near the town of Gotha. I have never been able to describe my emotional reactions when I first came face to face with indisputable evidence of Nazi brutality and ruthless disregard of every shred of decency. Up to that time I had known about it only generally or through secondary sources. I am certain, however, that I have never at any time experienced an equal sense of shock. I visited every nook and cranny of the camp because I felt it my duty to be in a position from then on to testify at first hand about these things in case there ever grew up at home the belief or assumption that "the stories of Nazi brutality were just propaganda". Some members of the visiting party were unable to go through with the ordeal. I not only did so but as soon as I returned to Patton's headquarters that evening I sent communications to both Washington and London, urging the two governments to send instantly to Germany a random group of newspaper editors and representative groups from the national legislatures. I felt that the evidence should be immediately placed before the American and the British public in a fashion that would leave no room for cynical doubt.[29]

Eisenhower, upon finding the victims of the death camps, ordered all possible photographs to be taken, and for the German people from surrounding villages to be ushered through the camps and even made to bury the dead. He wrote the following to General George Marshall after visiting a German internment camp near Gotha, Germany:

The visual evidence and the verbal testimony of starvation, cruelty, and bestiality were so overpowering as to leave me a bit sick. In one room, where they [there] were piled up twenty or thirty naked men, killed by starvation, George Patton would not even enter. He said that he would get sick if he did so. I made the visit deliberately, in order to be in a position to give first-hand evidence of these things if ever, in the future, there develops a tendency to charge these allegations merely to "propaganda".[30]

Nuremberg trials The Nuremberg trials took place in Germany after the war in 1945–1946. The stated aim was to dispense justice in retribution for atrocities of the German government. This Allied intention to administer justice post-war was first announced in 1943 in the Declaration on German Atrocities in Occupied Europe and reiterated at the Yalta Conference and at Berlin in 1945.[31] While the intention was not specifically to preserve the historical record of the Holocaust, some of the core documents required to prosecute the cases were provided to them by the CDJC, and much of the huge trove of archives were then transferred to the CDJC after the trials and became the core of future Holocaust historiography.[32]

The Nuremberg trials were important historically, but the events were still very recent, television was in its infancy and not present, and there was little public impact. There were isolated moments of limited public awareness from Hollywood films such as The Diary of Anne Frank (1959) or the 1961 Judgment at Nuremberg which had some newsreel footage of actual scenes from liberated Nazi concentration camps including scenes of piles of naked corpses laid out in rows and bulldozed into large pits, which was considered exceptionally graphic for the time. Public awareness changed when the Eichmann trial riveted the world's attention fifteen years after Nuremberg.[33][34]

Trial of Adolf Eichmann Main article: Eichmann trial In 1961, the Israeli government captured Adolf Eichmann in Argentina and brought him to Israel to stand trial for war crimes. Chief prosecutor Gideon Hausner's intentions were not only to demonstrate Eichmann's guilt personally but to present material about the entire Holocaust, thus producing a comprehensive record.[35]

The Israeli government arranged for the trial to have prominent media coverage.[36] Many major newspapers from all over the globe sent reporters and published front-page coverage of the story.[35] Israelis had the opportunity to watch live television broadcasts of the proceedings, and videotape was flown daily to the United States for broadcast the following day.[35][37]

Post-World War II history See also: Category:Holocaust deniers. In the immediate aftermath of the war, prior to the extensive documentation efforts by the allied forces, a sense of disbelief caused many to deny the initial reports of the Holocaust.[38][clarification needed] Compounding this disbelief was the memory of forged newspaper accounts of the German Corpse Factory, an anti-German atrocity propaganda campaign during WWI, which was widely known to be false by 1945.[39]

During the 1930s, the Nazi government used this propaganda against the British, claiming allegations of concentration camps were malicious lies put forward by the British government, and historians Joachim Neander and Randal Marlin note that this story "encouraged later disbelief when early reports circulated about the Holocaust under Hitler".[39] Victor Cavendish-Bentinck, chairman of the British Joint Intelligence Committee, noted that these reports were similar to "stories of employment of human corpses during the last war for the manufacture of fat which was a grotesque lie"; likewise, The Christian Century commented that "The parallel between this story and the 'corpse factory' atrocity tale of the First World War is too striking to be overlooked."[40] Neander notes that "There can be no doubt that the reported commercial use of the corpses of the murdered Jews undermined the credibility of the news coming from Poland and delayed action that might have rescued many Jewish lives."[40]

The Neo-Nazi movement has been revitalized by Holocaust denial. Small but vocal numbers of Neo-Nazis realized that recreation of a Hitlerite-style regime may be impossible, but a replica might be produced in the future and realized that to rehabilitate Nazism required the discrediting of the Holocaust.[41]

The first person to openly write after the end of World War II that he doubted the reality of the Holocaust was Maurice Bardèche in his 1948 book Nuremberg ou la Terre promise ("Nuremberg or the Promised Land").[42]

Harry Elmer Barnes Harry Elmer Barnes, at one time a mainstream American historian, assumed a Holocaust-denial stance in his later years. Between World War I and World War II, Barnes was an anti-war writer and a leader of the historical revisionism movement. Starting in 1924, Barnes worked closely with the Centre for the Study of the Causes of the War, a German government-funded think tank whose sole purpose was to disseminate the official government position that Germany was the victim of Allied aggression in 1914 and that the Versailles Treaty was morally invalid.[43] Headed by Major Alfred von Wegerer, a völkisch activist, the organization portrayed itself as a scholarly society, but historians later described it as "a clearinghouse for officially desirable views on the outbreak of the war."[44]

Following World War II, Barnes became convinced that allegations made against Germany and Japan, including the Holocaust, were wartime propaganda which had been used to justify the United States' involvement in World War II. Barnes claimed that there were two false claims made about World War II, namely that Germany started the war in 1939, and the Holocaust, which Barnes claimed did not happen.[45]

In his 1962 pamphlet, Revisionism and Brainwashing, Barnes claimed that there was a "lack of any serious opposition or concerted challenge to the atrocity stories and other modes of defamation of German national character and conduct".[46] Barnes argued that there was "a failure to point out the atrocities of the Allies were more brutal, painful, mortal and numerous than the most extreme allegations made against the Germans".[47] He claimed that in order to justify the "horrors and evils of the Second World War", the Allies made the Nazis the "scapegoat" for their own misdeeds.[45]

Barnes cited the French Holocaust denier Paul Rassinier, whom Barnes called a "distinguished French historian" who had exposed the "exaggerations of the atrocity stories".[47] In a 1964 article, "Zionist Fraud", published in the American Mercury, Barnes wrote: "The courageous author [Rassinier] lays the chief blame for misrepresentation on those whom we must call the swindlers of the crematoria, the Israeli politicians who derive billions of marks from nonexistent, mythical and imaginary cadavers, whose numbers have been reckoned in an unusually distorted and dishonest manner."[47] Using Rassinier as his source, Barnes claimed that Germany was the victim of aggression in both 1914 and 1939 and that reports of the Holocaust were propaganda to justify a war of aggression against Germany.[47]

Beginnings of the modern denial movement

The KKK: Nazi salute and Holocaust denial In 1961, a protégé of Barnes, David Hoggan, published Der erzwungene Krieg (The Forced War) in West Germany, which claimed that Germany had been the victim of an Anglo-Polish conspiracy in 1939. Though Der erzwungene Krieg was primarily concerned with the origins of World War II, it also down-played or justified the effects of Nazi antisemitic measures in the pre-1939 period.[48] For example, Hoggan justified the huge one billion Reichsmark fine imposed on the entire Jewish community in Germany after the 1938 Kristallnacht as a reasonable measure to prevent what he called "Jewish profiteering" at the expense of German insurance companies and alleged that no Jews were killed in the Kristallnacht (in fact, 91 German Jews were murdered in the Kristallnacht).[48] Subsequently, Hoggan explicitly denied the Holocaust in 1969 in a book entitled The Myth of the Six Million, which was published by the Noontide Press, a small Los Angeles publisher specializing in antisemitic literature.[49]

In 1964, Paul Rassinier published The Drama of the European Jews. Rassinier was himself a concentration camp survivor (he was held in Buchenwald for having helped French Jews escape the Nazis), and modern-day deniers continue to cite his works as scholarly research that questions the accepted facts of the Holocaust. Critics argued that Rassinier did not cite evidence for his claims and ignored information that contradicted his assertions; he nevertheless remains influential in Holocaust denial circles for being one of the first deniers to propose that a vast Zionist/Allied/Soviet conspiracy faked the Holocaust, a theme that would be picked up in later years by other authors.[50]

Austin App, a La Salle University medieval English literature professor, is considered the first major mainstream American holocaust denier.[51][52] App defended the Germans and Nazi Germany during World War II. He published numerous articles, letters, and books on Holocaust denial, quickly building a loyal following. App's work inspired the Institute for Historical Review, a California center founded in 1978 whose sole task is the denial of the Holocaust.[53]

The publication of Arthur Butz's The Hoax of the Twentieth Century: The case against the presumed extermination of European Jewry in 1976; and David Irving's Hitler's War in 1977 brought other similarly inclined individuals into the fold.[54] Butz was a tenured associate professor of electrical engineering at Northwestern University. In December 1978 and January 1979, Robert Faurisson, a French professor of literature at the University of Lyon, wrote two letters to Le Monde claiming that the gas chambers used by the Nazis to exterminate the Jews did not exist. A colleague of Faurisson, Jean-Claude Pressac, who initially shared Faurisson's views, later became convinced of the Holocaust's evidence while investigating documents at Auschwitz in 1979. He published his conclusions along with much of the underlying evidence in his 1989 book, Auschwitz: Technique and operation of the gas chambers.[55]

Henry Bienen, the former president of Northwestern University, has described Arthur Butz's view of the Holocaust as an "embarrassment to Northwestern".[56] In 2006, sixty of Butz's colleagues from the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science faculty signed a censure describing Butz's Holocaust denial as "an affront to our humanity and our standards as scholars".[57] The letter also called for Butz to "leave our Department and our University and stop trading on our reputation for academic excellence".[57]

Institute for Historical Review In 1978 Willis Carto founded the Institute for Historical Review (IHR), an organization dedicated to publicly challenging the commonly accepted history of the Holocaust.[58] The IHR's founding was inspired by Austin App, a La Salle professor of medieval English literature and considered the first major American holocaust denier.[52] The IHR sought from the beginning to establish itself within the broad tradition of historical revisionism, by soliciting token supporters who were not from a neo-Nazi background such as James J. Martin and Samuel Edward Konkin III, and by promoting the writings of French socialist Paul Rassinier and American anti-war historian Harry Elmer Barnes, in an attempt to show that Holocaust denial had a base of support beyond neo-Nazis. The IHR republished most of Barnes's writings, which had been out of print since his death. While it included articles on other topics and sold books by mainstream historians, the majority of material published and distributed by IHR was devoted to questioning the facts surrounding the Holocaust.[59]

In 1980, the IHR promised a $50,000 reward to anyone who could prove that Jews were gassed at Auschwitz. Mel Mermelstein wrote a letter to the editors of the Los Angeles Times and others including The Jerusalem Post. The IHR wrote back, offering him $50,000 for proof that Jews were, in fact, gassed in the gas chambers at Auschwitz. Mermelstein, in turn, submitted a notarized account of his internment at Auschwitz and how he witnessed Nazi guards ushering his mother and two sisters and others towards (as he learned later) gas chamber number five. Despite this, the IHR refused to pay the reward. Represented by public interest attorney William John Cox, Mermelstein subsequently sued the IHR in the Superior Court of Los Angeles County for breach of contract, anticipatory repudiation, libel, injurious denial of established fact, intentional infliction of emotional distress, and declaratory relief (see case no. C 356 542). On October 9, 1981, both parties in the Mermelstein case filed motions for summary judgment in consideration of which Judge Thomas T. Johnson of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County took "judicial notice of the fact that Jews were gassed to death at the Auschwitz Concentration Camp in Poland during the summer of 1944,"[60][61] judicial notice meaning that the court treated the gas chambers as common knowledge, and therefore did not require evidence that the gas chambers existed. On August 5, 1985, Judge Robert A. Wenke entered a judgment based upon the Stipulation for Entry of Judgment agreed upon by the parties on July 22, 1985. The judgment required IHR and other defendants to pay $90,000 to Mermelstein and to issue a letter of apology to "Mr. Mel Mermelstein, a survivor of Auschwitz-Birkenau and Buchenwald, and all other survivors of Auschwitz" for "pain, anguish and suffering" caused to them.[61]

In the "About the IHR" statement on their website, the IHR states, "The IHR does not 'deny' the Holocaust. Indeed, the IHR as such has no 'position' on any specific event...."[62] Commentators and historians have noted the misleading nature of statements by the IHR that they are not Holocaust deniers. Paul Rauber writes that:

The question [of whether the IHR denies the Holocaust] appears to turn on IHR's Humpty-Dumpty word game with the word Holocaust. According to Mark Weber, associate editor of the IHR's Journal of Historical Review [now Director of the IHR], "If by the 'Holocaust' you mean the political persecution of Jews, some scattered killings, if you mean a cruel thing that happened, no one denies that. But if one says that the 'Holocaust' means the systematic extermination of six to eight million Jews in concentration camps, that's what we think there's not evidence for." That is, IHR doesn't deny that the Holocaust happened; they just deny that the word 'Holocaust' means what people customarily use it for.[63]

According to British historian of Germany Richard J. Evans:

Like many individual Holocaust deniers, the Institute as a body denied that it was involved in Holocaust denial. It called this a 'smear' which was 'completely at variance with the facts' because 'revisionist scholars' such as Faurisson, Butz 'and bestselling British historian David Irving acknowledge that hundreds of thousands of Jews were killed and otherwise perished during the Second World War as a direct and indirect result of the harsh anti-Jewish policies of Germany and its allies'. But the concession that a relatively small number of Jews were killed was routinely used by Holocaust deniers to distract attention from the far more important fact of their refusal to admit that the figure ran into the millions, and that a large proportion of these victims were systematically murdered by gassing as well as by shooting.[64]

James Keegstra Further information: R. v. Keegstra In 1984, James Keegstra, a Canadian high-school teacher, was charged under the Canadian Criminal Code for "promoting hatred against an identifiable group by communicating anti-Semitic statements to his students". During class, he would describe Jews as a people of profound evil who had "created the Holocaust to gain sympathy." He also tested his students in exams on his theories and opinion of Jews.

Keegstra was charged under s 281.2(2) of the Criminal Code (now s 319(2), which provides that "Every one who, by communicating statements, other than in private conversation, wilfully promotes hatred against any identifiable group" commits a criminal offense.[65] He was convicted at trial before the Alberta Court of Queen's Bench. The court rejected the argument, advanced by Keegstra and his lawyer, Doug Christie, that promoting hatred is a constitutionally protected freedom of expression as per s 2(b) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Keegstra appealed to the Alberta Court of Appeal. That court agreed with Keegstra, and he was acquitted. The Crown then appealed the case to the Supreme Court of Canada, which ruled by a 4–3 majority that promoting hatred could be justifiably restricted under s 1 of the Charter. The Supreme Court restored Keegstra's conviction.[66] He was fired from his teaching position shortly afterward.[67]

Zündel trials See also: Leuchter report The Toronto-based photo retoucher Ernst Zündel operated a small-press called Samisdat Publishers, which published and distributed Holocaust-denial material such as Did Six Million Really Die? by Richard Harwood (a pseudonym of Richard Verrall – a British neo-Nazi). In 1985, he was tried in R. v. Zundel and convicted under a "false news" law and sentenced to 15 months imprisonment by an Ontario court for "disseminating and publishing material denying the Holocaust".[68] The Holocaust historian Raul Hilberg was a witness for the prosecution at the 1985 trial. Zündel's conviction was overturned in an appeal on a legal technicality, leading to a second trial in 1988, in which he was again convicted. The 1988 trial included, as witnesses for the defense, Fred A. Leuchter, David Irving and Robert Faurisson. The pseudo-scientific Leuchter report was presented as a defense document and was published in Canada in 1988 by Zundel's Samisdat Publishers, and in Britain in 1989 by Irving's Focal Point Publishing. In both of his trials, Zündel was defended by Douglas Christie and Barbara Kulaszka. His conviction was overturned in 1992 when the Supreme Court of Canada declared the "false news" law unconstitutional.[68]

Zündel has a website, web-mastered by his wife Ingrid, which publicises his viewpoints.[69] In January 2002, the Canadian Human Rights Tribunal delivered a ruling in a complaint involving his website, in which it was found to be contravening the Canadian Human Rights Act. The court ordered Zündel to cease communicating hate messages. In February 2003, the American INS arrested him in Tennessee, USA, on an immigration violations matter, and few days later, Zündel was sent back to Canada, where he tried to gain refugee status. Zündel remained in prison until March 1, 2005, when he was deported to Germany and prosecuted for disseminating hate propaganda. On February 15, 2007, Zündel was convicted on 14 counts of incitement under Germany's Volksverhetzung law, which bans the incitement of hatred against a portion of the population, and given the maximum sentence of five years in prison.[70]

Bradley Smith and the Committee for Open Debate on the Holocaust In 1987, Bradley R. Smith, a former media director of the Institute for Historical Review,[71] founded the Committee for Open Debate on the Holocaust (CODOH).[72] In the United States, CODOH has repeatedly attempted to place advertisements questioning whether the Holocaust happened, especially in college campus newspapers,[73] which have not always been rejected as a large number of colleges accepted the ads because they felt not doing so would undercut the First Amendment.[74]

Bradley Smith sought other avenues to promote Holocaust denial – with little success. On September 8, 2009, student newspaper The Harvard Crimson ran a paid ad from Bradley R Smith. It was quickly criticized and an apology was issued from the editor, claiming it was a mistake.[75] College newspapers refused Smith's ads from that point until his death in 2016, generally concluding that refusing to accept his paid advertisements did not comprise a violation of Smith's First Amendment rights.

Smith referred to his tactics as the CODOH campus project. He said, "I don't want to spend time with adults anymore, I want to go to students. They are superficial. They are empty vessels to be filled." "What I wanted to do was I wanted to set forth three or four ideas that students might be interested in, that might cause them to think about things or to have questions about things. And I wanted to make it as simple as possible, and to set it up in a way that could not really be debated."[76] Holocaust deniers have placed "Full page advertisements in college and university newspapers, including those of Brandeis University, Boston College, Pennsylvania State University, and Queens College (part of CUNY). Some of these ads arguing that the Holocaust never happened ran without comment; others generated op-ed pieces by professors and students".[77]

Ernst Nolte The German philosopher and historian Ernst Nolte, starting in the 1980s, advanced a set of theories, which though not denying the Holocaust appeared to flirt with an Italian Holocaust denier, Carlo Mattogno, as a serious historian.[78] In a letter to the Israeli historian Otto Dov Kulka of December 8, 1986, Nolte criticized the work of the French Holocaust denier Robert Faurisson on the ground that the Holocaust did occur, but went on to argue that Faurisson's work was motivated by what Nolte claimed were the admirable motives of sympathy towards the Palestinians and opposition to Israel.[79] In his 1987 book Der europäische Bürgerkrieg (The European Civil War), Nolte claimed that the intentions of Holocaust deniers are "often honourable", and that some of their claims are "not obviously without foundation".[78][80] Nolte himself, though he has never denied the occurrence of the Holocaust, has claimed that the Wannsee Conference of 1942 never happened, and that the minutes of the conference were post-war forgeries done by "biased" Jewish historians designed to discredit Germany.[80]

The British historian Ian Kershaw has argued that Nolte was operating on the borderlines of Holocaust denial with his implied claim that the "negative myth" of the Third Reich was created by Jewish historians, his allegations of the domination of Holocaust scholarship by "biased" Jewish historians, and his statements that one should withhold judgment on Holocaust deniers, whom Nolte takes considerable pains to stress are not exclusively Germans or fascists.[81] In Kershaw's opinion, Nolte is attempting to imply that perhaps Holocaust deniers are on to something.[81]

In a 1990 interview, Nolte implied that there was something to the Leuchter report: "If the revisionists [Holocaust deniers] and Leuchter among them have made it clear to the public that even 'Auschwitz' must be an object of scientific inquiry and controversy then they should be given credit for this. Even if it finally turned out that the number of victims was even greater and the procedures were even more horrific than has been assumed until now."[82] In his 1993 book Streitpunkte (Points of Contention), Nolte praised the work of Holocaust deniers as superior to "mainstream scholars".[83] Nolte wrote that "radical revisionists have presented research which, if one is familiar with the source material and the critique of the sources, is probably superior to that of the established historians of Germany".[83][84] In a 1994 interview with Der Spiegel magazine, Nolte stated "I cannot rule out the importance of the investigation of the gas chambers in which they looked for remnants of the [chemical process engendered by Zyklon B]", and that "'Of course, I am against revisionists, but Fred Leuchter's 'study' of the Nazi gas ovens has to be given attention, because one has to stay open to 'other' ideas."[85]

The British historian Richard J. Evans in his 1989 book In Hitler's Shadow expressed the view that Nolte's reputation as a scholar was in ruins as a result of these and other controversial statements on his part.[86] The American historian Deborah Lipstadt in a 2003 interview stated: Historians such as the German Ernst Nolte are, in some ways, even more dangerous than the deniers. Nolte is an anti-Semite of the first order, who attempts to rehabilitate Hitler by saying that he was no worse than Stalin; but he is careful not to deny the Holocaust. Holocaust-deniers make Nolte's life more comfortable. They have, with their radical argumentation, pulled the center a little more to their side. Consequently, a less radical extremist, such as Nolte, finds himself closer to the middle ground, which makes him more dangerous.[87]

Mayer controversy In 1988, the American historian Arno J. Mayer published a book entitled Why Did the Heavens Not Darken?, which did not explicitly deny the Holocaust, but according to Lucy Dawidowicz lent support to Holocaust denial by stating that most people who died at Auschwitz were the victims of "natural causes" such as disease, not gassing.[88] Dawidowicz argued that Mayer's statements about Auschwitz were "a breathtaking assertion".[89] Holocaust historian Robert Jan van Pelt has written that Mayer's book is as close as a mainstream historian has ever come to supporting Holocaust denial.[90] Holocaust deniers such as David Irving have often cited Mayer's book as one reason for embracing Holocaust denial.[90] Though Mayer has been often condemned for his statement about the reasons for the Auschwitz death toll, his book does not deny the use of gas chambers at Auschwitz, as Holocaust deniers often claim.[91]

Some mainstream Holocaust historians have labeled Mayer a denier. The Israeli historian Yehuda Bauer wrote that Mayer "popularizes the nonsense that the Nazis saw in Marxism and Bolshevism their main enemy, and the Jews unfortunately got caught up in this; when he links the destruction of the Jews to the ups and downs of German warfare in the Soviet Union, in a book that is so cocksure of itself that it does not need a proper scientific apparatus, he is really engaging in a much more subtle form of Holocaust denial".[92]

Defenders of Mayer argue that his statement that "Sources for the study of the gas chambers are at once rare and unreliable" has been taken out of context, particularly by Holocaust deniers.[93] Michael Shermer and Alex Grobman observe that the paragraph from which the statement is taken asserts that the SS destroyed the majority of the documentation relating to the operation of the gas chambers in the death camps, which is why Mayer feels that sources for the operation of the gas chambers are "rare" and "unreliable".[94]

David Irving and the Lipstadt libel case Main article: Irving v Penguin Books and Lipstadt Deborah Lipstadt's 1993 book Denying the Holocaust sharply criticized various Holocaust deniers, including British author David Irving, for deliberately misrepresenting evidence to justify their preconceived conclusions. In 1996 Irving filed a libel suit against Lipstadt and her publisher, Penguin Books. American historian Christopher Browning, an expert witness for the defense, wrote a comprehensive essay for the court summarizing the voluminous evidence for the reality of the Holocaust, and under cross-examination, effectively countered all of Irving's principal arguments to the contrary.[95] Cambridge historian Richard J. Evans, another defense expert witness, spent two years examining Irving's writings, and confirmed his misrepresentations, including evidence that he had knowingly used forged documents as source material. The judge, Justice Charles Gray, ultimately delivered a long and decisive verdict in favor of Lipstadt that referred to Irving as a "Holocaust denier" and "right-wing pro-Nazi polemicist."[96]

Ken McVay and alt.revisionism Ken McVay, an American resident in Canada, was disturbed by the efforts of organizations like the Simon Wiesenthal Center to suppress the speech of the Holocaust deniers, feeling that it was better to confront them openly than to try to censor them. On the Usenet newsgroup alt.revisionism he began a campaign of "truth, fact, and evidence", working with other participants on the newsgroup to uncover factual information about the Holocaust and counter the arguments of the deniers by proving them to be based upon misleading evidence, false statements, and outright lies. He founded the Nizkor Project to expose the activities of the Holocaust deniers, who responded to McVay with personal attacks, slander, and death threats.[97]

Focus on Allied war crimes in Holocaust denial literature The focus on so-called Allied atrocities during the war has been a theme in Holocaust denial literature, particularly in countries where outright denial of the Holocaust is illegal.[98] According to historian Deborah Lipstadt, the concept of "comparable Allied wrongs", such as the expulsion of Germans after World War II and the bombing of Dresden,[99] is at the center of, and a continuously repeated theme of, contemporary Holocaust denial; a phenomenon she calls "immoral equivalencies".[100] Pierre Vidal-Naquet pointed out the same phenomenon in the earlier version of Les Assassins de la mémoire under the title Auschwitz et le tiers monde (Les Assassins de la mémoire, Paris, 2005, pp. 170–180), and accurately about the declarations of Klaus Barbie's lawyer Jacques Vergès. In 1977, Martin Broszat, in a review of David Irving's book Hitler's War, maintained that the picture of World War II drawn by Irving was done in a such way to imply moral equivalence between the actions of the Axis and Allied states with both sides equally guilty of terrible crimes, leading to Hitler's "fanatical, destructive will to annihilate" being downgraded to being "no longer an exceptional phenomenon".[101]

Propaganda According to James Najarian, Holocaust deniers working for the Institute for Historical Review are not trained in history and "put out sham scholarly articles in the mock-academic publication, the Journal of Historical Review".[102] They appeal to "our objectivity, our sense of fair play, and our distrust of figurative language".[103] Thus, they rely on facts to grab the readers' attention. These facts, however, are strung by what Najarian calls "fabricated decorum" and are re-interpreted for their use. For example, they pay particular attention to inconsistencies in numbers.[104][clarification needed]

Holocaust denial propaganda in all forms has been shown to influence the audiences that it reaches. In fact, even the well-educated—that is, college graduates and current university students alike—are susceptible to such propaganda when it is presented before them. This stems from the growing disbelief that audiences feel after being exposed to such information, especially since Holocaust witnesses themselves are decreasing in number.[105] Studies centered on the psychological effects of Holocaust denial propaganda confirm this assertion. Linda M. Yelland and William F. Stone, in particular, show that Denial essays decrease readers' belief in the Holocaust, regardless of their prior Holocaust awareness.[106]

Recent developments Japan Japanese Holocaust denial first appeared in 1989 and reached its peak in 1995 with the publication in February 1995 by the Japanese magazine Marco Polo [ja], a 250,000-circulation monthly published by Bungei Shunju, of a Holocaust denial article by physician Masanori Nishioka[107] which stated:

The 'Holocaust' is a fabrication. There were no execution gas chambers in Auschwitz or in any other concentration camp. Today, what are displayed as 'gas chambers' at the remains of the Auschwitz camp in Poland are a post-war fabrication by the Polish communist regime or by the Soviet Union, which controlled the country. Not once, neither at Auschwitz nor in any territory controlled by the Germans during the Second World War, was there 'mass murder of Jews' in 'gas chambers.'[108]

The Los Angeles-based Simon Wiesenthal Center instigated a boycott of Bungei Shunju advertisers, including Volkswagen, Mitsubishi, and Cartier. Within days, Bungei Shunju shut down Marco Polo and its editor, Kazuyoshi Hanada, quit, as did the president of Bungei Shunju, Kengo Tanaka.[109]

Turkey In Turkey, in 1996, the Islamic preacher Harun Yahya distributed thousands of copies of a book which was originally published the previous year, entitled Soykırım Yalanı ("The Holocaust Lie") and mailed unsolicited texts to American and European schools and colleges.[110] The publication of Soykırım Yalanı sparked much public debate.[111] This book claims, "what is presented as Holocaust is the death of some Jews due to the typhus plague during the war and the famine towards the end of the war caused by the defeat of the Germans."[112] In March 1996, a Turkish painter and intellectual, Bedri Baykam, published a strongly worded critique of the book in the Ankara daily newspaper Siyah-Beyaz ("Black and White"). A legal suit for slander was brought against him. During the trial in September, Baykam exposed the real author of the book as Adnan Oktar.[111] The suit was withdrawn in March 1997.[113][114]

France In France, Holocaust denial became more prominent in the 1990s as négationnisme, though the movement has existed in ultra-left French politics since at least the 1960s, led by figures such as Pierre Guillaume (who was involved in the bookshop La Vieille Taupe during the 1960s). Elements of the extreme far right in France have begun to build on each other's negationist arguments, which often span beyond the Holocaust to cover a range of antisemitic views, incorporating attempts to tie the Holocaust to the Biblical massacre of the Canaanites, critiques of Zionism, and other material fanning what has been called a "conspiratorial Judeo-phobia" designed to legitimize and "banalize" antisemitism.[115]

Belgium In Belgium in 2001, Roeland Raes, the ideologue and vice-president of one of the country's largest political parties, the Vlaams Belang (formerly named Vlaams Blok, Flemish Bloc), gave an interview on Dutch TV where he cast doubt over the number of Jews murdered by the Nazis during the Holocaust. In the same interview he questioned the scale of the Nazis' use of gas chambers and the authenticity of Anne Frank's diary. In response to the media assault following the interview, Raes was forced to resign his position but vowed to remain active within the party.[116] Three years later, the Vlaams Blok was convicted of racism and chose to disband. Immediately afterwards, it legally reformed under the new name Vlaams Belang (Flemish Interest) with the same leaders and the same membership.[117]

Germany The trial of a Canadian woman, Monika Schaefer and her German-Canadian brother, Alfred Schaefer started in Germany in early July 2018. They were charged with Volksverhetzung, "incitement to hatred". The pair had published video clips on YouTube of their denial of the genocide of Jews. In the clips, Alfred Schaefer said that Jews wanted to destroy Germans, blamed them for starting both World Wars, and referred to the Holocaust as a "Jewish fantasy".[118]

Monika Schaefer was arrested in January 2018 in Germany while attending a court hearing of Sylvia Stolz.[119][120][121] Schaefer had been the Green Party candidate in the Alberta riding of Yellowhead during the federal elections in 2006, 2008, and 2011, but was expelled from the party after news reports surfaced of a July 2016 video[122] where she describes the Holocaust as "the most persistent lie in all of history" and insisted that those in concentration camps had been kept as healthy and as well-fed as possible.[123][124]

In late October 2018, Monika Schaefer was convicted of the charge of "incitement of the people" (often reworded as incitement of hatred by the news media). She was sentenced to ten months while Alfred Schaefer, also convicted, received a sentence of three years and two months.[125]

Middle East Denials of the Holocaust have been promoted by various Middle Eastern figures and media. Holocaust denial is sponsored by some Middle Eastern governments, including Iran[126] and Syria.[127]

Gamal Abdel Nasser, the President of Egypt, told a German newspaper in 1964 that "no person, not even the most simple one, takes seriously the lie of the six million Jews that were murdered [in the Holocaust]."[128][129]

Prominent figures from the Middle East have rarely made publicized visits to Auschwitz—Israel's Arab community being the exception. In 2010, Hadash MK Mohammed Barakeh visited, following a previous visit of two other Arab-Israeli lawmakers, and a group of about 100 Arab-Israeli writers and clerics in 2003.[130]

In 2006 Robert Satloff writing in The Washington Post, reported that "A respected Holocaust research institution recently reported that Egypt, Qatar and Saudi Arabia all promote Holocaust denial and protect Holocaust deniers."[131]

The Palestinian Territories Main article: Racism in the Palestinian territories Individuals from the Palestinian Authority, Hamas, and a number of Palestinian groups have all engaged in various aspects of Holocaust denial.[127][132]

Hamas leaders have promoted Holocaust denial; Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi held that the Holocaust never occurred, that Zionists were behind the action of Nazis, and that Zionists funded Nazism.[133][need quotation to verify] A press release by Hamas in April 2000 decried "the so-called Holocaust, which is an alleged and invented story with no basis".[134] In August 2009, Hamas' told UNRWA that it would "refuse" to allow Palestinian children to study the Holocaust, which it called "a lie invented by the Zionists" and referred to Holocaust education as a "war crime".[135] Hamas continued to hold this position in 2011, when the organization's Ministry for Refugee Affairs said that Holocaust education was "intended to poison the minds of our children."[136]

The thesis of the 1982 doctoral dissertation of Mahmoud Abbas, a co-founder of Fatah and president of the Palestinian National Authority, was "The Secret Connection between the Nazis and the Leaders of the Zionist Movement".[137][138][139] In his 1983 book The Other Side: the Secret Relationship Between Nazism and Zionism based on the dissertation, Abbas denied that six million Jews had died in the Holocaust; dismissing it as a "myth" and a "fantastic lie".[140] At most, he wrote, 890,000 Jews were murdered by the Germans. Abbas claimed that the number of deaths has been exaggerated for political purposes. "It seems that the interest of the Zionist movement, however, is to inflate this figure [of Holocaust deaths] so that their gains will be greater. This led them to emphasize this figure [six million] in order to gain the solidarity of international public opinion with Zionism. Many scholars have debated the figure of six million and reached stunning conclusions—fixing the number of Jewish victims at only a few hundred thousand."[139][141][142][143][144]

In his March 2006 interview with Haaretz, Abbas stated, "I wrote in detail about the Holocaust and said I did not want to discuss numbers. I quoted an argument between historians in which various numbers of casualties were mentioned. One wrote there were 12 million victims and another wrote there were 800,000. I have no desire to argue with the figures. The Holocaust was a terrible, unforgivable crime against the Jewish nation, a crime against humanity that cannot be accepted by humankind. The Holocaust was a terrible thing and nobody can claim I denied it."[145] While acknowledging the existence of the Holocaust in 2006 and 2014,[146] Abbas has defended the position that Zionists collaborated with the Nazis to perpetrate it. In 2012, Abbas told Al Mayadeen, a Beirut TV station affiliated with Iran and Hezbollah, that he "challenges anyone who can deny that the Zionist movement had ties with the Nazis before World War II".[147]

Surveys conducted by Sammy Smooha of the University of Haifa found that the fraction of Israeli Arabs denying that millions of Jews were murdered by the Nazis increased from 28% in 2006 to 40% in 2008.[148] Smooha commented:

In Arab eyes disbelief in the very happening of the Shoah is not hate of Jews (embedded in the denial of the Shoah in the West) but rather a form of protest. Arabs not believing in the event of Shoah intend to express strong objection to the portrayal of the Jews as the ultimate victim and to the underrating of the Palestinians as a victim. They deny Israel's right to exist as a Jewish state that the Shoah gives legitimacy to. Arab disbelief in the Shoah is a component of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, unlike the ideological and anti-Semitic denial of the Holocaust and the desire to escape guilt in the West.[148]

Iran Former Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad frequently denied the Holocaust,[149] formally 'questioning' the reliability of the historical evidence,[150] although he on occasion confirmed belief in it.[151][152] In a December 2005 speech, Ahmadinejad said that a legend was fabricated and had been promoted to protect Israel. He said:

They have fabricated a legend, under the name of the Massacre of the Jews, and they hold it higher than God himself, religion itself and the prophets themselves.... If somebody in their country questions God, nobody says anything, but if somebody denies the myth of the massacre of Jews, the Zionist loudspeakers and the governments in the pay of Zionism will start to scream.[153]

The remarks immediately provoked international controversy as well as swift condemnation from government officials in Israel, Europe, and the United States. All six political parties in the German parliament signed a joint resolution condemning this Holocaust denial.[154] In contrast, Hamas political leader Khaled Mashaal described Ahmadinejad's comments as "courageous" and stated, "Muslim people will defend Iran because it voices what they have in their hearts, in particular the Palestinian people."[155] In the United States, the Muslim Public Affairs Council condemned Ahmadinejad's remarks.[156] In 2005 the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood leader, Mohammed Mahdi Akef, denounced what he called "the myth of the Holocaust" in defending Ahmadinejad's denial of the Holocaust.[157]

On December 11, 2006, the Iranian state-sponsored "International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust" opened to widespread condemnation.[158] The conference, called for by and held at the behest of Ahmadinejad,[159] was widely described as a "Holocaust denial conference" or a "meeting of Holocaust deniers",[160] though Iran denied it was a Holocaust denial conference.[161] A few months before it opened, the Iranian Foreign Ministry spokesman Hamid Reza Asefi stated: "The Holocaust is not a sacred issue that one can't touch. I have visited the Nazi camps in Eastern Europe. I think it is exaggerated."[162]

In 2013, in an interview with CNN, newly elected Iranian President Hassan Rouhani was quoted as condemning the Holocaust, stating, "I can tell you that any crime that happens in history against humanity, including the crime the Nazis created towards the Jews as well as non-Jews is reprehensible and condemnable. Whatever criminality they committed against the Jews, we condemn."[163] Iranian media later accused CNN of fabricating Rouhani's comments.[164]

In his official 2013 Nowruz address, Supreme Leader of Iran Grand Ayatollah Ali Khamenei questioned the veracity of the Holocaust, remarking that "The Holocaust is an event whose reality is uncertain and if it has happened, it's uncertain how it has happened."[165][166] This was consistent with Khamenei's previous comments regarding the Holocaust.[167]

In 2015, the House of Cartoon and the Sarcheshmeh Cultural Complex in Iran organized the Second International Holocaust Cartoon Competition[168], a competition in which artists were encouraged to submit cartoons on the theme of Holocaust denial. The winner of the contest will receive $12,000. Hamshahri, a popular Iranian newspaper, held a similar contest in 2006.[169]

United Kingdom In January 2019, a survey conducted by Opinion Matters, on behalf of the Holocaust Memorial Day Trust found that 5% of UK adults did not believe the Holocaust took place and one in 12 (8%) believed its scale has been exaggerated. One in five respondents incorrectly answered that less than 2 million Jews were murdered, and 45% couldn't say how many people were murdered in the Holocaust. Speaking in light of the survey's findings, Karen Pollock, chief executive of the Holocaust Educational Trust, said: "One person questioning the truth of the Holocaust is one too many, and so it is up to us to redouble our efforts to ensure future generations know that it did happen and become witnesses to one of the darkest episodes in our history."[170] The BBC Radio 4 More or Less programme, specialising on statistics, investigated the survey finding it was unlikely to be accurate. Participants were incentivised to complete the online survey by shopping vouchers encouraging speedy answering, and the principal question was a "reverse question" with most participants having to give the reverse answer to surrounding questions requiring careful answering. Another question asked how many Jewish people had been murdered in the holocaust with only 0.2% of participants giving the answer zero, which was considered to be a closer estimate of the number of UK adults that did not believe the Holocaust took place.[171]

Post-Soviet states In some post-Soviet states, such as Ukraine, Lithuania, Latvia, or Romania, Holocaust deniers do not deny the very fact of mass murder of Jews, but they deny some national or regional elements of the Holocaust.[8] The post-Soviet radical right activists do not question the existence of Nazi death camps or Jewish ghettos. Instead, the participation of local population in anti-Jewish pogroms or contribution of national paramilitary organizations in capture and execution of Jews is denied.[8] Thus, denial of the antisemitic nature and participation in the Holocaust of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists has become a central component of the intellectual history of the Ukrainian diaspora and nationalists.[172]

Reactions to Holocaust denial Further information: Criticism of Holocaust denial Types of reaction Scholarly response to Holocaust denial can be roughly divided into three categories. Some academics refuse to engage Holocaust deniers or their arguments at all, on grounds that doing so lends them unwarranted legitimacy.[173] A second group of scholars, typified by the American historian Deborah Lipstadt, have tried to raise awareness of the methods and motivations of Holocaust denial without legitimizing the deniers themselves. "We need not waste time or effort answering the deniers' contentions," Lipstadt wrote. "It would be never-ending.... Their commitment is to an ideology and their 'findings' are shaped to support it."[174] A third group, typified by the Nizkor Project, responds to arguments and claims made by Holocaust denial groups by pointing out inaccuracies and errors in their evidence.[175][176][177]

Even scholarly responses, however, can trigger vigorous rebuttals. In 1996, the British Holocaust denier David Irving brought a civil defamation suit against Lipstadt and her publisher, stemming from Lipstadt's book Denying the Holocaust, in which she named Irving as "one of the more dangerous" Holocaust deniers, because he was a published author, and was viewed by some as a legitimate military historian. He was "familiar with historical evidence", she wrote, and "bends it until it conforms with his ideological leanings and political agenda". Irving, who appeared as a defense witness in Ernst Zündel's trial in Canada, and once declared at a rally of Holocaust deniers that "more women died in the back seat of Edward Kennedy's car than ever died in a gas chamber at Auschwitz,"[178] claimed that Lipstadt's allegation damaged his reputation. After a two-month trial in London, the trial judge issued a 333-page ruling against Irving.[179]

In December 1991 the American Historical Association issued the following statement: The American Historical Association Council strongly deplores the publicly reported attempts to deny the fact of the Holocaust. No serious historian questions that the Holocaust took place. This followed a strong reaction by many of its members and commentary in the press against a near-unanimous decision that the AHA had made in May 1991 that studying the significance of the Holocaust should be encouraged. The association's May 1991 statement was in response to an incident where certain of its members had questioned the reality of the Holocaust. The December 1991 declaration is a reversal of the AHA's earlier stance that the association should not set a precedent by certifying historical facts.[180]

Public figures and scholars A number of public figures and scholars have spoken out against Holocaust denial, with some – such as literary theorist Jean Baudrillard – likening Holocaust denial to "part of the extermination itself".[181] The American Historical Association, the oldest and largest society of historians and teachers of history in the United States, states that Holocaust denial is "at best, a form of academic fraud".[182] In 2006, UN Secretary General Kofi Annan said: "Remembering is a necessary rebuke to those who say the Holocaust never happened or has been exaggerated. Holocaust denial is the work of bigots; we must reject their false claims whenever, wherever and by whomever they are made."[183] Holocaust survivor and Nobel Prize winner Elie Wiesel, during a 1999 discussion at the White House in Washington D.C., called the Holocaust "the most documented tragedy in recorded history. Never before has a tragedy elicited so much witness from the killers, from the victims and even from the bystanders—millions of pieces here in the museum what you have, all other museums, archives in the thousands, in the millions."[184]

In January 2007, the United Nations General Assembly condemned "without reservation any denial of the Holocaust", though Iran disassociated itself from the resolution.[185] In July 2013, Iran's then president-elect Hassan Rohani described Ahmadinejad's remarks about the Holocaust and Israel as "hate rhetoric"[186] and in September 2013 Rohani stated that "The Nazis carried out a massacre that cannot be denied, especially against the Jewish people" and "The massacre by the Nazis was condemnable. We never want to sit by side with the Nazis..They committed a crime against Jews — which is a crime against..all of humanity."[187] While declining to give a specific number of Jewish victims, Iranian analysts suggested that "Rouhani pushed the envelope as far as it could go..without infuriating the supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, and other conservatives back home."[163]

Former SS members Critics of Holocaust denial also include members of the Auschwitz SS. Camp physician and SS-Untersturmführer Hans Münch considered the facts of Auschwitz "so firmly determined that one cannot have any doubt at all", and described those who negate what happened at the camp as "malevolent" people who have "personal interest to want to bury in silence things that cannot be buried in silence".[188] Zyklon B handler and SS-Oberscharführer Josef Klehr said that anyone who maintains that nobody was gassed at Auschwitz must be "crazy or in the wrong".[189] SS-Unterscharführer Oswald Kaduk stated that he did not consider those who maintain such a thing as normal people.[190] Hearing about Holocaust denial compelled former SS-Rottenführer Oskar Gröning to publicly speak about what he witnessed at Auschwitz, and denounce Holocaust deniers,[191] stating:

I would like you to believe me. I saw the gas chambers. I saw the crematoria. I saw the open fires. I was on the ramp when the selections took place. I would like you to believe that these atrocities happened because I was there.[192][193]

Holocaust denial and antisemitism The Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity defines Holocaust denial as "a new form of anti-Semitism, but one that hinges on age-old motifs".[194] The Anti-Defamation League has stated that "Holocaust denial is a contemporary form of the classic anti-Semitic doctrine of the evil, manipulative and threatening world Jewish conspiracy"[195] and French historian Valérie Igounet has written that "Holocaust denial is a convenient polemical substitute for anti-semitism."[196]

According to Walter Reich, psychiatrist and then senior scholar at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, one-time director of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, and now professor of international affairs at George Washington University:

The primary motivation for most deniers is anti-Semitism, and for them the Holocaust is an infuriatingly inconvenient fact of history. After all, the Holocaust has generally been recognized as one of the most terrible crimes that ever took place, and surely the very emblem of evil in the modern age. If that crime was a direct result of anti-Semitism taken to its logical end, then anti-Semitism itself, even when expressed in private conversation, is inevitably discredited among most people. What better way to rehabilitate anti-Semitism, make anti-Semitic arguments seem once again respectable in civilized discourse and even make it acceptable for governments to pursue anti-Semitic policies than by convincing the world that the great crime for which anti-Semitism was blamed simply never happened—indeed, that it was nothing more than a frame-up invented by the Jews, and propagated by them through their control of the media? What better way, in short, to make the world safe again for anti-Semitism than by denying the Holocaust?[197]

The French historian Pierre Vidal-Naquet described the motivation of deniers more succinctly:

One revives the dead in order the better to strike the living.[198]

Definition of antisemitism Main article: Working Definition of Antisemitism In 2005, the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia (EUMC) published a working definition of antisemitism which gave as an example of the way that antisemitism might manifest itself.[199]

Denying the fact, scope, mechanisms (e.g., gas chambers) or intentionality of the genocide of the Jewish people at the hands of National Socialist Germany and its supporters and accomplices during World War II (the Holocaust).[200]

A definition based on the EUMC definition was later adopted by the U.S. Department of State.[201]

Accusing the Jews as a people, or Israel as a state, of inventing or exaggerating the Holocaust.[202]

In November 2013 the Fundamental Rights Agency (FRA) the successor agency to the EUMC removed the definition from the organisation's website in 'a clear-out of non-official documents'. A spokesperson stated that the document had never been viewed as a valid definition and that "We are not aware of any official definition".[203][204] On 26 May 2016 the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance adopted a working definition of antisemitism and called on the EU to adopt this definition. The United Kingdom was the first country to adopted the definition followed by Israel, Austria, Scotland, Romania, Germany and Bulgaria. The European Parliament voted in favor of a resolution calling for member states to adopt the definition on 1 June 2017.[205][206][207] The definition includes as one example of contemporary antisemitism the following.

Denying the fact, scope, mechanisms (e.g. gas chambers) or intentionality of the genocide of the Jewish people at the hands of National Socialist Germany and its supporters and accomplices during World War II (the Holocaust).[208]

Examination of claims Main article: Criticism of Holocaust denial The key claims which cause Holocaust denial to differ from established fact are:[3][4]

The Nazis had no official policy or intention of exterminating Jews. Nazis did not use gas chambers to mass murder Jews.[209] The figure of 5 to 6 million Jewish deaths is a gross exaggeration, and the actual number is an order of magnitude lower. Other claims include the following:

Stories of the Holocaust were a myth initially created by the Allies of World War II to demonize Germans,[4] Jews having spread this myth as part of a grander plot intended to enable the creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine, and now to garner continuing support for the state of Israel.[210] Documentary evidence of the Holocaust, from photographs to The Diary of Anne Frank, is fabricated.[4] Survivor testimonies are filled with errors and inconsistencies, and are thus unreliable.[4] Interrogators obtained Nazi prisoners' confessions of war crimes through the use of torture.[4] The Nazi treatment of Jews was no different from what the Allies did to their enemies in World War II.[211] Holocaust denial is widely viewed as failing to adhere to principles for the treatment of evidence that mainstream historians (as well as scholars in other fields) regard as basic to rational inquiry.[212]

The Holocaust was well documented by the bureaucracy of the Nazi government itself.[213][214] It was further witnessed by the Allied forces who entered Germany and its associated Axis states towards the end of World War II.[215][216][217] It was also witnessed from the inside by non-Jewish captives such as Catholic French Resistance member André Rogerie who wrote extensively and testified about his experiences in seven camps including Auschwitz-Birkenau[218] and also produced the oldest contemporary sketch of a camp crematorium.[219]

According to researchers Michael Shermer and Alex Grobman, there is a "convergence of evidence" that proves that the Holocaust happened. This evidence includes:[220]

Jewish World Population without Holocaust (mln people) by Sergio DellaPergola Written documents—hundreds of thousands of letters, memos, blueprints, orders, bills, speeches, articles, memoirs, and confessions. Eyewitness testimony—accounts from survivors, Jewish Sonderkommandos (who helped load bodies from the gas chambers into the crematoria in exchange for a chance of survival), SS guards, commandants, local townspeople, and even high-ranking Nazis who spoke openly about the mass murder of the Jews. Photographs—including official military and press photographs, civilian photographs, secret photographs taken by survivors, aerial photographs, German and Allied film footage, and unofficial photographs taken by the German military. The camps themselves—concentration camps, work camps, and extermination camps that still exist in varying degrees of originality and reconstruction. Inferential evidence or argument from silence — population demographics, reconstructed from the pre–World War II era; if six million Jews were not murdered, what happened to them? Much of the controversy surrounding the claims of Holocaust deniers centers on the methods used to present arguments that the Holocaust allegedly never happened as commonly accepted. Numerous accounts have been given by Holocaust deniers (including evidence presented in court cases) of claimed facts and evidence; however, independent research has shown these claims to be based upon flawed research, biased statements, or even deliberately falsified evidence. Opponents of Holocaust denial have documented numerous instances in which such evidence was altered or manufactured (see Nizkor Project and David Irving). According to Pierre Vidal-Naquet, "in our society of image and spectacle, extermination on paper leads to extermination in reality."[221]

Laws against Holocaust denial Main article: Laws against Holocaust denial Holocaust denial is explicitly or implicitly illegal in 17 countries: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Israel, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, and Switzerland.[222][223] Romania officially denied the Holocaust occurred on its territory up until the Wiesel Commission in 2004.[224][225] The European Union's Framework decision on Racism and Xenophobia states that denying or grossly trivializing "crimes of genocide" should be made "punishable in all EU Member States".[226] Slovakia criminalized denial of fascist crimes in general in late 2001; in May 2005, the term "Holocaust" was explicitly adopted by the penal code and in 2009, it became illegal to deny any act regarded by an international criminal court as genocide. In 2010 the Parliament of Hungary adopted legislation punishing the denial of the genocides committed by National Socialist or Communist systems, without mentioning the word "Holocaust".[227]

Such legislation remains controversial. In October 2007, a tribunal declared Spain's Holocaust denial law unconstitutional.[228] In 2007 Italy rejected a denial law proposing a prison sentence of up to four years. In 2006 the Netherlands rejected a draft law proposing a maximum sentence of one year on denial of genocidal acts in general, although specifically denying the Holocaust remains a criminal offense there. The United Kingdom has twice rejected Holocaust denial laws. Denmark and Sweden have also rejected such legislation.[229]

A number of deniers have been prosecuted under various countries' denial laws. French literature professor Robert Faurisson, for example, was convicted and punished under the Gayssot Act in 1990. Some historians oppose such laws, among them Pierre Vidal-Naquet, an outspoken critic of Faurisson, on the grounds that denial legislation imposes "historical truth as legal truth".[230] Other academics favor criminalization. Holocaust denial, they contend, is "the worst form of racism and its most respectable version because it pretends to be a research".[231]

In January 2019, in an interview in The New Yorker in connection with the publication of her book, Antisemitism: Here and Now, Holocaust historian Deborah E. Lipstadt expressed her opposition to laws against expressing Holocaust denial:

I still am a firm opponent of laws against Holocaust denial. First of all, I'm a pretty fierce advocate of the First Amendment. Having been sued for libel, and having had that in my life for about six years, I'm more than ever. Even though libel is not covered by the First Amendment, [David Irving] wouldn't have been able to sue me in this country because he was a public figure.

But I also don't think that these laws are efficacious. Forget the morality – I don’t think they work. I think they turn whatever is being outlawed into forbidden fruit. We saw it in Germany, when Mein Kampf was released from the embargo on it a few years ago. People bought it because suddenly it was something they could get ahold of. I just don't think these laws work. And the third reason I'm opposed to them is I don’t want politicians making a decision on what can and cannot be said. That scares me enormously.[232]

David Irving conviction In February 2006 Irving was convicted in Austria, where Holocaust denial is illegal, for a speech he had made in 1989 in which he denied the existence of gas chambers at Auschwitz.[233] Irving was aware of the outstanding arrest warrant, but chose to go to Austria anyway "to give a lecture to a far-right student fraternity".[233] Although he pleaded guilty to the charge, Irving said he had been "mistaken", and had changed his opinions on the Holocaust. "I said that then, based on my knowledge at the time, but by 1991 when I came across the Eichmann papers, I wasn't saying that anymore and I wouldn't say that now. The Nazis did murder millions of Jews."[234] Irving served 13 months of a 3-year sentence in an Austrian prison, including the period between his arrest and conviction, and was deported in early 2007.[233] The episode sparked intense international debate over the limits of freedom of speech. Upon hearing of Irving's sentence, Lipstadt said, "I am not happy when censorship wins, and I don't believe in winning battles via censorship.... The way of fighting Holocaust deniers is with history and with truth."[234]

According to CNN, upon Irving's return to the UK, he "vow[ed] to repeat views denying the Holocaust that led to his conviction" stating he felt "no need any longer to show remorse" for his Holocaust views.[235]

Genocide denials Main article: Genocide denial Other acts of genocide have met similar attempts to deny and minimize them. Gregory H. Stanton, formerly of the US State Department and the founder of Genocide Watch, lists denial as the final stage of a genocide development: "Denial is the eighth stage that always follows a genocide. It is among the surest indicators of further genocidal massacres. The perpetrators of genocide dig up the mass graves, burn the bodies, try to cover up the evidence and intimidate the witnesses. They deny that they committed any crimes, and often blame what happened on the victims."[236]

Notable Holocaust deniers Main category: Holocaust deniers Mahmoud Ahmadinejad[149][237] Mahmoud Abbas[139][141][142][144][238][239] Mohammed Mahdi Akef[240] Steven L. Anderson[241] Andrew Anglin[242] Robert Bowers[243] Austin App[244] Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi[133] Maurice Bardèche[245] Harry Elmer Barnes[246] David Berg[247] Don Black[248] B.o.B[249] Salvador Borrego[250] James von Brunn[251][252] Pat Buchanan[253] Arthur Butz[254][255][256] Willis Carto[58][256] Thies Christophersen[257] Doug Collins[258] Larry Darby[259] Günter Deckert[260] Léon Degrelle[261] Savitri Devi[262] David Duke[263][264][265] François Duprat[266] Robert Faurisson[267][256] Bobby Fischer[268] Roger Garaudy[269] Pedro Varela Geiss[270] Hutton Gibson[271] Jürgen Graf[272] Nick Griffin[273] Michael A. Hoffman II[274] Ursula Haverbeck[275] David Hoggan[276] Gerd Honsik[277] Augustus Sol Invictus[278] David Irving[279][256] Arthur J. Jones[280] Ilias Kasidiaris[281] James Keegstra[282] Ali Khamenei[283] Nicholas Kollerstrom[284] Jean-Marie Le Pen[285] Fred A. Leuchter[286] Alex Linder[287][288] Norman Lowell[289] Horst Mahler[290] Dieudonné M'bala M'bala[291] James J. Martin[292] Carlo Mattogno[272] David McCalden[293] Nikolaos Michaloliakos[294] Khalid Abdul Muhammad[295][296][297] Eustace Mullins[298] Konstantinos Plevris[299] Roeland Raes[300] Ahmed Rami[301] Paul Rassinier[302][276] Dariusz Ratajczak[303] Otto Ernst Remer[304] V. T. Rajshekar[305] Michèle Renouf[306][307][308] Vincent Reynouard[309][310][311][312][313][314] George Lincoln Rockwell[315][316] Manfred Roeder[317][318] Germar Rudolf[319][276] Bernhard Schaub[320][321][322] Hans Schmidt[323] Miguel Serrano[324] Gerald L. K. Smith[325] Wilhelm Stäglich[326][41][327] Sylvia Stolz[328][329] Sultan bin Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan[330] Kevin Alfred Strom[331] Georges Theil[332] Serge Thion[333][334][335][336] Gerald Fredrick Töben[337][338][339][340][341][342][343][344] Ferdinand Topacio[345][346] Ron Unz[347][348] Siegfried Verbeke[349][350] Richard Verrall (also known as Richard Harwood)[276] Udo Walendy[351] Mark Weber[63][352] Bill White[353] Richard Williamson[354][355][256] Ernst Zündel[356][357][358] See also Holocaust:

Holocaust trivialization Secondary antisemitism Other sources:

Denialism Temple Denial References Notes

*"Holocaust Denial and Distortion", United States Holocaust Memorial Museum website. Accessed September 28, 2017. "Holocaust denial is an attempt to negate the established facts of the Nazi genocide of European Jewry. Holocaust denial and distortion are forms of antisemitism. They are generally motivated by hatred of Jews and build on the claim that the Holocaust was invented or exaggerated by Jews as part of a plot to advance Jewish interests."

"How many Jews were murdered in the Holocaust? How do we know? Do we have their names?", The Holocaust Resource Center Faqs, Yad Vashem website. Accessed February 17, 2011. See also appropriate section of the Holocaust article for the death toll.

Key elements of Holocaust denial: "Before discussing how Holocaust denial constitutes a conspiracy theory, and how the theory is distinctly American, it is important to understand what is meant by the term 'Holocaust denial'. Holocaust deniers, or 'revisionists', as they call themselves, question all three major points of definition of the Nazi Holocaust. First, they contend that, while mass murders of Jews did occur (although they dispute both the intentionality of such murders as well as the supposed deservedness of these killings), there was no official Nazi policy to murder Jews. Second, and perhaps most prominently, they contend that there were no homicidal gas chambers, particularly at Auschwitz-Birkenau, where mainstream historians believe over 1 million Jews were murdered, primarily in gas chambers. And third, Holocaust deniers contend that the death toll of European Jews during World War II was well below 6 million. Deniers float numbers anywhere between 300,000 and 1.5 million, as a general rule." Mathis, Andrew E. Holocaust Denial, a Definition, The Holocaust History Project, July 2, 2004. Retrieved December 18, 2006. "In part III we directly address the three major foundations upon which Holocaust denial rests, including ... the claim that gas chambers and crematoria were used not for mass extermination but rather for delousing clothing and disposing of people who died of disease and overwork; ... the claim that the six million figure is an exaggeration by an order of magnitude—that about six hundred thousand, not six million, died at the hands of the Nazis; ... the claim that there was no intention on the part of the Nazis to exterminate European Jewry and that the Holocaust was nothing more than the unfortunate by-product of the vicissitudes of war." Michael Shermer and Alex Grobman. Denying History: who Says the Holocaust Never Happened and why Do They Say It?, University of California Press, 2000, ISBN 0-520-23469-3, p. 3. "Holocaust Denial: Claims that the mass extermination of the Jews by the Nazis never happened; that the number of Jewish losses has been greatly exaggerated; that the Holocaust was not systematic nor a result of an official policy; or simply that the Holocaust never took place." What is Holocaust Denial Archived February 16, 2005, at Archive.today, Yad Vashem website, 2004. Retrieved December 18, 2006. "Among the untruths routinely promoted are the claims that no gas chambers existed at Auschwitz, that only 600,000 Jews were killed rather than six million, and that Hitler had no murderous intentions toward Jews or other groups persecuted by his government." Holocaust Denial, Anti-Defamation League, 2001. Retrieved June 28, 2007. "In general, Holocaust denial consists of four central points: minimization of numbers killed, denial of use of gassing, denial of the systematic nature of the genocide, and claims that the evidence was fabricated, above all after the war." Mark M. Hull, Vera Moynes. Masquerade: Treason, the Holocaust, and an Irish Impostor, University of Oklahoma Press, 2017, p. 181. ISBN 978-0-80615836-5 "According to the deniers, the Nazis did not murder six million Jews, the notion of homicidal gas chambers is a myth, and any deaths of Jews that did occur under the Nazis were the result of wartime privations, not of systematic persecution and state-organised mass murder." Deborah Lipstadt. "Denying the Holocaust", History, BBC Online. Retrieved June 7, 2018.

"The kinds of assertions made in Holocaust-denial material include the following: Several hundred thousand rather than approximately six million Jews died during the war. Scientific evidence proves that gas chambers could not have been used to kill large numbers of people. The Nazi command had a policy of deporting Jews, not exterminating them. Some deliberate killings of Jews did occur, but were carried out by the peoples of Eastern Europe rather than the Nazis. Jews died in camps of various kinds, but did so as the result of hunger and disease (most died to the unavailability of food due to allied bombings). The Holocaust is a myth created by the Allies for propaganda purposes, and subsequently nurtured by the Jews for their own ends. Errors and inconsistencies in survivors' testimonies point to their essential unreliability. Alleged documentary evidence of the Holocaust, from photographs of concentration camp victims to Anne Frank's diary, is fabricated. The confessions of former Nazis to war crimes were extracted through torture." The nature of Holocaust denial: What is Holocaust denial? Archived July 18, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, JPR report No. 3, 2000. Retrieved December 18, 2006.

Denial vs. "revisionism": "This is the phenomenon of what has come to be known as 'revisionism', 'negationism', or 'Holocaust denial,' whose main characteristic is either an outright rejection of the very veracity of the Nazi genocide of the Jews, or at least a concerted attempt to minimize both its scale and importance.... It is just as crucial, however, to distinguish between the wholly objectionable politics of denial and the fully legitimate scholarly revision of previously accepted conventional interpretations of any historical event, including the Holocaust." Bartov, Omer. The Holocaust: Origins, Implementation and Aftermath, Routledge, pp.11–12. Bartov is John P. Birkelund Distinguished Professor of European History at the Watson Institute, and is regarded as one of the world's leading authorities on genocide ("Omer Bartov" Archived December 16, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, The Watson Institute for International Studies). "The two leading critical exposés of Holocaust denial in the United States were written by historians Deborah Lipstadt (1993) and Michael Shermer and Alex Grobman (2000). These scholars make a distinction between historical revisionism and denial. Revisionism, in their view, entails a refinement of existing knowledge about an historical event, not a denial of the event itself, that comes through the examination of new empirical evidence or a reexamination or reinterpretation of existing evidence. Legitimate historical revisionism acknowledges a 'certain body of irrefutable evidence' or a 'convergence of evidence' that suggest that an event—like the black plague, American slavery, or the Holocaust—did in fact occur (Lipstadt 1993:21; Shermer & Grobman 200:34). Denial, on the other hand, rejects the entire foundation of historical evidence...." Ronald J. Berger. Fathoming the Holocaust: A Social Problems Approach, Aldine Transaction, 2002, ISBN 0-202-30670-4, p. 154. "At this time, in the mid-1970s, the specter of Holocaust Denial (masked as 'revisionism') had begun to raise its head in Australia...." Bartrop, Paul R. "A Little More Understanding: The Experience of a Holocaust Educator in Australia" in Samuel Totten, Steven Leonard Jacobs, Paul R Bartrop. Teaching about the Holocaust, Praeger/Greenwood, 2004, p. xix. ISBN 0-275-98232-7 "Pierre Vidal-Naquet urges that denial of the Holocaust should not be called 'revisionism' because 'to deny history is not to revise it'. Les Assassins de la Memoire. Un Eichmann de papier et autres essays sur le revisionisme (The Assassins of Memory—A Paper-Eichmann and Other Essays on Revisionism) 15 (1987)." Cited in Roth, Stephen J. "Denial of the Holocaust as an Issue of Law" in the Israel Yearbook on Human Rights, Volume 23, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1993, ISBN 0-7923-2581-8, p. 215. "This essay describes, from a methodological perspective, some of the inherent flaws in the 'revisionist' approach to the history of the Holocaust. It is not intended as a polemic, nor does it attempt to ascribe motives. Rather, it seeks to explain the fundamental error in the 'revisionist' approach, as well as why that approach of necessity leaves no other choice. It concludes that 'revisionism' is a misnomer because the facts do not accord with the position it puts forward and, more importantly, its methodology reverses the appropriate approach to historical investigation.... 'Revisionism' is obliged to deviate from the standard methodology of historical pursuit, because it seeks to mold facts to fit a preconceived result; it denies events that have been objectively and empirically proved to have occurred; and because it works backward from the conclusion to the facts, thus necessitating the distortion and manipulation of those facts where they differ from the preordained conclusion (which they almost always do). In short, 'revisionism' denies something that demonstrably happened, through methodological dishonesty." McFee, Gordon. "Why 'Revisionism' Isn't", The Holocaust History Project, May 15, 1999. Retrieved December 22, 2006. "Holocaust denial can be a particularly insidious form of antisemitism precisely because it often tries to disguise itself as something quite different: as genuine scholarly debate (in the pages, for example, of the innocuous-sounding Journal for Historical Review). Holocaust deniers often refer to themselves as 'revisionists', in an attempt to claim legitimacy for their activities. There are, of course, a great many scholars engaged in historical debates about the Holocaust whose work should not be confused with the output of the Holocaust deniers. Debate continues about such subjects as, for example, the extent and nature of ordinary Germans' involvement in and knowledge of the policy of genocide, and the timing of orders given for the extermination of the Jews. However, the valid endeavour of historical revisionism, which involves the re-interpretation of historical knowledge in the light of newly emerging evidence, is a very different task from that of claiming that the essential facts of the Holocaust, and the evidence for those facts, are fabrications." The nature of Holocaust denial: What is Holocaust denial? Archived July 18, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, JPR report No. 3, 2000. Retrieved May 16, 2007. "The deniers' selection of the name revisionist to describe themselves is indicative of their basic strategy of deceit and distortion and of their attempt to portray themselves as legitimate historians engaged in the traditional practice of illuminating the past. For historians, in fact, the name revisionism has a resonance that is perfectly legitimate – it recalls the controversial historical school known as World War I 'revisionists', who argued that the Germans were unjustly held responsible for the war and that consequently the Versailles treaty was a politically misguided document based on a false premise. Thus the deniers link themselves to a specific historiographic tradition of reevaluating the past. Claiming the mantle of the World War I revisionists and denying they have any objective other than the dissemination of the truth constitute a tactical attempt to acquire an intellectual credibility that would otherwise elude them." Deborah Lipstadt. Denying the Holocaust – The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory, Penguin, 1993, ISBN 0-452-27274-2, p. 25.

Refer to themselves as revisionists: "The deniers' selection of the name revisionist to describe themselves is indicative of their basic strategy of deceit and distortion and of their attempt to portray themselves as legitimate historians engaged in the traditional practice of illuminating the past." Deborah Lipstadt. Denying the Holocaust—The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory, Penguin, 1993, ISBN 0-452-27274-2, p. 25. "Dressing themselves in pseudo-academic garb, they have adopted the term 'revisionism' in order to mask and legitimate their enterprise." Introduction: Denial as Anti-Semitism, "Holocaust Denial: An Online Guide to Exposing and Combating Anti-Semitic Propaganda", Anti-Defamation League, 2001. Retrieved June 12, 2007. "Holocaust deniers often refer to themselves as 'revisionists', in an attempt to claim legitimacy for their activities. There are, of course, a great many scholars engaged in historical debates about the Holocaust whose work should not be confused with the output of the Holocaust deniers. Debate continues about such subjects as, for example, the extent and nature of ordinary Germans' involvement in and knowledge of the policy of genocide, and the timing of orders given for the extermination of the Jews. However, the valid endeavour of historical revisionism, which involves the re-interpretation of historical knowledge in the light of newly emerging evidence, is a very different task from that of claiming that the essential facts of the Holocaust, and the evidence for those facts, are fabrications." "The nature of Holocaust denial: What is Holocaust denial? Archived July 18, 2011, at the Wayback Machine", JPR report No. 3, 2000. Retrieved May 16, 2007.

Predetermined conclusion: "'Revisionism' is obliged to deviate from the standard methodology of historical pursuit because it seeks to mold facts to fit a preconceived result, it denies events that have been objectively and empirically proved to have occurred, and because it works backward from the conclusion to the facts, thus necessitating the distortion and manipulation of those facts where they differ from the preordained conclusion (which they almost always do). In short, 'revisionism' denies something that demonstrably happened, through methodological dishonesty." McFee, Gordon. "Why 'Revisionism' Isn't", The Holocaust History Project, May 15, 1999. Retrieved December 22, 2006. Alan L. Berger, "Holocaust Denial: Tempest in a Teapot, or Storm on the Horizon?", in Zev Garber and Richard Libowitz (eds), Peace, in Deed: Essays in Honor of Harry James Cargas, Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1998, p. 154.

Rossoliński-Liebe, Grzegorz (2012). "Debating, obfuscating and disciplining the Holocaust: Post-Soviet historical discourses on the OUN–UPA and other nationalist movements". East European Jewish Affairs. 42 (3): 199–241. doi:10.1080/13501674.2012.730732. In general, post-Soviet Holocaust denial has differed from Holocaust denial in the style of David Irving or Ernst Zündel. In post-Soviet space, the Holocaust has not usually been denied as such and post-Soviet radical right activists did not question the existence of gas chambers in Auschwitz, or the anti-Jewish politics of Nazi Germany. Instead, nationalist post-Soviet discourses denied some of the national or regional elements of the Holocaust, like, for example, the contribution of different nationalist organizations or armies to it, or very frequently the participation of local populations in pogroms and other forms of anti-Jewish violence.

A hoax designed to advance the interests of Jews: "The title of App's major work on the Holocaust, The Six Million Swindle, is informative because it implies on its very own the existence of a conspiracy of Jews to perpetrate a hoax against non-Jews for monetary gain." Mathis, Andrew E. Holocaust Denial, a Definition, The Holocaust History Project, July 2, 2004. Retrieved May 16, 2007. Another belief of deniers is the death of the millions of Jews was caused by sickness and disease."Holocaust Denial and Distortion". Retrieved November 6, 2013.[permanent dead link] "Jews are thus depicted as manipulative and powerful conspirators who have fabricated myths of their own suffering for their own ends. According to the Holocaust deniers, by forging evidence and mounting a massive propaganda effort, the Jews have established their lies as 'truth' and reaped enormous rewards from doing so: for example, in making financial claims on Germany and acquiring international support for Israel." The nature of Holocaust denial: What is Holocaust denial? Archived July 18, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, JPR report No. 3, 2000. Retrieved May 16, 2007. "Why, we might ask the deniers, if the Holocaust did not happen would any group concoct such a horrific story? Because, some deniers claim, there was a conspiracy by Zionists to exaggerate the plight of Jews during the war in order to finance the state of Israel through war reparations." Michael Shermer & Alex Grobman. Denying History: who Says the Holocaust Never Happened and why Do They Say It?, University of California Press, 2000, ISBN 0-520-23469-3, p. 106. "Since its inception ... the Institute for Historical Review (IHR), a California-based Holocaust denial organization founded by Willis Carto of Liberty Lobby, has promoted the antisemitic conspiracy theory that Jews fabricated tales of their own genocide to manipulate the sympathies of the non-Jewish world." Antisemitism and Racism Country Reports: United States Archived June 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Stephen Roth Institute, 2000. Retrieved May 17, 2007. "The central assertion for the deniers is that Jews are not victims but victimizers. They 'stole' billions in reparations, destroyed Germany's good name by spreading the 'myth' of the Holocaust, and won international sympathy because of what they claimed had been done to them. In the paramount miscarriage of injustice, they used the world's sympathy to 'displace' another people so that the state of Israel could be established. This contention relating to the establishment of Israel is a linchpin of their argument." Deborah Lipstadt. Denying the Holocaust – The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory, Penguin, 1993, ISBN 0-452-27274-2, p. 27. "They [Holocaust deniers] picture a vast shadowy conspiracy that controls and manipulates the institutions of education, culture, the media and government in order to disseminate a pernicious mythology. The purpose of this Holocaust mythology, they assert, is the inculcation of a sense of guilt in the white, Western Christian world. Those who can make others feel guilty have power over them and can make them do their bidding. This power is used to advance an international Jewish agenda centered in the Zionist enterprise of the State of Israel." Introduction: Denial as Anti-Semitism, "Holocaust Denial: An Online Guide to Exposing and Combating Anti-Semitic Propaganda", Anti-Defamation League, 2001. Retrieved June 12, 2007. "Deniers argue that the manufactured guilt and shame over a mythological Holocaust led to Western, specifically United States, support for the establishment and sustenance of the Israeli state – a sustenance that costs the American taxpayer over three billion dollars per year. They assert that American taxpayers have been and continue to be swindled...." Introduction: Denial as Anti-Semitism, "Holocaust Denial: An Online Guide to Exposing and Combating Anti-Semitic Propaganda", Anti-Defamation League, 2001. Retrieved June 12, 2007. "The stress on Holocaust revisionism underscored the new anti-Semitic agenda gaining ground within the Klan movement. Holocaust denial refurbished conspiratorial anti-Semitism. Who else but the Jews had the media power to hoodwink unsuspecting masses with one of the greatest hoaxes in history? And for what motive? To promote the claims of the illegitimate state of Israel by making non-Jews feel guilty, of course." Lawrence N. Powell, Troubled Memory: Anne Levy, the Holocaust, and David Duke's Louisiana, University of North Carolina Press, 2000, ISBN 0-8078-5374-7, p. 445

Antisemitic: "Contemporary examples of antisemitism in public life, the media, schools, the workplace, and in the religious sphere could, taking into account the overall context, include ... denying the fact, scope, mechanisms (e.g. gas chambers) or intentionality of the genocide of the Jewish people at the hands of National Socialist Germany and its supporters and accomplices during World War II (the Holocaust)." "Working Definition of Antisemitism" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on January 25, 2011.  (33.8 KB), European Fundamental Rights Agency "It would elevate their antisemitic ideology – which is what Holocaust denial is – to the level of responsible historiography – which it is not." Deborah Lipstadt, Denying the Holocaust, ISBN 0-14-024157-4, p. 11. "The denial of the Holocaust is among the most insidious forms of anti-Semitism...." Roth, Stephen J. "Denial of the Holocaust as an Issue of Law" in the Israel Yearbook on Human Rights, Volume 23, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1993, ISBN 0-7923-2581-8, p. 215. "Holocaust denial can be a particularly insidious form of antisemitism precisely because it often tries to disguise itself as something quite different: as genuine scholarly debate (in the pages, for example, of the innocuous-sounding Journal for Historical Review)." "The nature of Holocaust denial: What is Holocaust denial? Archived July 18, 2011, at the Wayback Machine", JPR report No. 3, 2000. Retrieved May 16, 2007. "This books treats several of the myths that have made antisemitism so lethal.... In addition to these historic myths, we also treat the new, maliciously manufactured myth of Holocaust denial, another groundless belief that is used to stir up Jew-hatred." Schweitzer, Frederick M. & Perry, Marvin. Anti-Semitism: myth and hate from antiquity to the present, Palgrave Macmillan, 2002, ISBN 0-312-16561-7, p. 3. "One predictable strand of Arab Islamic antisemitism is Holocaust denial...." Schweitzer, Frederick M. & Perry, Marvin. Anti-Semitism: myth and hate from antiquity to the present, Palgrave Macmillan, 2002, ISBN 0-312-16561-7, p. 10. "Anti-Semitism, in the form of Holocaust denial, had been experienced by just one teacher when working in a Catholic school with large numbers of Polish and Croatian students." Geoffrey Short, Carole Ann Reed. Issues in Holocaust Education, Ashgate Publishing, 2004, ISBN 0-7546-4211-9, p. 71. "Indeed, the task of organized antisemitism in the last decade of the century has been the establishment of Holocaust Revisionism – the denial that the Holocaust occurred." Stephen Trombley, "antisemitism", The Norton Dictionary of Modern Thought, W. W. Norton & Company, 1999, ISBN 0-393-04696-6, p. 40. "After the Yom Kippur War an apparent reappearance of antisemitism in France troubled the tranquility of the community; there were several notorious terrorist attacks on synagogues, Holocaust revisionism appeared, and a new antisemitic political right tried to achieve respectability." Howard K. Wettstein, Diasporas and Exiles: Varieties of Jewish Identity, University of California Press, 2002, ISBN 0-520-22864-2, p. 169. "Holocaust denial is a convenient polemical substitute for anti-semitism." Igounet, Valérie. "Holocaust denial is part of a strategy", Le Monde diplomatique, May 1998. "Holocaust denial is a contemporary form of the classic anti-Semitic doctrine of the evil, manipulative and threatening world Jewish conspiracy." Introduction: Denial as Anti-Semitism, "Holocaust Denial: An Online Guide to Exposing and Combating Anti-Semitic Propaganda", Anti-Defamation League, 2001. Retrieved June 12, 2007. "In a number of countries, in Europe as well as in the United States, the negation or gross minimization of the Nazi genocide of Jews has been the subject of books, essay and articles. Should their authors be protected by freedom of speech? The European answer has been in the negative: such writings are not only a perverse form of anti-semitism but also an aggression against the dead, their families, the survivors and society at large." Roger Errera, "Freedom of speech in Europe", in Georg Nolte, European and US Constitutionalism, Cambridge University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-521-85401-6, pp. 39–40. "Particularly popular in Syria is Holocaust denial, another staple of Arab anti-Semitism that is sometimes coupled with overt sympathy for Nazi Germany." Efraim Karsh, Rethinking the Middle East, Routledge, 2003, ISBN 0-7146-5418-3, p. 104. "Holocaust denial is a new form of anti-Semitism, but one that hinges on age-old motifs." Dinah Shelton, Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity, Macmillan Reference, 2005, p. 45. "The stress on Holocaust revisionism underscored the new anti-Semitic agenda gaining ground within the Klan movement. Holocaust denial refurbished conspiratorial anti-Semitism. Who else but the Jews had the media power to hoodwink unsuspecting masses with one of the greatest hoaxes in history? And for what motive? To promote the claims of the illegitimate state of Israel by making non-Jews feel guilty, of course." Lawrence N. Powell, Troubled Memory: Anne Levy, the Holocaust, and David Duke's Louisiana, University of North Carolina Press, 2000, ISBN 0-8078-5374-7, p. 445. "Since its inception ... the Institute for Historical Review (IHR), a California-based Holocaust denial organization founded by Willis Carto of Liberty Lobby, has promoted the antisemitic conspiracy theory that Jews fabricated tales of their own genocide to manipulate the sympathies of the non-Jewish world." Antisemitism and Racism Country Reports: United States Archived June 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Stephen Roth Institute, 2000. Retrieved May 17, 2007. "The primary motivation for most deniers is anti-Semitism, and for them the Holocaust is an infuriatingly inconvenient fact of history. After all, the Holocaust has generally been recognized as one of the most terrible crimes that ever took place, and surely the very emblem of evil in the modern age. If that crime was a direct result of anti-Semitism taken to its logical end, then anti-Semitism itself, even when expressed in private conversation, is inevitably discredited among most people. What better way to rehabilitate anti-Semitism, make anti-Semitic arguments seem once again respectable in civilized discourse and even make it acceptable for governments to pursue anti-Semitic policies than by convincing the world that the great crime for which anti-Semitism was blamed simply never happened – indeed, that it was nothing more than a frame-up invented by the Jews, and propagated by them through their control of the media? What better way, in short, to make the world safe again for anti-Semitism than by denying the Holocaust?" Reich, Walter. "Erasing the Holocaust", The New York Times, July 11, 1993. "There is now a creeping, nasty wave of anti-Semitism ... insinuating itself into our political thought and rhetoric.... The history of the Arab world ... is disfigured ... by a whole series of outmoded and discredited ideas, of which the notion that the Jews never suffered and that the Holocaust is an obfuscatory confection created by the elders of Zion is one that is acquiring too much, far too much, currency." Edward Said, "A Desolation, and They Called it Peace" in Those who forget the past, Ron Rosenbaum (ed), Random House 2004, p. 518.

Conspiracy theory: "While appearing on the surface as a rather arcane pseudo-scholarly challenge to the well-established record of Nazi genocide during the Second World War, Holocaust denial serves as a powerful conspiracy theory uniting otherwise disparate fringe groups...." Introduction: Denial as Anti-Semitism, "Holocaust Denial: An Online Guide to Exposing and Combating Anti-Semitic Propaganda", Anti-Defamation League, 2001. Retrieved June 12, 2007. "Before discussing how Holocaust denial constitutes a conspiracy theory, and how the theory is distinctly American, it is important to understand what is meant by the term 'Holocaust denial.'" Mathis, Andrew E. Holocaust Denial, a Definition, The Holocaust History Project, July 2, 2004. Retrieved December 18, 2006. "Since its inception ... the Institute for Historical Review (IHR), a California-based Holocaust denial organization founded by Willis Carto of Liberty Lobby, has promoted the antisemitic conspiracy theory that Jews fabricated tales of their own genocide to manipulate the sympathies of the non-Jewish world." Antisemitism and Racism Country Reports: United States Archived June 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Stephen Roth Institute, 2000. Retrieved May 17, 2007.

Lipstadt, Deborah (1993) Denying the Holocaust: The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory New York: Penguin Books p.25. ISBN 0-452-27274-2

"The two leading critical exposés of Holocaust denial in the United States were written by historians Deborah Lipstadt (1993) and Michael Shermer and Alex Grobman (2000). These scholars make a distinction between historical revisionism and denial. Revisionism, in their view, entails a refinement of existing knowledge about a historical event, not a denial of the event itself, that comes through the examination of new empirical evidence or a reexamination or reinterpretation of existing evidence. Legitimate historical revisionism acknowledges a 'certain body of irrefutable evidence' or a 'convergence of evidence' that suggest that an event—like the black plague, American slavery, or the Holocaust—did, in fact, occur (Lipstadt 1993:21; Shermer & Grobman 200:34). Denial, on the other hand, rejects the entire foundation of historical evidence...."

Lipstadt, Deborah E. (1994). Denying the Holocaust: the growing assault on truth and memory (reprint ed.). Plume. ISBN 978-0-452-27274-3.

Deborah E. Lipstadt (December 18, 2012). Denying the Holocaust: The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4767-2748-6. Modern Holocaust denial draws inspiration from a variety of sources. Among them is a legitimate historical tradition that was highly critical of government policies and believed that history was being used to justify these policies. The deniers consider themselves heirs of a group of influential American historians who were deeply disturbed by American involvement in World War I. These respected scholars, who called themselves revisionists, would have been appalled to learn of the purposes to which their arguments were put.

Niewyk, Donald L., ed. (1992). "1: Introduction". The Holocaust: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation. D. C. Heath and Company. p. 7. ISBN 9780618214624.

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Nizkor Project page on Himmler Posen speech Contains both the IMT original transcription of the speech in German, a corrected Nizkor project transcription, original IMT and corrected Nizkor project translation, recording and analysis of actual speech, and link to examples showing treatment of speech by Holocaust deniers.

Office of the United States Chief of Counsel For Prosecution of Axis Criminality, ed. (1946). "Partial Translation Of Document 1919-PS Speech of the Reichsfuehrer-SS at the Meeting of SS Major-Generals at Posen, October 4th, 1943" (PDF). International Military Trials – Nurnberg – Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression Volume IV. 4. Washington D.C.: US Government Printing Office. pp. 563–564. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 4, 2007. Retrieved April 2, 2015. I also want to talk to you, quite frankly, on a very grave matter. Among ourselves, it should be mentioned quite frankly, and yet we will never speak of it publicly. Just as we did not hesitate on June 30th, 1934 to do the duty we were bidden, and stand comrades who had lapsed, up against the wall and shoot them, so we have never spoken about it and will never speak of it. It was that tact which is a matter of course and which I am glad to say, is inherent in us, that made us never discuss it among ourselves, never to speak of it. It appalled everyone, and yet everyone was certain that he would do it the next time if such orders are issued and if it is necessary I mean the clearing out of the Jews, the extermination of the Jewish race. … Most of you must know what it means when 100 corpses are lying side by side, or 500 or 1,000…. This is a page of glory in our history which has never been written and is never to be written…

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Ralf Forsbach (2006). Die Medizinische Fakultät der Universität Bonn im "Dritten Reich" (in German). Oldenbourg. p. 420. ISBN 9783486579895. Preview at Google Books,

"German Neo-Nazi Lawyer Sentenced for Denying Holocaust", dw (Germany), January 14, 2008

"Holocaust Denier's Lawyer Gets Prison", The Huffington Post (Associated Press), January 14, 2008

Arab League to participate in Holocaust-denial symposium, The Jerusalem Post, 28 August 2002

Cronk, Nicholas (2017). Voltaire: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 122. ISBN 9780191512759.

Bernhard Schmid “Rechtsextremer Parlamentarier verurteilt: Erstmals Holocaust-Leugner im Gefängnis?,” www.hagalil.com (05-01-2006). Retrieved 08-09-2013.(in German)

"His Holocaust denial activities led the CNRS to fire him in November 2000. one of his critics was the writer Didier Daeninckx. Thion's attacks on Daenincks led to a Correction Tribunal Court of Appeal to condemn him on 4 December 2002, for defamation and fined him." Stephen E. Atkins. Holocaust Denial as an International Movement, ABC-CLIO, 2009, p. 96. ISBN 978-0-313-34538-8

"Serge Thion is a French sociologist who has gained infamy as a Holocaust Denier. Thion was fired from his position with the French National Centre for Scientific Research in 2000 for remarks denying the Holocaust", Dr Harold Brackman and Aaron Breitbart, "Holocaust Denial's Assault on Memory: Precursor to Twenty-First Century Genocide?" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 17, 2018. Retrieved April 11, 2018. (719 KiB), Simon Wiesenthal Center, April 2007, pg. 40. Retrieved 27 May 2007.

"Serge Thion is a Holocaust denier with close connections to Pierre Guillaume and La Vieille Taupe. He was born in 1942." Stephen E. Atkins. Holocaust Denial as an International Movement, ABC-CLIO, 2009, p. 95; ISBN 978-0-313-34538-8 "a transnational ultra-leftist movement based in Italy and supported by orthodox Communists as well as by Holocaust denier Serge Thion." France - 2004 Archived 2012-11-19 at the Wayback Machine, Stephen Roth Institute, Antisemitism and Racism, Annual Reports, Country Reports. Retrieved 27 May 2007. "A number of radical leftists in France are intimately connected to Holocaust denial. They include Serge Thion, who is a defender of both Rassinier and Faurisson. Thion is linked with the Marxist publishing house "La Vieille Taupe" (The Old Mole), founded by Pierre Guillaume" Holocaust Denial Today, Part VI, Manuel Prutschi, Canadian Jewish Congress, Nizkor Project. Retrieved 27 May 2007. "...Serge Thion and Pierre Guillaume, who are both prolific holocaust—deniers in their own right." Rachel Neuwirth, The Chomsky File, American Thinker, 6 January 2005; retrieved 27 May 2007.

"Holocaust denial: Tony Abbott, George Brandis unable to say how race-hate law changes would work". The Sydney Morning Herald.

Aislinn Simpson (October 1, 2008). "'Holocaust denier' Gerald Toben arrested at Heathrow". Telegraph.co.uk.

"MP backing for 'Holocaust denier'". BBC News online. October 4, 2008.

"Man accused of Holocaust denial". BBC News online. October 1, 2008.

Brown, David (October 2, 2006). "Historian held at Heathrow over Holocaust denial". The Times. London. p. 17.

Lane, Terry (September 22, 2002). "Enough to make you gag, but..." The Age. Melbourne.

Albrechtsen, Janet (April 20, 2009). "The freedom to be offensive". The Australian.

"Holocaust denier sentenced to three months". UPI. May 14, 2009.

"Topacio under fire for 'idolizing' Hitler". Abs-cbnnews.com. Retrieved October 25, 2017.

"Topacio defends Adolf Hitler anew". Abs-cbnnews.com. Retrieved October 25, 2017.

Unz, Ron. "American Pravda: Holocaust Denial". The Unz Review. Archived from the original on August 31, 2018. Retrieved November 1, 2018.

"California Entrepreneur Ron Unz Launches a Series of Rhetorical Attacks on Jews - Anti-Defamation League". Anti-Defamation League. October 4, 2018. Retrieved November 30, 2018.

"World in Action - The Nazi Party". Granada Television. July 3, 1978. Retrieved April 11, 2012.

Full text of Supreme Court of Canada decision at LexUM

Atkins, Stephen E. (2009). Holocaust denial as an international movement. ABC-CLIO. pp. 108–109. ISBN 978-0-313-34538-8. Preview at Google Books.

Shermer, Michael; Grobman, Alex (2009). Denying History: Who Says the Holocaust Never Happened and Why Do They Say It? (Updated and expanded ed.). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. pp. 46–48. ISBN 978-0-520-26098-6.

"Extremist Response to the Virginia Tech Shootings". Anti-Defamation League. December 2, 2008. Archived from the original on December 2, 2008. Retrieved February 26, 2019.

Magister, Sandro (February 4, 2009). "Double Disaster at the Vatican: Of Governance, and of Communication". Retrieved October 17, 2013.

Owen, Richard; Gledhill, Ruth (February 5, 2009). "Pope insists Bishop Richard Williamson must renounce Holocaust denial". The Times. London. Archived from the original on June 5, 2016. Retrieved September 12, 2009.

"Ernst Zundel", Anti-Defamation League (accessed July 26, 2008)

"Ernst Zundel sentenced to 5 years for Holocaust denial", cbcnews.ca, February 15, 2007 (accessed July 26, 2008)

Shermer, Michael; Grobman, Alex (2009). Denying History: Who Says the Holocaust Never Happened and Why Do They Say It? (Updated and expanded ed.). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. pp. 64–67. ISBN 978-0-520-26098-6. Bibliography

About Holocaust denial Richard J. Evans, In Defense of History, New York: Norton, 1999. Richard J. Evans, Lying About Hitler: History, Holocaust, and the David Irving Trial, Basic Books, 2002 (ISBN 0-465-02153-0). As well as the story of the Irving case, this is an excellent case study on historical research. Charles Gray, The Irving Judgment, Penguin, 2000 (ISBN 0-14-029899-1). Actual text of the judgment in the Irving case. D. D. Guttenplan, The Holocaust on Trial, Norton 2002 Deborah Lipstadt, Denying the Holocaust: The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory, Plume (The Penguin Group), 1994. Debunking Holocaust revisionism. Donald L. Niewyk, ed. The Holocaust: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation, D.C. Heath and Company, 1992. Robert Jan van Pelt, The Case for Auschwitz: Evidence from the Irving Trial (ISBN 0-253-34016-0). Michael Shermer and Alex Grobman, Denying History: Who Says the Holocaust Never Happened and Why Do They Say It? University of California Press (ISBN 0-520-23469-3). Michael Shermer, Why People Believe Weird Things: Pseudoscience, Superstition, and Other Confusions of Our Time, Freeman, New York 1997 (ISBN 0-8050-7089-3). Shermer, Michael (1998). "Holocaust Revisionism Update: David Cole Recants/David Irving Says Churchill Knew About Pearl Harbor". Skeptic. 6 (1): 23–25. Mr. Death, a documentary by Errol Morris. Abbot, A (1994). "Holocaust Denial Research Disclaimed". Nature. 368 (6471): 483. Bibcode:1994Natur.368..483A. doi:10.1038/368483a0. John C. Zimmerman, Holocaust denial: demographics, testimonies, and ideologies Lanham, Md., University Press of America, 2000. John C. Zimmerman, "Holocaust Denial". Los Angeles Times, January 16, 2000, M4 Jean Claude Pressac: "Les carences et incohérences du Rapport Leuchter" Jour J., la lettre télégraphique juive, 12 December 1988. Jean Claude Pressac, "Auschwitz: Technique and operation of the gas chambers", The Beate Klarsfeld Foundation, New York 1989 Jean Claude Pressac, Les Crématoires d'Auschwitz: La Machinerie Du Meurtre De Masse, CNRS editions, Paris, 1993. Pierre Vidal-Naquet, "Les assassins de la mémoire", Un Eichman de papier, Postface de Gisèle Sapiro, Nouvelle édition revue et augmentée, La Découverte, Paris, 2005, ISBN 2-7071-4545-9. Pierre Vidal-Naquet, "Qui sont les assassins de la mémoire?" in Réflexions sur le génocide. Les juifs, la mémoire et le présent, vol. III. La Découverte 1995. Brigitte Bailer-Galanda, Wilhelm Lasek, Amoklauf gegen die Wirklichkeit. NS-Verbrechen und revisionistische Geschichtsschreibung. Wien, 1992. Wellers, George (1989). "A propos du "Rapport Leuchter" et les chambres à gaz d'Auschwitz". Le Monde Juif. 134. Till Bastian, "Auschwitz und die «Auschwitz-Lüge». Massenmord und Geschichtsfälschung", Beck'sche Reihe München, 1994. Francesco Germinario, Estranei alla democrazia. Negazionismo e antisemitismo nella destra radicale italiana BFS Editore, Pisa, 2001. Francesco Rotondi, Luna di miele ad Auschwitz. Riflessioni sul negazionismo della Shoah, Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane, Napoli, 2005. Flores M., Storia, Verità e Giustizia, Mondadori, Milano, 2001. Valentina Pisanty, L'irritante questione delle camere a gas. Logica del negazionismo, Bompiani, Milano, 1998. Ted Gottfried, Deniers of the Holocaust: Who They Are, What They Do, Why They Do It, Brookfield Conn Twenty-First Century Books, 2001. Henry Rousso, Le dossier Lyon III: le rapport sur le racisme et le négationnisme à l'université Jean-Moulin, Paris, 2004. Nadine Fresco "Les redresseurs de morts. Chambres à gaz: la bonne nouvelle. Comment on révise l'histoire", Les Temps Modernes, 407, June 1980. Nadine Fresco, The Denial of the Dead On the Faurisson Affair 1981. Georges Bensoussan "Négationnisme et antisionnisme: récurrences et convergences des discours du rejet", Revue d'histoire de la Shoah, 166, May–August 1999. Centre de documentation juive contemporaine 1999. Valérie Igounet, "Dossier «Les terroirs de l'extrême-droite»: Un négationnisme stratégique", Le Monde diplomatique (May 1998). Valérie Igounet, Histoire du négationnisme en France, Paris, Le Seuil, 2000 Pierre Bridonneau, Oui, il faut parler des négationnistes, Éditions du Cerf 1997. Yehuda Bauer "A Past that Will Not Go Away". in The Holocaust and History: The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed, and the Reexamined. Ed. Michael Berenbaum and Abraham J. Peck. Bloomington: Published in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum by Indiana University Press, 1998, pp. 12–22. Alan L. Berger, "Holocaust Denial: Tempest in a Teapot, or Storm on the Horizon?" in Peace, in Deed: Essays in Honor of Harry James Cargas. Ed. Zev Garber and Richard Libowitz. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1998, pp. 31–45. Joseph Dan, "Four Ways of Holocaust Denial". in Bruch und Kontinuität: Jüdisches Denken in der europäischen Geistesgeschichte. Ed. Eveline Goodman-Thau and Michael Daxner. Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1995, pp. 39–46. Patrick Finney "Ethics, Historical Relativism and Holocaust Denial." Rethinking History 2 (1998), pp. 359–369. Markiewicz, Jan; Gubala, Wojciech; Labedz, Jerzy (1994). "A Study of the Cyanide Compounds Content in the Walls of the Gas Chambers in the Former Auschwitz & Birkenau Concentration Camps". Z Zagadnien Sqdowych. XXX. Wayne Klein, "Truth's Turning: History and the Holocaust". In Postmodernism and the Holocaust. Ed. Alan Milchman and Alan Rosenberg. Amsterdam: Editions Rodopi, 1998, pp. 53–83. Jonathan Petropoulos, "Holocaust Denial: A Generational Typology." In Lessons and Legacies III: Memory, Memorialization, and Denial. Ed. Peter Hayes. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1999. Werner Wegner: "Keine Massenvergasungen in Auschwitz? Zur Kritik des Leuchter-Gutachtens", in: Die Schatten der Vergangenheit. Impulse zur Historisierung der Vergangenheit, hg. v. Uwe Backes, Eckhard Jesse und Rainer Zitelmann, Propyläen Verlag, Berlin 1990, S. pp. 450–476 (ISBN 3-549-07407-7). Wicken, Stephen (2006). "Views of the Holocaust in Arab Media and Public Discourse" (PDF). Yale Journal of International Affairs: 103–15. Jürgen Zarusky: "Leugnung des Holocaust. Die antisemitische Strategie nach Auschwitz. Bundesprüfstelle für jugendgefährdende Schriften Aktuell – Amtliches Mitteilungsblatt". Jahrestagung 9./10. Nov. 1999, Marburg. Auch als Internet-Veröffentlichung (pdf-Dokument) erhältlich. Martin Finkenberger/Horst Junginger (Hrsg.): Im Dienste der Lügen. Herbert Grabert (1901–1978) und seine Verlage. Aschaffenburg: Alibri-Verl., 2004 (ISBN 3-932710-76-2). Thomas Wandres: Die Strafbarkeit des Auschwitz-Leugnens. Berlin 2000 (ISBN 3-428-10055-7). "Holocaust Denial Literature: A Bibliography". Archived from the original on December 20, 2008. Retrieved December 8, 2008. "Who Denies the Holocaust And Why Do They Deny It?". Retrieved February 9, 2009. By Holocaust deniers Arthur R. Butz, The Hoax of the Twentieth Century: The Case Against the Presumed Extermination of European Jewry, Newport Beach: Institute for Historical Review, 1994 (ISBN 0-9679856-9-2). Faurisson, Robert, My Life As a Revisionist, The Journal of Historical Review, volume 9 no. 1 (Spring 1989), p. 5. Ernst Gauss (Ed.), Dissecting the Holocaust: The Growing Critique of 'Truth' and 'Memory', Alabama: Theses & Dissertations Press, 2000 \(ISBN 0-9679856-0-9). "Gauss" is a pseudonym for Germar Rudolf, the founder of "Theses & Dissertations Press." Jürgen Graf, Der Holocaust auf dem Prüfstand, 1992. Richard E. Harwood, Did Six Million Really Die?, Noontide Press. Michael Hoffman II, The Great Holocaust Trial, (June 1985, 2nd Edition) (ISBN 0-939484-22-6). Fred A. Leuchter, Robert Faurisson, Germar Rudolf, The Leuchter Reports: Critical Edition, Chicago, Theses & Dissertations Press, 2005 (ISBN 1-59148-015-9). Mr. Death: The Rise and Fall of Fred A. Leuchter, Jr. is a 1999 documentary film by Errol Morris about execution technician Fred A. Leuchter. Germar Rudolf, The Rudolf Report: Expert Report on Chemical and Technical Aspects of the 'Gas Chambers' of Auschwitz, Chicago: Theses & Dissertations Press, 2001. "Syrian Holocaust Denial" by Mohammad Daoud, Syria Times September 6, 2000. Retrieved November 8, 2005. "Anti-Semitism and Holocaust Denial in the Iranian Media" MEMRI Special Dispatch Series no 855, January 28, 2005. Retrieved November 8, 2005. "Palestinian Holocaust Denial" Reuven Paz, Peacewatch April 21, 2000. Retrieved November 8, 2005. At Archive.org External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Holocaust denial. an online lecture by Ephraim Kaye, of Yad Vashem When Denying History is Incitement to Violence, By Robert Rozett of Yad Vashem The Wiener Library for the Study of the Holocaust & Genocide—The World's Oldest Holocaust Memorial Institution The Nizkor Project – responses to Holocaust denial 66 questions and answers on Holocaust denial—the Nizkor Project The Holocaust History Project – documents and essays on the Holocaust and its denial Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team (HEART) Holocaust Denial: An Online Guide to Exposing and Combating Anti-Semitic Propaganda Published by the Anti-Defamation League Holocaust Denial on Trial, Documents and resources relating to the David Irving vs. Penguin Books and Deborah Lipstadt trial Holocaust Denial & The Big Lie – Jewish Virtual Library United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Absence of Humanity Exhibit – The Breman Museum Denial of the Holocaust and the genocide in Auschwitz from the online web site Holocaust Denial Laws and Other Legislation Criminalizing Promotion of Nazism by Prof. Michael J. 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AndersonAustin AppClaude Autant-LaraMaurice BardècheHarry Elmer BarnesJohn Tuson BennettJane Birdwood, Baroness BirdwoodDon BlackB.o.BEric ButlerArthur ButzGheorghe BuzatuWillis CartoLouis-Ferdinand CélineNorberto CeresoleThies ChristophersenNoam ChomskyCraig CobbDoug CollinsLouis Darquier de PellepoixGünter DeckertLéon DegrelleLuis D'ElíaDavid DukeFrançois DupratRichard EdmondsSaeed EmamiRobert FaurissonJames H. FetzerBobby FischerPaul FrommRoger GaraudyHermann GauchHutton GibsonStephen GoodsonJürgen GrafNick GriffinPierre GuillaumeAlain GuionnetHans F. K. GüntherAnthony HancockPeter HartungUrsula HaverbeckTaj El-Din HilalyAdolf HitlerMichael A. Hoffman IIDavid HogganAhmed HuberAugustus Sol InvictusDavid IrvingColin JordanIlias KasidiarisJames KeegstraAli KhameneiNicholas KollerstromFranz KurowskiGottfried KüsselLaurent LouisFred A. LeuchterAlex LinderHorst MahlerNaser Makarem ShiraziPrincess Marie Adelheid of LippeJames J. MartinAnders Greif MathisenCarlo MattognoDavid McCaldenNikolaos MichaloliakosEustace MullinsIssam NaamanFrançoise PichardMichael Collins PiperOleg PlatonovKonstantinos PlevrisRobert PouletRoeland RaesAhmed RamiMohammad-Ali RaminPaul RassinierOtto Ernst RemerMichèle RenoufVincent ReynouardJürgen RiegerIngrid RimlandThomas RobbColin RobertsonManfred RoederMalcolm RossGermar RudolfBernhard SchaubHans SchmidtSimon SheppardBradley R. SmithWilhelm StäglichKevin Alfred StromSultan bin Zayed bin Sultan Al NahyanRobert SungenisTomislav SunićMohammed TaheriGeorges TheilSerge ThionH. Keith ThompsonFredrick TöbenFerdinand TopacioFranjo TuđmanHal TurnerRichard VerrallJames von BrunnUdo WalendyAdam WalkerMark WeberBill WhiteRichard WilliamsonSami Abu ZuhriErnst Zündel Organizations Adelaide InstituteCentre for the Study of the Causes of the WarCODOHHIAGInstitute for Historical Review Publications Did Six Million Really Die?Leuchter reportJournal of Historical ReviewThe Hoax of the Twentieth Century Conferences International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the HolocaustBali Holocaust Conference Publishing houses Arndt VerlagJ.J. Fedorowicz PublishingMunin VerlagNation Europa Verlag Legal status Statute law AustriaBelgiumFranceGermany Case law Lehideux and Isorni v FranceR v Zundel Treaties Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime vte Genocide topics Genocides (list by death toll) Dzungar Mongols (1750s)Circassian genocide (1860s)Atrocities in the Congo Free State (1885-1908)Selk'nam genocide (1890s–1900s)Herero and Namaqua (1904–1907)Greek (1914–1923)Assyrian (1914–1925)Armenian (1915–1923)Holodomor (1932–1933)The Holocaust (1941–1945)Porajmos (1941–1944)Genocide of Serbs (1941–1945)Bangladesh (1971)East Timor (1974–1999)Cambodian (1975–1979)Guatemalan Maya (1981–1983)Anfal genocide (1986–1989)Burundian genocides (1972 & 1993)Rwandan genocide (1994)Bosnian genocide (1992–1995)Rohingya (2017–) Terms Democide AutogenocidePoliticide ClassicideEliticideEthnocideCultural genocideEugenicsGendercideGenocidal massacreGenocide of indigenous peoplesPolicideUtilitarian genocide Methods Genocidal rapeExtermination campKilling FieldsDeath marchesDeath squads Genocide denial The Holocaust trivializationArmenianBosnianRwandanHolodomorCambodian Issues DefinitionsGenocide lawPreventionEffects on young survivors Legal proceedings International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia Trial of Radovan KaradžićTrial of Ratko MladićTrial of Slobodan MiloševićInternational Criminal Tribunal for RwandaKhmer Rouge Tribunal Authority control Edit this at Wikidata BNF: cb12349126x (data)GND: 4261660-8 Categories: Holocaust denialNeo-Nazi conceptsHolocaust studiesHistorical revisionism (negationism)Censorship in GermanyThe Holocaust

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ראו גם
פילושמיות • אוטואנטישמיות • אנטי-לאומיות • גזענות לפי מדינה • רצח עם

הכחשת השואה היא הטענה כי השואה לא אירעה, או כי לא הייתה בממדים המיוחסים לה על ידי ההיסטוריונים מהזרם המרכזי, או כי לא הייתה מכוונת ומאורגנת על ידי הממשלה הנאצית בגרמניה או כי לא הייתה מכוונת דווקא כלפי יהודים.

הכחשת השואה היא עבירה פלילית, שעונשה קנס ומאסר, בישראל, בצרפת, בגרמניה, באוסטריה, בספרד ובבלגיה. בישראל אין לפרסם פרסומים המהווים הכחשת השואה (או מביעים אהדה לפשעי הנאצים), ועונשה של הפרת הוראה זו הוא חמש שנות מאסר, בהתאם לחוק איסור הכחשת השואה, התשמ"ו-1986. נכון לשנת 2017, מעולם לא הורשע אדם בעבירה על חוק זה.

יש המבדילים בין "הכחשת שואה קשה" שמבטלת את התרחשות השואה מכל וכל, לבין "הכחשת שואה רכה" שטוענת שהתרחשה שואה, אם כי לא בממדים המדוברים, או שאיננה תופעה ייחודית ודומה למעשי טבח ורצח עם אחרים שנעשו לפניה. בנוסף להכחשת השואה בידי יחידים, היא ניכרת בעיקר בקרב קבוצות נאו נאציות וארגונים אנטישמיים, וכן בקרב גורמים מוסלמים ובמיוחד הרדיקלים שבהם.

תוכן עניינים
1 רקע
2 הכחשת השואה ורוויזיוניזם היסטורי
3 סוגי הכחשת שואה
4 בחינה עובדתית של הכחשת השואה
5 מניעים להכחשת שואה
6 עדויות הסותרות את טענותיהם של מכחישי שואה
6.1 עדויות לקיומה של השואה
6.2 עדויות לאחריותו של היטלר לשואה
6.3 עדויות לכך שתאי גזים נועדו להשמדה
6.4 עדויות למספר שישה מיליון
7 פרשיות נודעות של הכחשת שואה
7.1 פרשת פוריסון
7.2 משפט צינדל
7.3 פרשת אירווינג
7.4 פרשת ברונו גולניש
7.5 פרשת הבישוף ריצ'רד ויליאמסון
7.6 פרניו טוג'מן
7.7 הכחשת השואה בקרב מוסלמים
7.8 חוק השואה הפולני
8 תגובות להכחשת השואה
8.1 קן מקווי ו-alt.revisionism
9 ראו גם
10 לקריאה נוספת
11 קישורים חיצוניים
12 הערות שוליים
רקע
במחצית השנייה של המאה העשרים, לאחר מלחמת העולם השנייה והשואה, היה נראה כי ההתקפות נגד היהדות דעכו. הרעיון, כי יש מידת צדק בכל אחד מהדתות והפילוסופיות החילוניות בקרב מאמיניו, זכה לקבלה רחבה. היהודים חשבו כי הפכו לחופשיים מהצורך להגן על עצמם ואמונתם, אך לא כך היה הדבר. כיום רעיון הכחשת השואה זוכה לתפוצה רחבה, לא רק בקרב הנאו-נאצים המבקשים להראות את קודמיהם באור חיובי יותר אלא גם בכתבים אקדמאים, שם הם מופיעים בביבליוגרפיה ובהערות שוליים. הטיעון המרכזי של מכחישי השואה הוא כי חשבונות אושוויץ מוגזמים, אם לא הומצאו. אחד מהטיעונים המרכזיים הם שתאי הגזים לא היו מספיק גדולים על מנת שיהיו למספיק יעילים כדי להוציא להורג מספר כה גדול של אנשים, בפרק הזמן הקצר. טענה זו, יחד עם טענות אחרות, מבוססת כביכול על ראיות שניתן להסיק מעובדות.[1] מכחישי השואה מכחישים ומערערים את שלוש הנקודות העיקריות של השואה: (1) רצח שישה המיליון. (2) תאי הגז. (3) כוונה.[2]

עדויות מסוימות אחרונות מעידות על כך שמכחיש השואה הראשון היה אלכסנדר רטקליף הסקוטי. שהיה מנהיג הליגה הפרוטסטנטית הסקוטית ואחר כך הבריטית, שנבחר בשנת 1933 כחבר מועצת העיר גלאזגו כשקידם קמפיין אנטי-קתולי. במהלך שירותו פרסם בין השנים 1945 – 1946 במגזין "וואנגורד" כי השואה היא המצאה יהודית. ההצהרה הסתמכה על חוברת קודמת שהוציא תחת השם "האמת על היהודים", שם הוא טען כי בריטניה זקוקה לאדם כהיטלר לאור השליטה היהודית על הממשל הבריטי, וכי סרטי השואה הם הפקות שזויפו בבתי הקולנוע היהודים.[3]

הכחשת השואה ורוויזיוניזם היסטורי
מכחישי שואה משתמשים לעיתים במונח רוויזיוניזם היסטורי בטענה שהם בוחנים מחדש את האירועים שהתרחשו בהיסטוריה במטרה לעדכנם בגילויים חדשים, נטולי דעות קדומות, ובעלי מידע מדויק יותר. גישה זו מקובלת בקרב היסטוריונים מהזרם המרכזי, ואף מיושמת בחקר השואה, כאשר עובדות חדשות מתגלות ומשנות את השקפת ההיסטוריונים על האירועים.

אולם מכחישי השואה המשתמשים במונח זה עושים בו שימוש על מנת לכפור בהיסטוריה המקובלת של השואה, ומסרבים להתייחס אליה כאל אירוע היסטורי. זהו בעצם שכתוב ההיסטוריה באצטלה של רוויזיוניזם היסטורי.

סוגי הכחשת שואה
הכחשת השואה היא שם כולל למגוון טענות שהמשותף להן היא גימוד ממדי השואה, הסרת אחריות ממבצעיה ואף טענות כי היהודים בדו אותה מלבם. טענות אלו כוללות בין השאר:

טענות של גימוד השואה, למשל:
המספר שישה מיליון יהודים שנספו הוא הגזמה פרועה.
הנאצים לא השתמשו בתאי גזים לרצח המוני של יהודים.
טריוויאליזציה של השואה - השוואת השואה עם אירועים שונים בהם נרצחו או נגרם מותם של אנשים רבים, תוך הצגת האירועים האלה כשווי ערך לשואה.
טענות שהראיות לגבי השואה אינן אמינות:
הסרטים שבהם מוצגות תוצאות ההשמדה שהוצגו לאחר המלחמה יוצרו במהלך המלחמה כתעמולה כנגד הנאצים על ידי בעלות הברית.
ההוכחות ההיסטוריות להתרחשות השואה מזויפות במכוון או נתונות לפרשנות שגויה.
מספר מכריע של אקדמאים והיסטוריונים מפחדים להודות כי השואה היא בדיה, מחשש שיאבדו את מקום עבודתם.
אמירות שהטענות לגבי קיום השואה משרתות אינטרסים של הטוענים אותן ואף הומצאו לשם כך, למשל:
קשר יהודי, אמריקני או בריטי גרם ליהודים להיראות כקורבנות על מנת ליצור דמוניזציה של העם הגרמני.
הטענות בדבר העוולות של הנאצים כלפי היהודים נוצרו מלכתחילה בידי ארצות הברית, על מנת לאפשר את הקמתה וקיומה של מדינת ישראל.
השואה היא זיוף ציוני שהמציאו הציונים על מנת להצדיק את הקמת מדינת ישראל ונישול הפלסטינים מזכויותיהם על כל שטחי פלסטין.
טענות שהשואה הייתה חלק מהצרות שנגרמו על ידי מלחמת העולם השנייה, למשל:
למרות העובדה שבוצעו פשעים, לא הייתה הנהגה מרכזית שהורתה על ביצועם, ולכן להנהגה הנאצית אין אחריות ליישום מדיניות זו כלפי היהודים.
לא הייתה הוראה ספציפית מאדולף היטלר או ממישהו אחר מצמרת המפלגה הנאצית להשמיד את היהודים, אף על פי שריכוז היהודים במחנות ריכוז והשימוש בהם בעבודות כפייה גרם בפועל למותם.
האשמת היהודים בלקיחת חלק בפשעים או בפרובוקציות שגרמו להן:
היהודים היוו אליטה במחנות ריכוז, וניהלו למעשה את המחנות, וכ"קאפוס" היו אחראים לרצח וביזה של אסירים אחרים.
השואה התרחשה באשמת היהודים או אף הסבה לעם היהודי רווח.
השואה הייתה תגובה מוצדקת או מוצדקת חלקית למעשים שביצעו היהודים.
ההאשמה שהציונים עמדו מאחרי השואה (או שיתפו פעולה עם הנאצים) על מנת לגרום ליהודים לברוח מאירופה לארץ ישראל, כדי להשתלט עליה ולנשל את הפלסטינים מאדמתם.
בחינה עובדתית של הכחשת השואה
הרבה מהמחלוקת סביב טענות מכחישי השואה מתרכזת בשיטות שבהן הם משתמשים להציג את טענותיהם כי השואה כלל לא אירעה. במקומות רבים (לרבות בתי משפט) עלו טענות בנוגע ל"עובדות" ו"ראיות". עם זאת, מחקר עצמאי הראה שטענות אלו מבוססות על שיטות מחקר לקויות, עדויות מוטות, ואפילו ראיות מזויפות. מתנגדי הכחשת השואה מסתמכים על מגוון רחב של עדויות לגבי זיוף או יצירה מכוונת של עדויות. ראיות מטעם מכחישי השואה נפסלו בבתי המשפט.

בכמה מקרים, בעוד שמספר ראיות מאלו המוצגות לתמיכה בהכחשת השואה הן אכן אמיתיות, יישומן של הראיות לתמיכה בטיעוני מכחישי השואה הוא חסר משמעות. לדוגמה, דו"ח לוכטר הראה כי בקירות תאי הגזים אין כיום שאריות של ציאניד. ברור שעובדה זו חסרת משמעות לאור העובדה כי מאז השואה ועד מדידותיו של לוכטר עברו חמישים שנה שבהן היו הקירות חשופים למזג האוויר.

במקרים אחרים משתמשים בעדויות על מנת להטעות במכוון. תמונה מפורסמת מראה דלת רעועה של תא גזים. לאור זאת טוענים מכחישי השואה כי תא שבו מותקנת דלת זו לא יכול היה לשמש להשמדה, מכיוון שהמושמדים היו יכולים לשבור את הדלת ולצאת החוצה. בדיעבד, התברר כי הדלת לא הייתה מותקנת בתא גזים ששימש להשמדה, אלא בתא ששימש לחיטוי.

רבים מטיעוני מכחישי השואה נגועים באנטישמיות. מבקרי מכחישי השואה הביאו מקרים רבים שמדגימים כיצד הפך סגנונם של מכחישי השואה מסגנון אקדמי נטול פניות לכאורה, להתנפלות אישית כנגד מעלה הביקורת, תוך שימוש במושגים (מעליבים לשיטתם) כ"ציוני" או "אוהב יהודים".

מניעים להכחשת שואה
בניסיון לרדת לחקר המניעים של הכחשת השואה, בעת שהשואה היא תופעה היסטורית מתועדת ומצולמת שהתרחשה רק עשרות שנים מעטות קודם לכן, ומאות אלפי אנשים העידו עליה, עולים מניעים אחדים:

פרופ' דינה פורת טוענת כי בהכחשה יש ניסיון לטהר את המצפון האישי והקולקטיבי, לרחוץ בניקיון כפיים, ולהצדיק את חוסר המעש, למול מעשה נורא שכזה.
אף על פי שהפעילות להקמתה של מדינת ישראל החלה הרבה לפני השואה, כשהשואה האטה את הפעילות הציונית, אחד מהשימושים העיקרים בהכחשת השואה היא בהתנגדות לקיומה של מדינת ישראל; בטענה כי השואה הומצאה על ידי הקורבנות על מנת לזכות באמפתיה ולרמה מוסרית גבוה. אחד מהטיעונים היא שהשואה פרי מכונת הייצור של התעמולה היהודית-הציונית, על מנת למלא את מוחם של הגויים בעולם ברגשות אשם, כך שלא יביעו מחאה נגד שדידת הציונים את הפלסטינים ממולדתם באכזריות הכי גבוה.[4]
המניע העיקרי בחוגי האסלאם הרדיקלי והפלסטינים בהכחשת שואה, הוא ניגוח פוליטי ודה-לגיטימציה של מדינת ישראל והציונות, שתקומתה וצידוק קיומה נכרכים לא אחת עם השואה.
אלן פינקלקראוט טוען כי לעיתים הגרסה הרכה של הכחשת שואה נובעת מ"קנאת שואה", כאשר השואה נתפסת כיום לסמל בה"א הידיעה של קורבניות, וישנה תחרות קורבנית של מיעוטים שנפגעו, לומר שהם נפגעו לא פחות מאשר היהודים.
יש גם הכחשת שואה ממניעים כלכליים מוצהרים - בני ארצות מזרח אירופיות החוששים מתביעות פיצויים של יהודים, תביעות המופנות כלפי מדינותיהם או כלפי משפחותיהם המחזיקות ברכוש יהודי שנגזל בתקופת השואה, מנסים להתכחש לקיום השואה במקומותיהם או להצדיק אותה. דוגמה בולטת לכך מהווים פאול גומה וחסידיו הרומניים הטוענים ששואת יהודי רומניה לא הייתה כל כך גדולה ומה שהיה, היה נקמה על פגיעות מוקדמות יותר שפגעו היהודים ברומנים.[5]
פרופ' רוברט ויסטריך טוען כי ביסוד הכחשת השואה עומד הדימוי של היהודי ככל-יכול, (כפי שהוא נתפס בפרוטוקולים של זקני ציון) וכמי שיכול לסחוף את כל העולם לשקר שהוא ייצר.

עדויות הסותרות את טענותיהם של מכחישי שואה
עדויות לקיומה של השואה
עדויות לקיומה של השואה באות בראש ובראשונה מהממשלה הגרמנית עצמה. מקור נוסף הוא צבאות בעלות הברית ששחררו את מחנות הריכוז ומחנות ההשמדה ותיעדו את ממצאיהם בסרטים ובתמונות. על אלה נוספות עדויות של ניצולי השואה.

השואה הייתה מפעל מסיבי שנמשך שנים על פני כמעט כל יבשת אירופה (ומעט מחוצה לה), עם מבנה בקרה ושליטה משל עצמו. אף על פי שהנאצים ניסו להשמיד את העדויות על השואה כאשר ראו שתבוסתם בלתי נמנעת, הם השאירו מספר גדול של ארגזים עם מסמכים המתייחסים לשואה, שמשקלם הכולל הגיע עד כדי טונות רבות. לאור ההתמוטטות המהירה של הכוחות הנאציים בסוף המלחמה, ניסיונותיהם להשמיד את כל הראיות נועדו לכישלון.

כל אלו גורמים להיסטוריונים מהזרם המרכזי להסכים כי הכחשת השואה מנוגדת לעובדות ההיסטוריות.

עדויות לאחריותו של היטלר לשואה
מכחישי השואה מסתמכים על העובדה כי לא נמצאה הוראה מפורשת בכתב החתומה על ידי היטלר ומורה על השמדת האוכלוסייה היהודית בשטחים הנתונים למרוּת גרמניה. מבקרי טענה זו מראים כי לרוב לא השתמשו הנאצים במונחים "הרג" או "מוות" לתיאור מעשיהם. כמעט תמיד השתמשו במונחים כ"פתרון הסופי לשאלת היהודים". עם זאת, ב-1939 נשא היטלר נאום שנגע להשמדת היהודים באופן ישיר, וכך אמר: "היום אני רוצה להיות נביא עוד זו הפעם. אם יהדות הממון הבינלאומית באירופה ומחוצה לה תצליח שוב לגרור את האומות אל מלחמת עולם, התוצאה לא תהיה בולשביזציה של כדור הארץ וניצחון היהדות, אלא השמדת הגזע היהודי באירופה". כרזה הנושאת ציטוט זה הופצה בשנת 1941 עם הנחיה שיש לתלותה בכל משרד ממשלתי.

היינריך הימלר נאם במילים ברורות מאוד בנושא השמדת היהודים בפני קציני אס אס בפוזנן ובכך בכיר בהנהגה הנאצית קיבל על עצמו אחריות להשמדת היהודים.

קיימים מסמכים כדו"ח מהימלר להיטלר הנוגע להשמדת אסירים ברוסיה הכבושה. מסמך זה הוצג במשפטי נירנברג כראיה לכך שהיטלר ידע ואישר את השמדת היהודים, כמו גם השמדתן של קבוצות נוספות.

עדויות לכך שתאי גזים נועדו להשמדה
מכחישי השואה טוענים שתאי גזים שנועדו לרצח אזרחים לא התקיימו, והמבנים שלהם מיוחסת מטרה זו שימשו למטרות אחרות. טיעון נפוץ יותר הוא כי לא היה שימוש בגז לרצח היהודים, ולכן תאי הגזים נבנו לאחר המלחמה על מנת ליצור "שואה" יש מאין. לתמיכה בטיעון זה מביאים את "דו"ח לוכטר" שנכתב על ידי המהנדס האמריקני פרד לוכטר, מסמך מדעי המראה כי בקירות תאי הגזים באושוויץ אין שרידים לגז הציאניד, וזאת על פי דגימות שנלקחו בשנת 1999. כאמור, אין כל הסבר מדוע אמורים להיות שרידי גז בקירות גם לאחר למעלה מחמישים שנה של חשיפה למזג אוויר מזרח-אירופי, וזהו הכשל העיקרי בעבודתו של לוכטר. בנוסף לכך, לוכטר שלח את דגימותיו למעבדה מקצועית בעלת שם עולמי, אולם כיוון שלא אמר להם באיזה דגימה מדובר, הם ביצעו בדיקות שגויות. הם שברו את חלקי הקיר שלוכטר סיפק להם במקום לחפש על פני המשטח היכן שאמור להיות ציאניד (ציאניד אינו חודר לתוך הקירות, אלא נשאר רק על חלקם החיצוני). שבירת החלקים, מהלה מאוד את החומר אותו הם חיפשו, מה שהוביל לתוצאה לא נכונה.

הציאניד שבו השתמשו באושוויץ נוצר מתגובה כימית שהפעילה את משמיד החרקים ציקלון בה וגרמה להשמדת אלפי אנשים שנדחקו בו-זמנית לאותו התא. הבעיה הגדולה מבחינת מפעילי התאים הייתה כיצד להיפטר מכמות כה גדולה של גופות, ולשם כך נבנו תנורים מיוחדים. מכחישי השואה מייחסים חשיבות לשאלה מה אירע לאפר המושמדים. עם זאת נראה כי היה בו שימוש לזיבול שדות ולניסויים חקלאיים על ידי הגרמנים.

טיעון נוסף, שמעלים מכחישי שואה רבים, לכך שתאי הגזים לא שימשו לכאורה לרצח יהודים הוא העדר משקע כחול פרוסי אופייני לגז הציקלון B על קירות תאי הגזים. גרמר רודולף (Germar Rudolf), מכחיש שואה גרמני (כימאי בהשכלתו), טוען כי היעדר כחול פרוסי מקירות תאי הגזים בטרבלינקה והימצאות החומר על קירות מבנים שבהם השתמשו במימן ציאנידי לצורכי חיטוי מוכיחים כי הקירות לא נחשפו לציאניד, כלומר שלא התבצעה השמדה בגז במבנים אלו.[6]

מנגד, הסביר ריצ'רד גרין, כימאי שיצא כנגד גרמר רודולף, כי כדי ליצור כחול פרוסי ממימן ציאנידי הנספח לקיר, על הטיח להיות לח ובסיסי (בתנאים חומציים או נייטרליים המימן הציאנידי לא יתפרק ולא ישחרר את אניון הציאניד שיוכל להיקשר לקטיוני ברזל). כחול פרוסי נוצר, לכן, על קירות חדר החיטוי שהטיח בו היה על בסיס סיד (lime) ולא על קירות חדרי הגזים שהיו עשויים בטון.

"המכון לסקירה היסטורית" הציע פרס בן 50,000 דולר למי שיוכיח כי היה שימוש בתאי גזים לרצח בני אדם באושוויץ. מל מרמלשטיין, ניצול שואה, הביא את ההוכחות, והמכון התעלם מהן. הוא תבע אותם בבית המשפט, וזכה בסכום המובטח, וכן בארבעים אלף דולר נוספים על עגמת הנפש שנגרמה לו.[7]

עם זאת, מכחישי השואה עדיין מעלים את שאלת תאי הגזים, על אף עדויות מכריעות לקיומם ולשימושם לרצח.

עדויות למספר שישה מיליון
המספר שישה מיליון (או, אם לקחת בחשבון קבוצות אתניות, דתיות ופוליטיות נוספות שנרדפו על ידי הנאצים, קרוב לאחד-עשר מיליון) מהווה לעיתים קרובות מטרה לניגוח על ידי מכחישי השואה, הטוענים כי היו "רק" מיליון נספים, או שלוש מאות אלף "אבידות". אין-ספור מסמכים שנערכו בדייקנות הביאו למספר של האנשים שהושמדו באושוויץ ובטרבלינקה, ונורו ליד בורות המוות על ידי האיינזצגרופן.

עדויות מכלי ראשון נותנים הניצולים, אך גם בכירי הנאצים שנשבו, והעידו במשפטי נירנברג. מול עדים אלו טוענים מכחישי השואה כי הם עברו עינויים. כאשר הם מתבקשים להסביר את המספר הגדול של עדויות אישיות, הם נתלים בתאוריית קשר הכרוכה ב"תוכנית יהודית" לזיוף מסמכים ועדויות, שנתמכת בשיטה של עינויים כלפי הגרמנים שנשבו והעידו במשפטי פושעי המלחמה.

פרשיות נודעות של הכחשת שואה
פרשת פוריסון
רובר פוריסון היה מרצה צרפתי. ב-1979 הוא פרסם ספר ובו טען כי השואה לא התרחשה. בריאיון לתקשורת טען גם שתאי הגזים לא היו קיימים. בתגובה, הסטודנטים שאותם לימד גירשו אותו ולא נתנו לו ללמד, הוא פוטר מהאוניברסיטה ואף הועמד לדין על הכחשת שואה. הוא נמצא אשם, נקנס ונשפט למאסר.

עצומה, ועליה חתימות של 500 אינטלקטואלים (המזוהים עם השמאל הרדיקלי) קראה לשחרר את פוריסון ולתת לו את זכות חופש הביטוי, אפילו אם דעותיו ואמרותיו מעוררות מחלוקת. את כתב ההגנה המפורט ביותר כתב פרופ' נועם חומסקי (שאף חתם על העצומה), שטען שגם למכחישי שואה עומדת הזכות לחופש ביטוי. חומסקי גם טען שהכחשת שואה אינה מעידה בהכרח על אנטישמיות או על תמיכה בנאצים. אף על פי שהואשם על ידי ארגונים יהודים רבים באנטישמיות, בתמיכה בהכחשת שואה ובאפולוגטיקה של הנאצים, הוא סירב לחזור בו מעמדותיו.

משפט צינדל
Postscript-viewer-shaded.png ערך מורחב – ארנסט צינדל
ארנסט צינדל היה תושב קנדה, שהפעיל הוצאה לאור ביתית שנקראה "פרסומי סמיזדט" והפיצה ספרים המכחישים את השואה. ב-1985 נעצר צינדל ונדון ל-15 חודשי מאסר על ידי בית משפט באונטריו בשל הפצת ידיעות כוזבות. פעילים למען חופש הדיבור בקנדה ביקשו לסייע לו, וב-1992 הכריז בית המשפט העליון של קנדה כי החוק הנוגע להפצת "ידיעות כוזבות" הוא בלתי-חוקתי, וזיכה את צינדל. צינדל מפיץ כיום את דעותיו ברשת האינטרנט. ב-26 בפברואר 2005 קבע בית המשפט הפדרלי בקנדה[8] כי צינדל יגורש לארץ מולדתו גרמניה כיוון שדעותיו הגזעניות מאיימות לא "רק על קנדה, אלא על הקהילה הבינלאומית כולה". צינדל נעצר כשהגיע לגרמניה בגין הפרה של חוקי המדינה נגד הכחשת שואה ונגד שנאה. ב-8 בנובמבר 2005 החל משפטו של צינדל בגרמניה באשמת הסתה לשנאה והכחשת שואה, וב־15 בפברואר 2007 הוא הורשע ונדון לחמש שנות מאסר.

פרשת אירווינג
ב-1998 הגיש הסופר וההיסטוריון הבריטי דייוויד אירווינג תביעה כנגד הסופרת האמריקנית דברה ליפשטדט וההוצאה לאור "ספרי פינגווין", בטענה כי אלו הוציאו דיבתו רעה בספרה של ליפשטדט "מכחישים את השואה". ליפשטדט כתבה בספר שאירווינג עיוות את הראיות בכוונה, כדי לתמוך בדעותיו האידאולוגיות. על פי החוק הבריטי, שכוונתו להגן על שמו הטוב של הפרט, הוטל על ליפשטדט נטל הראיה להוכיח כי טענותיה הן אמת.

ליפשטדט ו"ספרי פינגווין" שכרו את עורך הדין אנטוני ג'וליוס ואת ההיסטוריון מאוניברסיטת קיימברידג' ריצ'רד ג'. אוונס על מנת להציג את טיעוניהם. אוונס בילה שנתיים בבחינת עבודתו של אירווינג, והציג את הכשלים בעבודתו, לרבות העובדה שהשתמש כמקור במסמכים מזויפים ביודעין. השופט צ'ארלס גריי שוכנע על ידי עדויות אלו וכתב פסק דין ארוך שבו גינה את אירווינג, ואישר את האשמותיהם של ליפשטדט ואוונס, תוך שהוא מזכה את ליפשטדט מכל אשמה.

ב-11 בנובמבר 2005 נעצר אירווינג באוסטריה, על-פי צו מעצר שהוצא כנגדו בשנת 1989 באשמת הכחשת השואה (עבירה שעונשה עד עשרים שנות מאסר). ב-20 בפברואר 2006 נגזר דינו של אירווינג ל-3 שנות מאסר, משפטו של אירווינג, שהודה באשמה אך טען כי שינה את דעתו וכעת הוא משוכנע ברצח העם שביצעו הנאצים, הסתיים תוך יום אחד בלבד.

ב-2016 יצא סרט הקולנוע "הכחשה" המתבסס על ספרה של דברה ליפשטדט אודות התביעה.

פרשת ברונו גולניש
ברונו גולניש, סגנו של ז'אן-מרי לה פן בראשות מפלגת הימין הקיצוני הצרפתית, ”החזית הלאומית", וראש הסיעה הימנית "זהות, ריבונות ומסורת" בפרלמנט האירופי, פקפק במהלך מסיבת עיתונאים באוקטובר 2004, בשימוש שעשה המשטר הנאצי בתאי גזים להשמדת יהודים, ובמספרם של היהודים שנרצחו בעת מלחמת העולם השנייה.

הפרלמנט האירופי הסיר את חסינותו של גולניש, כדי לאפשר לרשויות החוק בצרפת להעמידו לדין. בית המשפט בליון שבמזרח צרפת, הרשיע אותו ב-18 בינואר 2007, ב"הטלת ספק בפשעים נגד האנושות" ודן אותו לשלושה חודשי מאסר על תנאי, לקנס של 5,000 אירו, ופיצויים בגובה 55,000 אירו למתלוננים נגדו, הארגון "אס.או.אס ראסיזם", הנלחם בגילויי גזענות בצרפת.

עוד פסק בית המשפט כי עיתונים שפרסמו בעבר מאמרים שחיבר יידרשו לפרסם ידיעה על גזר הדין שהוטל עליו. גולניש טען להגנתו כי הוא קורבן ל"ציד מכשפות". הוא הבטיח לערער על גזר הדין אותו כינה בהודעה שפרסם "פעולה של דיכוי". בנוסף, אוניברסיטת ליון השעתה אותו מתפקידו כמרצה למשפטים ויפנית לחמש שנים, בעקבות לחצים שהפעילו עליה ארגונים יהודיים ואנטי-גזעניים.[9]

פרשת הבישוף ריצ'רד ויליאמסון
Postscript-viewer-shaded.png ערך מורחב – ריצ'רד ויליאמסון
ויליאמסון הוא בישוף קתולי, שמרני קיצוני ולשעבר ראש אגודת הקדוש פיוס העשירי, שנוסדה כריאקציה להחלטות ועידת הוותיקן השנייה. ויליאמסון נמשח כבישוף ב-1988 על ידי מרסל לפבר ללא סמכות ועקב כך נודה מן הכנסייה הקתולית על ידי האפיפיור יוחנן פאולוס השני. ויליאמסון מציג תזה השוללת את קיום השואה ותאי הגזים ואף פרס את משנתו ב-2008 בראיון טלוויזיה לתחנת טלוויזיה שוודית. למרות זאת החזיר אותו האפיפיור בנדיקטוס השישה עשר ב-1 בינואר 2009, יחד עם שלושה מעמיתיו, לחיק הכנסייה. זמן קצר לאחר מכן חזר בו הוותיקן חלקית ודרש מהבישוף לחזור בו, האפיפיור אסר עליו לבצע טקסים אך לא שלל ממנו שנית את תארו כבישוף ולא נידה אותו.[10]

ב-2010 הורשע ויליאמסון בבית משפט גרמני, בינואר 2013 נדחו ערעוריו סופית.[11]

פרניו טוג'מן
Postscript-viewer-shaded.png ערך מורחב – פרניו טוג'מן
פרניו טוג'מן, הנשיא הראשון של קרואטיה העצמאית, פרסם בשנת 1989 (לפני בחירתו לנשיא) ספר אשר עורר פולמוס תחת הטענה שהוא מכיל טענות אנטישמיות והערות המגמדות את היקף השואה. הספר, "זוועות המלחמה או השממה של המציאות ההיסטורית" (Bespuća povijesne zbiljnosti), כולל עיון מחודש במלחמת-העולם השנייה. רוב רובו חסר כל סוג של חידוש, אך במספר נקודות מנסה טוג'מן לשנות את התפיסה הרווחת, לעיתים בנועם ולעיתים בגסות. טוג'מן מנסה למזער את חלקם של הקרואטים ברצח-העם שבוצע בקרואטיה נגד יהודים, צוענים וסרבים. הוא מנסה אף למזער את ממדי רצח-העם עצמו, ולהציג אותו כטבח ותו לא. לעומת זאת, הוא מעלה על נס את "השואה הקרואטית" שביצעו הפרטיזנים של טיטו בקרואטים ומנסה לתת לגיטימיות לקיומה של המדינה העצמאית של קרואטיה, שהייתה ממשלת בובות בשליטה נאצית בהנהגת מפלגת אוסטאשה. טוג'מן הכריז כי הוא אינו מאמין ש"5-6 מיליון" יהודים נספו במלחמת-העולם השנייה, ובכמה מקומות הזכיר את המספרים 4 מיליון[12] וכן 900,000 (ניו-יורק טיימס, 22 באפריל 1993). יתרה מזאת, טוג'מן טוען כי היהודים למעשה מילאו חלק בניהול מחנות ריכוז. כך, למשל, הוא מביא לראייה את עדותו של ניצול מניצולי מחנה יאסנובאץ, אנטה ציליגה[13] וווייסלאב פרניאטוביץ', ולמד ממנו לאמור כי היהודים היו קרתנים ואנוכיים, ובזזו את רכוש האסירים הלא-יהודים[14] : "היהודים החזיקו בידם את השלטון במחנה עד 1944"(טוג'מן, עמ' 316).

הכחשת השואה בקרב מוסלמים
במדינות ערב ספרות הכחשת השואה היא פופולרית. מדינות כערב הסעודית, איחוד האמירויות, לבנון ואפילו מצרים[15] שימשו גם כמקומות לעריכת כנסי הכחשת שואה גדולים, עקב התמיכה בפעילות זו על ידי השלטונות. בכנסים אלה משתתפים מכחישי שואה ערבים, אירופאים ואמריקנים כאחד. באוגוסט 2002 ארגן תת-גוף של הליגה הערבית סימפוזיון הכחשת שואה באבו דאבי.[16] בדצמבר 2006 ארגנה מחלקת המחקר והחינוך של משרד החוץ האיראני (IPIS) כנס המכונה "הכנס לבחינה מחדש של השואה: מבט מקיף". על פי פרסומי מחלקת המחקר האיראנית, הכנס נועד לדון ב"נושאים חיוניים המשפיעים על איראן כיום". מארגני הכנס טענו כי הדיונים היו אובייקטיביים ונקיים מלחצים מערביים ומאיסורים בינלאומיים נגד הכחשת השואה (החקיקה באוסטריה, בגרמניה ובצרפת, הקובעת עונשי מאסר למכחישי השואה), על מנת לאפשר טווח רחב יותר של מחקר בנושא. בין הנושאים שנדונו היו "נאציזם וציונות: שיתוף פעולה או עוינות?" "תאי הגזים: אישור או הכחשה?" "חופש הביטוי ועמדתם של מכחישי השואה במערב", בחינה מחדש של "החוקים העכשוויים נגד מכחישי שואה", "שואה: תקשורת ותעמולה במערב". המארגנים הציגו את השואה לא כאירוע היסטורי אלא כ"אחד מכלי התעמולה החשובים ביותר בהם נעשה שימוש על מנת להצדיק באופן פוליטי את התמיכה בעם היהודי במאה ה-20".

מחמוד עבאס (אבו מאזן), ראש הממשלה הראשון של הרשות הפלסטינית וכיום היושב ראש שלה, התייחס לשואה בתזה שכתב ופורסמה ב-1983. בתזה, שכותרתה: "הקשרים בין הנאציזם לציונות בין השנים 1945-1933" נאמר:

"נראה כי האינטרס של התנועה הציונית לנפח את מספר הנרצחים במלחמה נועד [%D7%9C%D7%94%D7%91%D7%98%D7%99%D7%97] הישגים גדולים. הדבר גרם לה לאשר את המספר, לקבע אותו בדעת הקהל העולמית ובכך לעורר יותר ייסורי מצפון ויותר אהדה כלפי הציונות באופן כללי. מלומדים רבים התווכחו בשאלת המספר שישה מיליון והגיעו למסקנות מביכות לפיהן כלל הקורבנות היהודים מסתכם במאות אלפים".[17]
ההערכה הנמוכה מיוחסת להיסטוריון ראול הילברג. בתזה מופיעה גם הערה המכירה בשואה כפשע נגד האנושות:

"העלאת הדיון בנוגע למספר היהודים [%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%97%D7%95] אינה מפחיתה בשום אופן מחומרת הפשע שבוצע כלפיהם, שהרי רצח - ולו של אדם אחד - הוא פשע שהעולם התרבותי אינו יכול לקבל והאנושות אינה יכולה להכיר בו." בראיונות לעיתונות בשנים מאוחרות יותר הסתייג עבאס מהתואר "מכחיש שואה".[18]
עבד אל-עזיז רנתיסי, מראשי החמאס, הירבה להתבטא בנושא השואה ולטעון שהיא הייתה "זיוף ציוני" וכי "הציונים היו מאחורי הפעולות של הנאצים". במסמך תגובה רשמי לוועידת סטוקהולם בינואר 2000 הצהיר חמאס על עמדתו הרשמית המכחישה את השואה:

"מה שכביכול נקרא שואה [...] הוא סיפור מומצא ללא ביסוס ... ההמצאות של האשליות הגדולות הללו על פשע לכאורה שמעולם לא קרה, [...] חושף בבירור את הפנים הגזעניות של הציונים, שמאמינים בעליונות הגזע היהודי על שאר האומות."[19]
כמו כן, מונע חמאס מאונר"א ללמד על השואה בבתי הספר של הארגון ברצועת עזה. גם ועדות ההתנגדות העממיות מתנגדות ללימודי השואה ואף פרסמו אזהרה לאונר"א לבל ילמדו את נושא השואה, אותה הגדירו "סיפור ציוני שקרי".[20]

בדצמבר 2005 התראיין נשיא איראן מחמוד אחמדינז'אד לרשת הטלוויזיה האיראנית בערבית "אל-עאלם", במהלך ועידת המדינות המוסלמיות במכה, ואמר:

"כמה מדינות אירופיות מתעקשות על כך שבמהלך מלחמת העולם השנייה שרף היטלר מיליוני יהודים, וכלא אותם במחנות ריכוז. כל היסטוריון, עיתונאי או מדען המטיל בכך ספק נלקח לכלא או סובל מגינוי. למרות זאת אנו לא מקבלים טענה זו. אם נניח כי הטענה נכונה, אם האירופים כנים, הם צריכים לתת כמה מחוזות באירופה, כמו בגרמניה באוסטריה או בארצות אחרות לציונים, והציונים יכולים להקים את מדינתם באירופה. הציעו להם חלק מאירופה ואנו נתמוך בכך".
על דבריו של אחמדינז'אד הגיבו בחריפות גורמים בישראל, בארצות הברית, באירופה וברוסיה, וכן המזכיר הכללי של האומות המאוחדות קופי אנאן. למרות הגינויים, חזר אחמדינז'אד על דבריו שהשואה היא "מיתוס" שהמציאו ה"ציונים" כדי "להשתלט על פלסטין". ב-11 בדצמבר 2006 נפתחה באיראן ועידה לבחינת השואה כאירוע היסטורי, "ללא המגבלות שהוטלו על חוקרים באירופה".[21] בתגובה העלה אתר יד ושם מידע על השואה בפרסית.[22]

בקרב אישי הציבור ואינטלקטואלים ערבים היו כאלה שהביעו התנגדות להכחשת השואה, בהם אחמד טיבי, מוחמד ברכה, מחמוד דרוויש, סמיח אל קאסם, אליאס ח'ורי, אדוארד סעיד, אליאס סנבר ואחרים.[23]

בסקר שערך פרופ' סמי סמוחה (אוניברסיטת חיפה) בקרב ערביי ישראל ב-2008 טענו 40% מהעונים שהשואה מעולם לא התרחשה. ברם, סמוחה סבור שטענה זו היא מחאה כנגד ישראל יותר מאשר אמונה אמיתית שהשואה לא התרחשה.[24]

חוק השואה הפולני
בתחילת 2018 העביר הפרלמנט הפולני חוק האוסר על הטלת אחריות על פולין לפשעי השואה שנעשו על אדמתה, כגון איסור על הביטוי "מחנות השמדה פולניים". החוק ספג ביקורת חריפה ביותר, במיוחד בישראל ובקרב ניצולי שואה. רבים ראו בו סוג של הכחשת שואה ורוויזיוניזם היסטורי המתעלם מהפשעים והפוגרומים שביצעו פולנים במהלך השואה ואחריה. ממשלת ישראל הפעילה לחץ רב על פולין במטרה למנוע את חקיקת החוק, ואחרי שחוקק - לבטלו או לשנותו.

תגובות להכחשת השואה
ישראל, אוסטריה, צ'כיה, צרפת, גרמניה, ספרד ובלגיה חוקקו חוקים האוסרים על הכחשת השואה. באיטליה נמצא חוק דומה בשלבי אשרור. האיחוד האירופי פועל לדרבן את מדינות הגוש הכחול לחוקק חוקים דומים. תגובתם של מכחישי השואה לכך היא כי הדבר מגביל את חופש הביטוי שלהם, וכי זו אך הוכחה לכוחם של היהודים השולטים בממשלות ובתקשורת.

הציבור הרחב בארצות המערב מתייחס למכחישי השואה המערביים כאל נאו-נאצים, וסבור שהמניע העיקרי לטענותיהם הוא האנטישמיות. כתוצאה מכך, הם זוכים לרוב ליחס של תיעוב, בוז וסלידה. כלי התקשורת וגופי המחקר הרציניים מתייחסים אל טענותיהם כאל שקרים, ונמנעים ממתן ביטוי לדעותיהם של מכחישי השואה. על אף שהכחשות שואה מצד מהגרים מוסלמים זוכות לגינוי פורמלי, היחס אליהם הוא סלחני יותר וחוקי האיסור על הכחשת שואה כמעט שלא נאכפים עליהם (לדוגמה: רשויות החוק בצרפת אינן פועלות כדי למנוע הפצת עותקים של הפרוטוקולים של זקני ציון וספרות הכחשת שואה בערבית).

במדינות העולם השלישי היחס להכחשת השואה איננו אחיד. התמיכה בהכחשת השואה גדולה בעיקר בקרב מדינות ערב, הרשות הפלסטינית ואיראן, שרואות בהכחשת השואה כלי לפגוע בלגיטימציה של מדינת ישראל.

האו"ם מגנה בחריפות כל ביטוי של הכחשת שואה, ואף מציין ב-27 בינואר את יום הזיכרון הבינלאומי לשואה. למרות זאת, לא נקט האו"ם צעדים ממשיים נגד מדינות וארגונים העוסקים בהכחשת השואה (דוגמת איראן והחמאס).

ב-27 בינואר 2007 גינתה עצרת האו"ם את תופעת הכחשת השואה ואף הפצירה "להתנגד בלי תנאים ובלי סייגים להכחשת השואה וכן לפעילות כלשהי להכחשתה", בהחלטה שהתקבלה פה אחד ללא הצבעה. ארצות הברית, יוזמת הצעת ההחלטה, הודיעה כי 103 מדינות שותפות להחלטה.[25]

קן מקווי ו-alt.revisionism
באמצע שנות התשעים הביאה הפופולריות של רשת האינטרנט לחשיפה לציבור הרחב של ארגונים ויחידים שהיו עד אז בלתי מפורסמים, ובהם מכחישי השואה. האינטרנט איפשר לקבוצות שנאה להפיץ את מסריהן לקהל רחב, וייתכן היה שהכחשת השואה תהפוך לפופולרית בדרך זו. אך בעקבות מאמצי קן מקווי ומשתמשי קבוצת הusenet alt.revisionism לא יצאה מגמה זו לפועל.

מקווי, אזרח קנדי, נפגע על ידי מה שנראה לו כמאמצי ארגונים כמרכז שמעון ויזנטל לדכא את חופש הדיבור של מכחישי השואה. בקבוצת alt.revisionism הוא החל במסע לעידוד "האמת, העובדות, והראיות", וביחד עם חברים אחרים בקבוצה הביא מידע עובדתי על השואה שסתר את טענות המכחישים והוכיח כי הן מבוססות על עדויות מטעות, הצהרות שקריות, ושקרים פשוטם כמשמעם. הוא ייסד את "פרויקט נזכור" על מנת לחשוף את פעולות מכחישי השואה, אשר בתגובה פגעו בו והוציאו דיבתו באופן אישי. מקווי קיבל מספר רב של איומים ברצח, אך המשיך בפעילותו, ו"פרויקט נזכור" הפך ליריב הראשי ברשת האינטרנט של מכחישי שואה, נאו נאצים, וקבוצות גזעניות.

ראו גם
השואה - מונחים
זילות השואה
האנטישמיות החדשה
הכחשת רצח העם הארמני
לקריאה נוספת
אלן פינקלקראוט, עתידה של הכחשה, בית ראובן מס
פרופ' אלחנן יקירה, פוסט ציונות - פוסט שואה, הוצאת עם עובד, 2006
אסתר ובמן ומאיר ליטבק, מאמפתיה להכחשה, תגובות לשואה בעולם הערבי, הוצאת מאגנס, יד ושם, ירושלים 2015
קישורים חיצוניים
ויקישיתוף מדיה וקבצים בנושא הכחשת השואה בוויקישיתוף
ויקיטקסט חוק איסור הכחשת השואה, תשמ"ו-1986, באתר ויקיטקסט
הכחשת השואה באתר יד ושם
הפרוטוקולים של הרוויזיוניסטים, לוראן כהן על היסודות הפילוסופיים של הכחשת השואה, באתר כתבים
אלן פינקלקראוט, בעקבות הקורבנות האמיתיים - חרפתו של העם הארור על הכחשת שואה ועל אנטי-ציונות, באתר כתבים
קריקטורות בנושא הכחשת שואה
DISTORTION, NEGATIONISM, AND MINIMALIZATION OF THE HOLOCAUST IN POSTWAR ROMANIA באנגלית
לאה גולדשטיין ודבורה ברמן, "מהכחשת השואה להכשרת רצח עם", יד ושם ירושלים 44 (ינואר 2007), עמ' 2. מהדורה מקוונת באתר יד ושם.
ד"ר נפתלי אילתי, ‏"הרוויזיוניזם ההיסטורי והכחשת השואה", באתר "דעת"
רשימת מאמרים על הכחשת השואה באתר רמב"י
רשימת ספרים בנושא הכחשת השואה בקטלוג הספרייה הלאומית
בועז מושקוביץ, על מכחישי השואה, באתר קיוונים
הכחשת השואה, סילוף וזילות השואה, הערצת היטלר והנאציזם, אתר מבט לתקשורת פלסטינית
"על הכחשת השואה - התפתחות, מניעים, התמודדות ונטילת אחריות", חלק 1 ו חלק 2 באתר נוער
אפרים קיי, "כיצד מתמודדים עם תופעת הכחשת השואה?" - הרצאה מצולמת, בתוך פרספקטיבות היסטוריות - סדרת שיחות וידאו בנושאי השואה עם היסטוריונים ומומחים שונים, באתר יד ושם
רוברט רוזט (רוברט רוזט בוויקינתונים), כאשר הכחשת שואה היא קריאה לאלימות, באתר יד ושם
נפתלי רוטנברג, מכחישי שואה גם אצלנו 11 באפריל 2010
דינה פורת, יומנה של אנה פרנק והכחשת השואה - מאמר באתר יד ושם
מרזוק אלחלבי, השיח הערבי-פלסטיני על השואה: נקודות אור וצל, באתר הפורום לחשיבה אזורית, 19 באפריל 2015
קובץ וידאו דינה פורת, ‏הכחשת השואה ודמות היהודי בעשורים האחרונים, הרצאה בסדרת ההרצאות "בכור המהפכה", 8 ביוני 2015
נתניהו: רעיון השמדת היהודים היה של המופתי של ירושלים ולא של היטלר, הארץ, 21/10/2015
קטע קול יובל מלחי, פרק 187: הכחשת השואב בבחריין, באתר "קטעים בהיסטוריה", 22 באפריל 2017
הערות שוליים

Shermer, Michael, Alex Grobman, and Arthur Hertzberg. Denying history: who says the Holocaust never happened and why do they say it?. Univ of California Press, 2009.xi-xiii.

Shermer, Michael, Alex Grobman, and Arthur Hertzberg. Denying history: who says the Holocaust never happened and why do they say it?. Univ of California Press, 2009.p.1-2.

Shermer, Michael, Alex Grobman, and Arthur Hertzberg. Denying history: who says the Holocaust never happened and why do they say it?. Univ of California Press, 2009. p.41.

Shermer, Michael, Alex Grobman, and Arthur Hertzberg. Denying history: who says the Holocaust never happened and why do they say it?. Univ of California Press, 2009. p.80.

תיק גומה

Dipl.-Chem. Germar Rudolf, Some considerations about the "Gas Chambers" of Auschwitz and Birkenau, Paper presented at the 1st Australian Revisionist Conference, August 9, 1998

בשנת 1991 יצא הסרט "לעולם לא נשכח" בכיכובו של לאונרד נימוי, המתאר את מאבקו של מל מרמלשטיין כנגד הכחשת שואה.

ynet, קנדה: מכחיש השואה זונדל יגורש לגרמניה, באתר ynet, 26 בפברואר 2005

סוכנויות הידיעות, סגנו של לה-פן הורשע בהטלת ספק בשואה, באתר ynet, 18 בינואר 2007

Vatican: Bishop must recant Holocaust denial CNN, 4 בפברואר 2009

German court convicts British Holocaust-denying bishop, 16 בינואר 2013

Matthew White (2007). "Source List and Detailed Death Tolls for the Twentieth Century Hemoclysm" (HTML). Matthew White. Retrieved on 2007-09-26.

ציליגה, מראשי המפלגה הקומוניסטית היוגוסלבית, הואשם אף הוא באנטישמיות וחלק זה של עדותו הוטל בספק, ראו על חייו של ציליגה באתר הקומוניסטי left-dis.nl.

"A. Ciliga,"Sam kroz Europu u ratu

דלית הלוי, ועידה להכחשת השואה גם בקהיר, ערוץ 7, 28.1.2006

Arab League to participate in Holocaust-denial symposium

ממר"י, אבו מאזן, פרופיל פוליטי

עקיבא אלדר, אבו מאזן: מנגנוני הביטחון בגדה הרוסים כליל, באתר הארץ, 28 במאי 2003

Hamas’ Denial of the Holocaust, הבלוג הרשמי של צה"ל.

מרכז המידע למודיעין וטרור, ‏מל"מ: חמאס מונע מהאו"ם ללמד במוסדותיו בעזה אודות השואה, באתר צה"ל (דרך ארכיון האינטרנט), 25 באוקטובר 2012

עמירם ברקת, שר החוץ האיראני בוועידת השואה: נעמיד בספק את טבעה של ישראל, באתר הארץ, 11.12.2006

ید و شم

יהונתן ליס, נאומו של טיבי ביום השואה הבינלאומי, באתר הארץ, 28 בינואר 2010

פאדי עיאדאת וג'קי חורי, 40% מערביי ישראל: השואה מעולם לא התרחשה, באתר הארץ, 17.5.2009

עמירם ברקת ושלמה שמיר, האו"ם קיבל החלטה המגנה הכחשת שואה; איראן לא התנגדה, באתר הארץ

השואה
מושגים מרכזיים
מונחון • כרונולוגיה של השואה • אנטישמיות • רצח עם • מלחמת העולם השנייה • נאציזם • הגזע הארי • גרמניה הנאצית • המפלגה הנאצית • אדולף היטלר • הטלאי הצהוב • פרטיזן • חסיד אומות העולם
Yellow star Jude Jew.svg
עד המלחמה
יהדות אירופה • אמנציפציה ליהודים • יהדות אשכנז • יהדות מזרח אירופה: יהדות פולין, יהדות אוקראינה, יהדות ליטא, יהדות בלארוס • יידיש • שטעטל • הבונד • יהדות צ'כיה • יהדות גרמניה • ליל הבדולח • הסכם העברה
ההשמדה
איגרת הבזק של היידריך • בורות הריגה ומשאיות גז: טבח פונאר, באבי יאר ומעשי טבח נוספים • הפתרון הסופי • ועידת ואנזה • מחנה ריכוז • מחנה עבודה • מחנות השמדה: חלמנו, מבצע ריינהרד (בלז'ץ, טרבלינקה וסוביבור), אושוויץ-בירקנאו, מיידנק‎ • צעדות המוות • ניסויים רפואיים בבני אדם בתקופת השואה • תא גזים • קאפו • זונדרקומנדו • מבצע 1005
העם היהודי בשואה
יהודי גרמניה הנאצית והיהודים בפולין הכבושה • יודנראט • תנועות נוער יהודיות בשואה • גטאות: ורשה, וילנה, לודז', טרזיינשטט וגטאות נוספים • נשים יהודיות בשואה • ילדים בשואה • התנגדות יהודית בשואה: מרד גטו ורשה, הארגון היהודי הלוחם, ארגון צבאי יהודי, המחתרת בגטו קרקוב • מורדים יהודים בשואה
השואה לפי מדינות
אירופה אוסטריה • איטליה • אלבניה • אסטוניה • בלגיה • ברית המועצות • גרמניה • הולנד • הונגריה‏ • יוגוסלביה • יוון • לטביה‏ • ליטא • נורווגיה‏ • סלובקיה • פולין‏ • צ'כיה • צפון טרנסילבניה • צרפת • קרואטיה • רומניה
אפריקה ואחרות אלג'יריה • אתיופיה • לוב • מרוקו • תוניסיה • יהודי המזרח הרחוק • יהודים מחוץ לאירופה תחת כיבוש נאצי
מודעות ותגובות לשואה
הצלה בשואה • חסידי אומות העולם • מברק ריגנר • קבוצת העבודה, רודולף ורבה והפרוטוקולים של אושוויץ • אל נלך כצאן לטבח! • ספר עדות • תגובת העולם לשואה • ועידת ברמודה • סחורה תמורת דם • תגובת היישוב היהודי בארץ ישראל לשואה • הבריגדה היהודית
בעקבות השואה
הניצולים לאחר השואה ומדינת ישראל הפליטים • שירות האיתור הבינלאומי • פוגרום קיילצה • תנועת הבריחה • ועדת החקירה האנגלו-אמריקאית לענייני ארץ ישראל • גיוס חוץ לארץ • הסכם השילומים • ועדת התביעות • השפעות השואה • השפעת השואה על גיבוש הזהות הישראלית • הדור השני לשואה • הרשות לזכויות ניצולי השואה • החברה לאיתור ולהשבת נכסים של נספי השואה
זיכרון השואה זיכרון השואה בישראל, יום הזיכרון לשואה ולגבורה, יום הזיכרון הבינלאומי לשואה, יד ושם, בית לוחמי הגטאות ו"מורשת" • מוזיאון השואה האמריקני ומוזיאונים נוספים • אנדרטאות להנצחת השואה • מצעד החיים ומסע בני נוער לפולין • פרח לניצול • זיכרון בסלון • דף עד • הכחשת השואה
רדיפת הנאצים ועוזריהם משפטי נירנברג • חוק לעשיית דין בנאצים ובעוזריהם • פריץ באואר • משפט אייכמן • הנוקמים וציידי נאצים נוספים
השואה באמנות
ספרות השואה "באבי יאר" • "עיין ערך: אהבה" ו"מומיק" • "שואה שלנו" • "הזהו אדם?" • "הלילה" • "השמיים שבתוכי" • "פוגת מוות" • "המחזה גטו" • "אדם בן כלב" • "מאוס: סיפורו של ניצול" • "בנגאזי-ברגן־בלזן"
מוזיקה ומחול "הניצול מוורשה" • "צחוק של עכברוש" • "אפר ואבק" • "חלומות"
השואה בקולנוע "אירופה אירופה" • "הבריחה מסוביבור" • "שואה" • "הפסנתרן" • "רשימת שינדלר" • "החיים יפים" • "המפתח של שרה"
יוצרים יחיאל די-נור (ק. צטניק) • שמואל ניסנבאום • אלי ויזל • אידה פינק • פאול צלאן • ז'אן אמרי‎ • אהרן אפלפלד
תיעוד וחקר השואה
תיעוד ספר קהילה • האנציקלופדיה של השואה • ארכיון "עונג שבת" • מגילת החורבן של יהודי רומניה ושאר מגילות השואה • הנצחת זכר השואה • ארכיוני ארולסן - מרכז בינלאומי אודות רדיפות הנאצים
מחקר פונקציונליזם ואינטנציונליזם • "הדרך הגרמנית המיוחדת" • יצחק ארד • חנה ארנדט • יהודה באואר • כריסטופר בראונינג • ישראל גוטמן • דניאל גולדהגן • ראול הילברג • דב לוין • דן מכמן • דינה פורת • שאול פרידלנדר • איאן קרשו • חוקרי שואה נוספים
פורטל השואה • גרמניה הנאצית • היסטוריה של עם ישראל
קטגוריות: אנטישמיותזיכרון השואההכחשת השואהנאו-נאציזם